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Topic: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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	MSN Encarta - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
		The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949, at the beginning of the Cold War.
		The original purpose of NATO was to defend Western Europe against possible attack by Communist nations, led by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
		The highest authority within NATO is the North Atlantic Council, composed of permanent delegates from all members, headed by a secretary general.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573186/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.html (847 words)

	Why War? Keywords: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an international organization for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C. on April 4, 1949.
		This precipitates the relocation of the NATO Headquarters from Paris, France to Brussels, Belgium by October 16, 1967.
		September 13, 2001: NATO invoked, for the first time in its history, an article in its charter that states that any attack on a member state is considered an attack against the entire alliance.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/organizations/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization (1526 words)

	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
		Greece and Turkey were admitted to NATO in 1952, West Germany in 1955, Spain in 1982, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic in 1999, and Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic in 2004.
		During the Cold War (1945–89), NATO stood in opposition to the perceived threat of communist Eastern Europe, led by the USSR and later allied under the military Warsaw Pact (1955–91).
		NATO was formed at the start of the Cold War, at a time when the capitalist nations of the West were fearful of the potential for a communist Soviet invasion of Western Europe following the Berlin blockade (1948–49) by Soviet forces.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0005031.html (976 words)

	AllRefer.com - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The treaty, one of the major Western countermeasures in the cold war against the threat of aggression by the Soviet Union, was aimed at safeguarding the freedom of the Atlantic community.
		The organization was reorganized and centralized in 1952.
		NATO air forces were used under UN auspices in punitive attacks on Serb forces in Bosnia in 1994 and 1995, and the alliance's forces were subsequently used for peacekeeping operations in Bosnia.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/NAtlTrO.html (714 words)

	North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The treaty, one of the major Western countermeasures against the threat of aggression by the Soviet Union during the cold war, was aimed at safeguarding the freedom of the North Atlantic community.
		In the 1990s, with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Treaty Organization, NATO’s role in world affairs changed, and U.S. forces in Europe were gradually reduced.
		In Aug., 2003, NATO assumed command of the international security force in the Kabul area in Afghanistan, and in October a NATO rapid-response force was established.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NAtlTrO.html (637 words)

	The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
		The original purpose of NATO was the deterring of potential Soviet aggression in Europe during the coldest era in the cold war.
		The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established on Apr. 4, 1949, by representatives from 12 nations (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
		Moreover, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council may be the institution which is best fit to cope with the problems that is facing the European today and in the future.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/1848/nato.html (2356 words)

	Canada and NATO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		NATO is a collective security organization comprising most of the world's large, developed and wealthy democracies, and as such is well placed to maintain a stable security environment for the benefit of all.
		Because all decisions in NATO are taken on the basis of consensus of all members, Canada has an equal voice in high-level decision-making.
		NATO stands alone among multinational security organizations in its ability and willingness to translate good intentions into lasting results.
	www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca /foreign_policy/nato/nato_introduction-en.asp (448 words)

	NATO Basic Documents: The North Atlantic Treaty
		The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments.
		The definition of the territories to which Article 5 applies was revised by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey signed on 22 October 1951.
		On January 16, 1963, the North Atlantic Council noted that insofar as the former Algerian Departments of France were concerned, the relevant clauses of this Treaty had become inapplicable as from July 3, 1962.
	www.nato.int /docu/basictxt/treaty.htm (828 words)

	Mark Yannone - Issues - Foreign Aid - Foreign Aid Budget - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
		NATO is an alliance committed to the collective defence of its member countries as the basis for preserving peace and ensuring future security, but, following the momentous changes which occurred in Europe in the 1990s, it has become a catalyst for extending security and stability throughout Europe.
		NATO leaders assessed the situation with a view to reinforcing the determination of the international community to bring about a lasting political settlement and to create the conditions for the restoration of peace and the safeguarding of the future security of the region.
		NATO leaders reaffirmed the enduring value of the transatlantic link and certain fundamental purposes of the Alliance - the safeguarding of the freedom and security of its members, its commitment to the principles of the UN Charter, the upholding of democracy and the constant struggle for the peaceful resolution of disputes.
	www.yannone.org /nato.html (1394 words)

	Fact Sheet:: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization 95/11/22
		NATO Background The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed against the backdrop of emerging post-war tensions engendered by the threat of Soviet expansionism and concern over political and economic instability in Western Europe.
		NATO Structure North Atlantic Council The NAC is the principal forum for consultation and cooperation between NATO member governments on all issues affecting their common security.
		North Atlantic Cooperation Council The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) was established in November 1991 to conduct NATO's outreach program to the former Warsaw Pact states.
	www.fas.org /man/nato/offdocs/us_95/dos951122.htm (3012 words)

	North Atlantic Treaty Organization Society, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		NATO - The North Atlantic Treaty Text of the treaty that established NATO in 1949.
		Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact Provides documentation on the development of NATO and the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War, their mutual threat perceptions and military plans, and their significance for our time.
		NATO Organisation An outline of the structure of NATO including civilian and military organizations and command structure.
	www.wacofdn.org /d2RjXzczNDU2.aspx (228 words)

	Bambooweb: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
		Iceland, the sole member of NATO which does not have its own military force (the Icelandic Defence Force being the United States Military contingent permanently stationed in Iceland), joined on the condition that they would not be expected to establish one.
		June 19, 2003: A major restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic was abolished and a new command, Allied Command Transformation was established in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. March 29, 2004: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia join NATO.
		Many also argue that NATO is in conflict with the prospects of deeper European integration in the fields of foreign policy and security within the framework of the EU institutions.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/n/o/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.html (1208 words)

	Future Of The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
		The communist reaction was the establishment of COMINFORM, an organization for ideological unity of the Soviet bloc.
		The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, under the umbrella of the United States, was effective in countering the Red Army and, after 1955, the Warsaw Pact forces.
		Therefore, despite the North Atlantic Treaty Organization being barely needed to achieve her central purpose - keeping the Soviet Union away - she is still necessary as an important instrument to maintain the balance of power in Europe.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1991/EJH.htm (4028 words)

	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		NATO continued thereafter as the primary collective-defense agreement of the Western powers in opposition to communist forces in Europe.
		After the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, the United States took steps to strengthen Europe militarily, and it released the first installment of military aid to NATO members in January 1950, with a value of $1 billion.
		The North Atlantic Council, which was established soon after the treaty came into effect, is composed of ministerial representatives of the member states and meets at least twice a year.
	www.britannica.com /elections/micro/429/2.html (1386 words)

	The Avalon Project : NATO Treaty; April 4, 1949
		The Treaty does not effect, and shall not be interpreted as affecting, in any way the rights and obligations under the Charter of the Parties which are members of the United Nations, or the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security.
		After the Treaty has been in force for twenty years, any Party may cease to be a Party one year after its notice of denunciation has been given to the Government of the United States of America, which will inform the Governments of the other Parties of the deposit of each notice of denunciation.
		This Treaty, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/nato.htm (750 words)

	Spain Spain and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, ...
		Moreover, opponents of NATO membership pointed out that NATO would be of no assistance in an area of primary concern to Spain: the two Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which are located in Morocco and which are outside the geographic zone of application of the North Atlantic Treaty.
		They also maintained that NATO would be of no benefit to Spain in the country's long-standing effort to recover Gibraltar, because it could be assumed that other NATO members would support Britain on this issue (see Gibraltar, Ceuta, and Melilla, this ch.).
		The Socialists organized a protest campaign, and the PSOE leader, Gonzalez, made the NATO issue a major feature of his electoral platform in 1982, promising a popular referendum on withdrawal from NATO in the event of a Socialist victory.
	www.photius.com /countries/spain/government/spain_government_spain_and_the_north_~103.html (814 words)

	North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a political and military alliance between the United States, Canada, and numerous European countries.
		The countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the former East European Warsaw Pact members, and some of the former Soviet republics signed the Open Skies treaty in 1992.
		The objective of NATO was to join the forces of all members in the defense of any member nation that might be attacked.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9056176 (951 words)

	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
		North Atlantic Council, meeting of 22 December 1999, Brussels Statement by the President of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Cornelio Sommaruga
		They are supplemented by their two Additional Protocols of 1977, other humanitarian treaties, and the relevant customary law, all of which lay down rules applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts.
		This obligation includes seeing to it that the treaties are universally respected and employing all available means to achieve that goal: diplomatic pressure, pressure within the framework of international organizations, and economic pressure, insofar as exceptions are made in favour of the most vulnerable population groups.
	www.icrc.org /Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList388/2EC68C29ED89DC0AC1256B660059BA82 (1629 words)

	Directory - Society: Government: Multilateral: Regional: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
		North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) · iweb · Military alliance of democratic states in Europe and North America.
		Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact · iweb · Provides documentation on the development of NATO and the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War, their mutual threat perceptions and military plans, and their significance for our time.
		NATO Military Rank Codes and Naval Rank Insignia · NATO unified military rank structure, naval rank insignia of member countries by Robb Mavins.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=73456 (295 words)

	Ross (AR04) - Radio Address - North Atlantic Treaty Organization Parliamentary Assembly Spring Session (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		I am honored to have been appointed by Speaker Dennis Hastert last March to be a United States delegate to the NATO PA and to have been a part of the small congressional delegation representing the United States at Spring Assembly in Slovenia.
		NATO PA is an inter-parliamentary organization of legislators from the twenty-six member countries of NATO and twenty-two associate countries.
		NATO PA has been meeting since 1955 to build support for the NATO Alliance within the national legislatures and to provide recommendations to the Secretary General of NATO and the North Atlantic Council.
	www.house.gov /apps/list/speech/ar04_ross/radio_061005.html (416 words)

	NATO \| North Atlantic Treaty Organization \| NATO History \| Questia.com Online Library
		...6 THE NETHERLANDS AND NATO, 1951-1973 131...Council NAT North Atlantic Treaty NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization...
		NATO and European Security: Alliance Politics from the End of the Cold War to the Age of Terrorism
		...NAC North Atlantic Council NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization...the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO, transition was the quintessential feature...the North...
	www.questia.com /library/politics-and-government/international-relations/organizations/nato.jsp (751 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Government: Multilateral: Regional: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Atlantic Council of Canada - A NATO-affiliated foreign policy think-tank, which is also Canada's representative at the Atlantic Treaty Association.
		NATO - The North Atlantic Treaty - Text of the treaty that established NATO in 1949.
		NATO Organisation - An outline of the structure of NATO including civilian and military organizations and command structure.
	dmoz.org /Society/Government/Multilateral/Regional/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization (337 words)

	DefenseLINK News: First NATO Course for Iraq Begins in Norway
		He said the Iraqi leaders have demonstrated that they are "keen to learn" and eager to take their lessons back to Iraq to help them build the security forces that are considered vital to the country's future.
		The NATO Joint Warfare Centre was activated in October 2003, replacing the former Joint Headquarters North.
		The new center is a key part of NATO's transformation efforts, focusing on ways to streamline the alliance's military command structure and develop new concepts and doctrine for current security challenges.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Nov2004/n11042004_2004110405.html (484 words)

	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established under the North Atlantic Treaty on 04 April 1949 by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States.
		The treaty was aimed at safeguarding the freedom of the Atlantic community.
		The Secretary General is a senior international statesman nominated by the member nations as Chairman of the North Atlantic Council, Defense Planning Committee, Nuclear Planning Group and of other senior committees, and as Secretary General of NATO.
	www.eranova.ch /glossary2/NATO.htm (211 words)

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