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Topic: North Brazil Current

	Long Term Time Series of Surface Currents - North Brazil Current
		The North Brazil Current (NBC) is a western boundary current that flows off the coast of northeast Brazil and retroflects between 4°N and 10°N. The NBC sheds large anticyclonic rings that move northwestward along the continental break.
		Fields of meridional and zonal components of the mean eddy kinetic energy for the NBC retroflection region estimated using altimetry fields.
		Geostrophic transport time-series of the NBC Current and its retroflected flow both estimated using a combination of satellite altimetry fields and climatological data.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /phod/altimetry/cvar/nbc/index.php (182 words)

	Nn-Nz
		The Nordic Seas are separated from the North Atlantic to the south by the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, and are connected to the Arctic Ocean to the north via the 2200 m deep Fram Strait.
		The northward limb of the anticyclonic subtropical gyre in the North Atlantic Ocean.
		It adjoins the Barents Sea to the northeast, the Greenland Sea to the northwest, the Iceland Sea to the west, and the North Sea to the southeast.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/paleo/ocean/node27.html (6388 words)

	Physical Oceanography - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		NBC rings, which can exceed 450 kilometers (270 miles) in diameter and 2,000 meters (6,600 feet) in vertical extent, move northwestward parallel to the South American coastline until they collide with the Windward Islands in the southeastern Caribbean Sea.
		In a global context, the six NBC rings generated annually are responsible for up to one-third of the equatorial-to-subtropical mass and heat transport associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, a fundamental component of Earth’s climate system.
		These close encounters between a ring and a reef-fringed island are consistent with the belief of University of Miami biologists that NBC rings may contribute significantly to the dispersal of fish larvae throughout the eastern Caribbean.
	www.whoi.edu /PO/projects/project_brazil.htm (1161 words)

	LME17: North Brazil Shelf LME
		The North Brazil Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem is characterized by its tropical climate.
		The LME owes its unity to the North Brazil Current, which flows parallel to Brazil’s coast and is an extension of the South Equatorial Current coming from the East.
		Brazil is expending great efforts to assess the state of the living and non-living resources of its Exclusive Economic Zone.
	na.nefsc.noaa.gov /lme/text/lme17.htm (1824 words)

	PANGAEA: Projects: Dino-Atlas
		The major surface current in the North Atlantic Ocean is the Gulf Stream that flows northward along the eastern coast of the United States.
		The northern boundary of the SEC is formed by the North Equatorial Counter Current, with the contact between these two currents leading to convergence and downwelling of surface waters, thereby depressing the thermocline and resulting in warm, oligotrophic and generally stratified water masses.
		In the north of the Sea of Japan, the most westerly component of the TC enters the Pacific as the Tsugaru Warm Current and meets the cold Oyashio Current at about 42ºN. Cold waters enter the Sea of Japan from the Sea of Okhotsk.
	www.pangaea.de /Projects/Dino-Atlas/Oceanographic.html (4095 words)

	OceanPortal : Top > SCIENTIFIC TOPICS > Geographic Areas > Atlantic Ocean
		The South Brazil Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem is the area influenced by the southern branch of the Brazil Current, which flows parallel to BrazilÃs East coast and is an offshoot of the South Equatorial Current.
		The East Brazil Shelf LME is a typical oligotrophic system dominated by the South Equatorial Current, which has an offshoot along BrazilÃs North Coast (the North Brazil Current) and to the South (the Brazil Current).
		The LME owes its unity to the North Brazil Current, which flows parallel to BrazilÃs semi-arid North Coast and is an extension of the South Equatorial Current coming from the East.
	www.iode.org /oceanportal/browse.php?pg_which=7&cat=699 (1297 words)

	The North Brazil Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The warm North Brazil Current (NBC) is a well-established western boundary current that carries warm water of South Atlantic origin northwest along the coast of Brazil, across the equator and into the northern hemisphere.
		The North Brazil Current Rings are a significant contributor to transporting water across current gyres and between hemispheres in the tropical Atlantic.
		The vertical structure of circulation of the NBC is a well-studied and well-understood phenomenon and clearly summarized by Bourles et al (1999): The NBC and its subsurface component, the NBUC advect southern hemispheric waters across the equator and feed subsurface eastward currents at different latitudes and different depths.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/north-brazil.html (1663 words)

	The South Equatorial Current System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The South Equatorial Current (SEC) is a broad, westward flowing current that extends from the surface to a nominal depth of 100 m.
		The poleward boundary of the current southern branch is at 25°S through the whole thickness of the subtropical gyre, but the latitude of the northern boundary varies from 7°30' at the surface and in the western South Alantic, to 27°S at 1400 m depth and in the eastern basin (Wienders et al., 2000).
		The westward flowing Northern South Equatorial Current is situated between 1°N and the SEUC at 3°S-5°S (Peterson and Stramma, 1990), and extends farther north during the boreal winter-spring.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/south-equatorial.html (2532 words)

	Untitled Document
		NBC ring shedding is thought to account for as much as one-third of the net warm water transport across the equatorial-tropical gyre boundary into the North Atlantic in compensation for the southward export of North Atlantic Deep Water.
		Upper layer thickness maps were used to identify 34 NBC rings and eddies formed in the North Brazil Current retroflection region during the study period, an average of more than 5 rings and eddies per year.
		The mean NBC transport for the entire period of the observations is 12.1 ± 2 Sv with a maximum value of 32 ±2 Sv and a minimum of –5 ± 2 Sv.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /phod/taos/nbc_more.html (1231 words)

	IfM Kiel: WOCE Tropical Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Moored current meter arrays in the western boundary current regime during 1989 to 1994, equipped with Rotor Current Meters (RCM) and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) in the upper layer.
		The Surface layer reaches from the surface to the 24.5 isopycnal, the Central layer is defined between the 24.5 and 26.8 isopycnals, and the Intermediate layer from 26.8 down to 1000 m depth.
		Quantification of the NBC eddy shedding from altimetry.
	www.ifm.uni-kiel.de /fb/fb1/po1/research/woce/woce-ao.html (512 words)

	ePIC: On the seasonal variability and eddies in the North Brazil Current: insights from model intercomparison ...
		The time dependent circulation of the North Brazil Current is studied with three numerical ocean circulation models, which differ by the vertical coordinate used to formulate the primitive equations.
		Our analysis of the mean seasonal currents concludes that the volume transport of the North Brazil Current (NBC) at the equator is principally determined by the strength of the meridional overturning, and suggests that the return path of the global thermohaline circulation is concentrated in the NBC.
		The reasons invoked are the use of different subgrid-scale parameterisations, and differences in stability of the NBC retroflection loop because of differences in the representation of the effect of bottom friction according to the vertical coordinate that is used.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Publications/Bar1999e_abstract.html (300 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Large anticyclonic rings are shed from the retroflecting North Brazil Current (NBC) near 8{degrees}N in the tropical western Atlantic.
		The volume of fluid trapped within the core of an NBC ring and isolated from external mixing is estimated using potential vorticity as a tracer.
		NBC rings may be responsible for 3-4 Sv of direct mass transport of the total upper ocean cross-gyre transport required by the Altantic meridional overturning cell.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=114914 (430 words)

	Ocean current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		However the importance of currents is also illustrated by the El Niño, in which a temporary reversal of an Ocean current causes devastating climatic changes along the west coast of South America.
		Surface Ocean currents are generally wind driven and develop their typical clockwise spirals in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise rotation in the southern hemisphere due to the coriolis effect.
		In wind driven currents the Ekman spiral effect results in the currents flowing at an angle to the driving winds.
	ocean-current.iqnaut.net (311 words)

	The North Brazil Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rings of the North Brazil Current Their Generation and Role in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cell (Rings).
		The North Brazil Current - Snapshot of the 1/16° Global NLOM SSH and currents from NRL Stennis (Forecasts of the N. Brazil Current).
		The N. Brazil current transports a significant amount of water, including freshwater from the Amazon, northwestward along the coast of northern Brazil, French Guiana, and Suriname.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/north-brazil_2.html (417 words)

	brazil
		Brazil is rapidly changing from a rural nation to an urban one.
		Eventually the Brazil Field Council was divided into three regions: the North (Amazon) Region, the Northeast Region, and the South Region.
		Overall, Brazil is in harvest phase, which calls for the training of Brazilian evangelists and pastors.
	www.bmm.org /BMM/WhereWeServe/LatinAmerica/brazil.htm (579 words)

	Ocean current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Surface ocean currents are generally wind driven and develop their typical clockwise spirals in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise rotation in the southern hemisphere because of the imposed wind stresses.
		The areas of surface ocean currents move somewhat with the seasons, this is most notable in equatorial currents.
		These currents that flow under the surface of the ocean, and are thus hidden from immediate detection, are called submarine rivers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ocean_current (393 words)

	Brazil Looks North
		Pratini de Moraes is Brazil's agriculture minister and may be the most powerful, yet underrated, agripolitico in the world.
		Brazil's costs are better compared to Australia's grass-fed beef system, however, but even then, Brazil wins out — at a 15% lower cost of production.
		Brazil is close to removing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) as an export impediment.
	beef-mag.com /mag/beef_brazil_looks_north (1251 words)

	→ Brazil current time
		Brazil can be a confusing country when trying to determine when or if summer time is being implemented.
		However saying this, there are parts of Brazil that traditionally do not use summer time but may incorporate summer time to save energy if there is an energy shortage.
		Yes, Brazil can be confusing when trying to understand the time zones and which regions use or do not use summer time.
	www.timegenie.com /country.time/br (976 words)

	Physical Oceanography - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Amazon River discharges onto the continental shelf of equatorial Brazil, resulting in elevated nutrient concentrations and enhanced biological productivity.
		A plume of phytoplankton-rich, high-chlorophyll water is swept northwestward along the nearshore edge of the North Brazil Current (NBC) and into the interior as the current turns offshore into the North Equatorial Countercurrent.
		This contrast permits visualization of the cyclic advance and retreat of the NBC retroflection and the accompanying formation of pinched-off NBC rings.
	www.whoi.edu /science/PO/dept/projects/project_brazil_fig2.htm (110 words)

	East Brazil Shelf
		It is a typical oligotrophic system dominated by the South Equatorial Current, which has an offshoot along Brazil’s North Coast (the North Brazil Current) and to the South (the Brazil Current).
		The East Brazil Shelf LME is bordered by the Brazilian states of Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, and Espirito Santo.
		Brazil has expended great efforts to assess the state of the living and non-living resources within its Exclusive Economic Zone.
	na.nefsc.noaa.gov /lme/text/lme16.htm (1917 words)

	Ocean Surface Topography from Space-Science
		Numerical studies of the tropical Atlantic ocean also reveal that most of the complex mechanisms of these mass and heat transports should be concentrated on the western boundary, a complex area with eddies, current retroflection, undercurrents and through-flows.
		Early modeling studies indicated that the advection of South Atlantic waters into the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic was the result of a considerable continuous western boundary transport [Philander et Pacanowski, 1986].
		But the NBC was not the only current feeding the NECC at that period, as the North Equatorial Current also contributed.
	sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov /science/invest-arnault.html (1160 words)

	AMS Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some of this water enters the subpolar gyre through mixing across the polar front and feeds the Irminger Current, but most of it is delivered to the Norwegian Current.
		At 37°–38°N it meets the East Korean Warm Current to establish the Arctic Polar Front of the Japan Sea.
		It is the source of the Mid-Japan Sea Cold Current, which withdraws water from it along its way to reinforce the polar front across the entire length of the Japan Sea.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/browse?s=n&p=24 (766 words)

	Symposium IA03
		The north Brazil current and the inter-hemispheric Atlantic pathways.
		North Brazil eddies and their impact in the Caribbean circulation from very high resolution North Atlantic simulations and altimeter observations.
		Impact of North Brazil current rings on the local circulation around and coral reef fish recruitment to the island of Barbados, West Indies.
	www.olympus.net /biz/IAPSO/abstracts/indice-IA03.htm (659 words)

	North Brazil Current retroflection and transports
		A subset of data collected as a part of a larger program, the North Brazil Current Rings (NBCR) Experiment, is analyzed to study the variability of the transport of the North Brazil Current (NBC) and its relation with the shedding of rings.
		The mean difference between the NBC flow and the retroflected flow during August–December 1999 when the NECC is fully established is −7 Sv.
		The excess in the retroflected flow is due to North Atlantic water joining the retroflected flow from the South Atlantic.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JC001775.shtml (299 words)

	The North Brazil Current and its relation with the Northern South American Continental Shelf- Trinidad Area
		Due it location, the island is highly influenced by a strong and constant current know as North Brazil current (NBC), which moves to the north and northwest, carrying what is known as a plume, composed of materials (dissolved organic matter and fine grained sediments) from the Orinoco and Amazon delta.
		The presence of the NBC, and its drifted AO plume, appear to be a constant factor in the Northeast coast of South America.
		Most of the year the plume circumscribe by the area of the continental shelf, however between May and September, the AO plume reach its maximum extent, a process that has been related to the peak of the discharge of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers.
	www.geo.utexas.edu /courses/371c/project/2005/Soto/soto_project.html (1900 words)

	WBC Library
		Didden, N., and F. Schott, 1993: Eddies in the North Brazil Current retroflection region observed by Geosat altimetry.
		Legeckis, R. and A.L. Gordon, 1982: Satellite observations of the Brazil and Falkland currents - 1975 to 1976 and 1978.
		Metzl, N., B. Moore, and A. Poisson, 1990: Resolving the intermediate and deep advective flows in the Indian Ocean by using temperature, salinity, oxygen and phosphate data: the interplay of biogeochemical and geophysical tracers.
	www.po.gso.uri.edu /wbc/library.html (6346 words)

	CROSS-GYRE WATERMASS TRANSPORT BY NORTH BRAZIL CURRENT RINGS: RESULTS FROM THE NORTH BRAZIL CURRENT RINGS EXPERIMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Recent observations collected as part of the North Brazil Current Rings Experiment are used to assess the role played by NBC rings in tropical to subtropical cross-gyre transport in the Atlantic Ocean.
		During the course of the 21 month experiment, four different NBC Rings were surveyed by ships and nine rings were sampled by in-situ moored IESs, current meters, and temperature/salinity recorders.
		This value is nearly twice as large as the formation rate documented before the NBC Rings Experiment, and suggests that the rings could account for as much as one-third of the northward upper ocean transport in the warm limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning cell.
	www.olympus.net /biz/IAPSO/abstracts/IA-03/IA03-47.htm (301 words)

	Bn-Bz
		A mechanical current meter, first designed and used in the 1930s, in which the propellor and the compass both drive a set of horizontal dials with raised numbers on their vertical rims.
		A western boundary current that forms the western limb of the subtropical gyre in the South Atlantic Ocean.
		This current is conspicuously weak as compared with other western boundary currents since only about 4 Sv of the water from the northern limb of the gyre, i.e.
	www-ocean.tamu.edu /~baum/paleo/paleogloss/node8.html (2454 words)

	The North Equatorial Counter Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) lies between 3°-10°N and is considered to roughly serve as the northern boundary for the South Equatorial Current (SEC) (Peterson and Stramma 1991; Bourles et.
		Surface flows in the lower latitudes are highly subject to seasonal wind forcing because of a shrinking Coriolis parameter, which eventually weakens to zero at the equator.
		By around May or June, in response to a northward shift of the trade winds, the eastward NECC begins to form in the central Atlantic at about 6°N, significantly intensifying by the winter (Grodsky and Carton 2002; Richardson and Walsh, 1986; Richardson and McKee 1984).
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/north-equatorial-cc.html (855 words)

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