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	Atlantic Ocean -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Atlantic Ocean is (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth's second-largest (A large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere) ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface.
		On the east, the dividing line between the Atlantic and the (The 3rd largest ocean; bounded by Africa on the west, Asia on the north, Australia on the East and merging with the Antarctic Ocean to the south) Indian Ocean is the 20° east meridian.
		The Atlantic is separated from the Arctic Ocean by a line from Greenland to southernmost (A Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean) Svalbard to northern (A constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905) Norway.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/at/atlantic_ocean.htm (2087 words)

	Atlantic Ocean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bounded by the Americas on the west and Europe and Africa on the east, the Atlantic is linked to the Pacific Ocean by the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Drake Passage on the south.
		Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate a large elongated body of water known as the Sargasso Sea, in which the salinity is noticeably higher than average.
		Due to the Coriolis effect, water in the North Atlantic circulates in a clockwise direction, whereas water circulation in the South Atlantic is counter clockwise.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atlantic_Ocean (2399 words)

	North Atlantic oscillation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is a complex climatic phenomenon in the North Atlantic Ocean (especially associated with fluctuations of climate between Iceland and the Azores).
		Similar to the El Niño phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean, the NAO is one of the most important drivers of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic, Europe, the Mediterranean Sea and as far east as northern sections of central Asia.
		A great deal however is not known, for example why the phase of the NAO fluctuations has reversed since the early 1980s with consequent widespread effects on North Atlantic and European weather that are difficult to disentangle from anthropogenic effects (the effects of man and the global economy).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Atlantic_Oscillation (274 words)

	ipedia.com: Atlantic Ocean Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The volume of the Atlantic Ocean with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 km³; (85,093,000 mi³) and without them 323,600,000 km³; (77,632,000 mi³).
		The average depth of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,332 m (10,932 ft); without them it is 3,926 m (12,877 ft).
		Covering most of the ocean floor and ranging in thickness from 60 m (200 ft) to 3,300 m (10,900 ft), they are thickest in the convergence belts and in the zones of upwelling.
	www.ipedia.com /atlantic_ocean.html (1950 words)

	Ocean & Climate Change Institute - Abrupt Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Ocean Conveyor is propelled by the sinking of cold, salty (and therefore denser) waters in the North Atlantic Ocean (blue lines).
		At colder northern latitudes, the ocean releases this heat to the atmosphere—especially in winter when the atmosphere is colder than the ocean and ocean-atmosphere temperature gradients increase.
		Thus, the North Atlantic is the source of the deep limb of the Ocean Conveyor.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/occi/currenttopics/climatechange_wef.html (3694 words)

	Ocean & Climate Change Institute - Abrupt Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Warmer ocean surface temperatures at low latitudes also release water vapor through an excess of evaporation over precipitation to the atmosphere, and this water vapor is transported poleward in the atmosphere along with a portion of the excess heat.
		The Great Ocean Conveyor is propelled by the sinking of cold, salty (and therefore denser) waters in the North Atlantic Ocean (blue arrows).
		Our limited knowledge of ocean climate on long time scales, extracted from the analysis of sediment cores taken around the world ocean, has generally implicated the North Atlantic as the most unstable member of the conveyor: During millennial periods of cold climate, North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation either stopped or was seriously reduced.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/occi/currenttopics/abruptclimate_joyce_keigwin.html (2830 words)

	AllRefer.com - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia
		The treaty, one of the major Western countermeasures in the cold war against the threat of aggression by the Soviet Union, was aimed at safeguarding the freedom of the Atlantic community.
		The European Command is under the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and covers territory from the North Cape to the Mediterranean Sea and from the eastern border of Turkey to the Atlantic Ocean.
		The Atlantic Command covers the area from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer and from the coast of North America to the coasts of Africa and Europe.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/NAtlTrO.html (714 words)

	Currents of Change - Investigating the Ocean's Role in Climate
		The cold water discovered in the subtropical Atlantic by Ellis in 1751 was, as Rumford theorised, brought there by a current which had originated in the polar region; temperature measurements in the real ocean and computer models show there is a southward outflow of cold deep water from the Arctic throughout the Atlantic.
		Density in the ocean depends on temperature and salinity, and the Atlantic Conveyor is a thermohaline circulation (from the Greek words for 'heat' and 'salt').
		This is because the North Pacific is less salty than the North Atlantic (around 320/00, compared to 350/00 in the northern North Atlantic), and salt is the second crucial factor in the density of ocean water.
	www.pik-potsdam.de /~stefan/essay.html (4831 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Complete collapse of North Atlantic fishing predicted
		The entire North Atlantic is being so severely overfished that it may completely collapse by 2010, reveals the first comprehensive survey of the entire ocean's fishery.
		North Atlantic catches have fallen by half since 1950, despite a tripling of the effort put into catching them.
		The total number of fish in the ocean has fallen even further, they say, with just one sixth as many high-quality "table fish" like cod and tuna as there were in 1900.
	www.newscientist.com /news/news.jsp?id=ns99991940 (517 words)

	Battisti, Bhatt and Alexander 1994: ... Interannual variability in the N. Atlantic Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		We present a new model for the upper North Atlantic Ocean and use it to hindcast the sea surface temperature (SST) from 1950-1988.
		Since the model formulation explicitly excludes any effects due to anomalies in the ocean advection, our results confirm the hypothesis that wintertime interannual to subdecadal variabil ity in SST is mainly due to local anomalies in the air-sea flux of sensible and latent heat and not to anomalies in oceanic advection.
		Both the sensible and latent heat flux anomalies are shown to contribute substantially to the wintertime anomalies in SST in the subpolar Atlantic, while the heat flux anomalies are predomi nantly determined by the latent heat flux in the subtropics.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /misc/NA.html (482 words)

	Whitley Strieber's Unknown Country
		Ocean currents weakened and dropped south, causing the northern hemisphere to experience one of its coolest summers on record.
		Abnormal high and low surface temperatures in the North Atlantic are the critical datum for this measure.
		Melt of fresh water into the northern ocean is a major contributor to abrupt climate change, because reduced salinity causes the water to gain and lose heat much more rapidly, weakening the 'heat pump' effect of lower water temperatures in the summer months.
	www.unknowncountry.com /edge/quickwatch (994 words)

	CRU Information Sheet no. 11: North Atlantic Oscillation
		The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a large-scale mode (i.e., pattern) of natural climate variability that has important impacts on the weather and climate of the North Atlantic region and surrounding continents, especially Europe.
		Although the NAO occurs in all seasons, it is during winter that it is particularly dominant, and therefore the focus of this information sheet is on the December to March period.
		The NAO is a north-south shift (or vice versa) in the track of storms and depressions across the North Atlantic Ocean and into Europe.
	www.cru.uea.ac.uk /cru/info/nao (622 words)

	South America article - South America continent equator Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean North America - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		South America is situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
		It became attached to North America only recently, geologically speaking, with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.
		The Andes, likewise a comparatively young and seismically restless mountain range, run down the western edge of the continent; the land to the east of the Andes is largely tropical rain forest, the vast Amazon River basin.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/South_America (338 words)

	William H. Calvin, "The Great Climate Flip-flop," THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY (January 1998)
		The job is done by warm water flowing north from the tropics, as the eastbound Gulf Stream merges into the North Atlantic Current.
		I hope never to see a failure of the northernmost loop of the North Atlantic Current, because the result would be a population crash that would take much of civilization with it, all within a decade.
		Such a conveyor is needed because the Atlantic is saltier than the Pacific (the Pacific has twice as much water with which to dilute the salt carried in from rivers).
	williamcalvin.com /1990s/1998AtlanticClimate.htm (6832 words)

	Atlantic Ocean
		Atlantic Ocean: Physical Geography - Physical Geography Extent and Seas The Atlantic Ocean extends in an S shape from the arctic to the...
		The reproductive biology of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) in the western North Atlantic Ocean.
		Bycatch of billfishes by the European tuna purse-seine fishery in the Atlantic Ocean.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0805214.html (283 words)

	Increased Atmospheric Nitrogen In North Atlantic Ocean Basin May Be Stimulating Algal Blooms
		Atlantic Current Shutdown Could Disrupt Ocean Food Chain (April 13, 2005) -- If increased precipitation and sea surface heating from global warming disrupts the Atlantic Conveyer current -- as some scientists predict -- the effect on the ocean food chain in the Atlantic and...
		North Sea Efficient Sink For Carbon Dioxide (October 12, 2005) -- A relatively large number of algae grow in the North Sea.
		The report is authored by Hans Paerl, North Carolina Sea Grant research scientist, and Kenan professor of marine and environmental sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciences.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/07/990707072654.htm (790 words)

	Top Story - Ocean Circulation Shut Down by Melting Glaciers After Last Ice Age - November 19, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Also, the research indicates North Atlantic Deep Water circulation appears to respond linearly to freshwater additions-which means the more freshwater you add, and the longer you add it, the greater reduction in the North Atlantic circulation.
		At the end of the last Ice Age 13 to 11.5 thousand years ago, the North Atlantic Deep Water circulation system that drives the Gulf Stream may have shut down because of melting glaciers that added freshwater into the North Atlantic Ocean over several hundred years, NASA and university researchers confirm.
		The computer model simulations of ocean and atmosphere processes used in this study imply a similar phenomenon has the potential to occur in the future due to freshwater additions from increased rain and snow caused by global climate change.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20011116meltwater.html (1062 words)

	NASA - Top Story - SATELLITES RECORD WEAKENING NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENT - April 15, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This image of North Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures represents an eight-day composite from Sept 6 - Sept 13, 2001 from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on Terra.
		A North Atlantic Ocean circulation system weakened considerably in the late 1990s, compared to the 1970s and 1980s, according to a NASA study.
		While previous studies have proposed winds resulting from the NAO have influenced the subpolar gyre's currents, this study found heat exchanges from the ocean to the atmosphere may be playing a bigger role in the weakening current.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/2004/0415gyre.html (1131 words)

	Observations of Atmosphere-Ocean coupling in the North Atlantic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The observations are interpreted in the framework of a delayed-oscillator model in which the ocean circulation introduces the delay, and modulates DT on decadal timescales.
		The decrease of power seen on long timescales (> 25 yrs) in the DT index is well reproduced by a model including wind driven ocean circulation, and arises primarily as a passive response of the latter to the NAO forcing.
		Variability of the ocean's meridional overturning circulation could also play a role in modulating DT on decadal timescales.
	puddle.mit.edu /%7Eczaja/qjrms_john.html (264 words)

	How Global Warming May Cause the Next Ice Age...
		The North Atlantic Ocean is saltier and colder than the Pacific, the result of it being so much smaller and locked into place by the Northern and Southern American Hemispheres on the west and Europe and Africa on the east.
		When the ice in the Arctic Ocean is frozen solid and locked up, and the glaciers on Greenland are relatively stable, this variation warms and cools the Earth in a very small way, but doesn't affect the operation of the Great Conveyor Belt that brings moderating warm water into the North Atlantic.
		When the summer stopped in the north, the rains stopped around the equator: At the same time Europe was plunged into an Ice Age, the Middle East and Africa were ravaged by drought and wind-driven firestorms.
	www.commondreams.org /views04/0130-11.htm (2005 words)

	Ocean Isle Beach Real Estate .com - Oceanfront, Oceanview, Intracoastal Waterway, Canal, and Interior Real Estate on ...
		Ocean Isle Beach Real Estate.com is a comprehensive online real estate guide for Ocean Isle Beach, NC including available oceanfront, oceanview, Intracoastal Waterway, canal and interior homes and lots located on Ocean Isle Beach, NC.
		Ocean Isle is home to several championship golf courses and free tennis as well.
		Watersports, golf, miniature golf, a water slide, a pier and deep sea fishing are only a few of the attractions that make Ocean Isle a popular but quiet vacation destination, life on Ocean Isle Beach is a balance between the calm seclusion of the beaches and the easy proximity to the mainland entertainment and recreation.
	www.oceanislebeachrealestate.com (466 words)

	Ocean Planet:Ocean Currents
		A global "conveyor belt" set in motion when deep water forms in the North Atlantic, sinks, moves south, and circulates around Antarctica, and then moves northward to the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic basins.
		It can take a thousand years for water from the North Atlantic to find its way into the North Pacific §.
		U.S. WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) This animation depicts the variation of ocean temperature in the North Atlantic over a period of 1 year.
	seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov /OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_currents_1.html (508 words)

	- North Atlantic Oscillation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The North Atlantic Oscillation is one of the oldest recognised weather patterns.
		Positive NAO winters occur when there is a very large pressure difference between the Azores and Iceland.
		Computer models suggest that the NAO responds to slow changes in global temperatures with changes around the equator appearing to be most important.
	www.atmosphere.mpg.de /enid/ox.html (997 words)

	U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. JGOFS)
		U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study is a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.
		A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle.
		As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born.
	www1.whoi.edu /jgofs.html (199 words)

	Research At NCAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A simulation of the general circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean is shown here to illustrate the utility of some current scientific visualization tools to interpret highly complex data -- making these data both meaningful and instructive to the viewer.
		The whole depth of the North Atlantic Ocean was used in the calculations, gridded both horizontally and vertically.
		Thirty depth layers were used in the calculations; the ones near the surface were more closely spaced, since this region is where turbulence and eddy formation is more abundant.
	www.ncar.ucar.edu /info/oceanmodel.html (195 words)

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