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Topic: North Caucasian languages

Related Topics

Northwest Caucasian languages

Language families and languages

Northeast Caucasian languages

Adygeyan language

Nakh

Grammatical gender

Avar language

Caucasian languages

Alarodian languages

Iroquoian languages

Ingush language

Dravidian languages

Chechen language

Natural gender

South caucasian languages

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	North Caucasian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		North Caucasian languages is a blanket term for two language phyla spoken chiefly in the north Caucasus and Turkey: the Northwest Caucasian (Pontic, Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian) family and the Northeast Caucasian (East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakh-Dagestanian) family; the latter including the former North-central Caucasian (Nakh) family.
		However, due to the nature of the languages in question, this proposal is difficult to evaluate, and remains controversial.
		The Northeast Caucasian languages are characterised by great syntactic complexity in the noun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Caucasian_languages (295 words)

	Language - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The family consists of a number of subfamilies or branches (groups of languages that descended from a common ancestor, which in turn is a member of a larger group of languages that descended from a common ancestor).
		The Austronesian languages, formerly called Malayo-Polynesian, cover the Malay Peninsula and most islands to the southeast of Asia and are spoken as far west as Madagascar and throughout the Pacific islands as far east as Easter Island.
		Languages of the Algonquian and Iroquoian families constitute the major indigenous languages of northeastern North America, while the Siouan family is one of the main families of central North America.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761570647___36/Language.html (2191 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		Along with the consonants that occur in all the Caucasian languages, the Abkhazo-Adyghian languages are characterized by different sets of labialized consonants (formed by rounding the lips), strong (hard or tense) consonants, half-hushing consonants, and velarized consonants (formed with the back of the tongue approaching the soft palate).
		The consonant systems of the Nakh languages are relatively simple, coinciding, on the whole, with those of the South Caucasian languages (apart from a number of pharyngeal consonants characteristic of all the Nakh languages and a lateral sound peculiar to Bats).
		All the Caucasian languages have a series of stops of three types--voiced, voiceless aspirated, and glottalized (i.e., pronounced, respectively, with vibrating vocal cords; with vocal cords not vibrating but with an accompanying audible puff of breath; and with accompanying closure of the glottis [space between the vocal cords]).
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/kultur/diledebiyat.html (2513 words)

	Caucasian Language Family
		Besides languages from other language families (Armenian, Azerbaijani, Russian) brought by settlers and invaders over the past three millennia, there are 39 indigenous languages recognized as belonging to a single Caucasian family.
		Even though many of these languages have sizable populations of fluent speakers, the combination of bilingualism in Russian, restrictions imposed by former Soviet government policies, and lack of educational and employment opportunities in these languages may signal the end of the road for many of them.
		Most Caucasian languages have a wealth of consonants including velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal and ejective sounds.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/CaucasianLanguageFamily.html (536 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - The Abkhaz Language
		This will surely guarantee the survival and indeed strengthening of the language, which represents the only one the two communities share and which will underpin the consolidation of their ethnicity that both seem to desire.
		When the Young Written Languages of the USSR were forced to move to Cyrillic-based scripts in 1936-38, Abkhaz (along with South Ossetic) was compelled to accept a Georgian-based orthography, which lasted until the death of (Georgian) Stalin.
		Following the expulsion of so many Abkhazians to the Ottoman Empire after Russia's conquest of the North Caucasus in 1864 and the forced immigration into Abkhazia of Slavs, Armenians and especially Mingrelians during the 1930s the Abkhazians are a 17% minority on their own territory.
	www.abkhazia.org /lang.html (1249 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| Basque Language and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Besides Indo-European, there are to be found languages of four other families in Europe; the Uralic family and the Altaic stock are represented, and we have to add two language families in the Caucasian area, namely South Caucasian and North Caucasian.
		Estonian, Finnish and Saami (Lapp) are languages belonging to the Finnic branch of Finno-Ugric, Hungarian represents Ugric.
		Remember there is no single language family Caucasian“, but that we have to distinguish sharply between the South Caucasian language family on the one hand and the North Caucasian family on the other hand.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /blessons/mowstr.html (6025 words)

	UNHCR - The North Caucasian Diaspora In Turkey
		The North Caucasian refugees were used by the Ottoman Government to strengthen its grip on the empire.
		One of the turning points in the North Caucasian revival was the 1989 Kafkas Kültür DerneZi congress in Ankara to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the 1864 exodus.
		The North Caucasian organizations in Turkey still lack unity, follow-through, funding and cadre, but the wars in the Caucasus have enourmously increased their motivation and the scope of their activities.
	www.unhcr.org /cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.htm?tbl=RSDCOI&id=3ae6a6bc8&page=publ (10022 words)

	Nakh languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nakh languages are a small family of languages spoken mostly in Russia (Chechnya and Ingushetia) and Georgia.
		The Chechen diaspora is spread all over the Muslim countries in the Middle East and Central Asia.
		The Nakh languages were historically classified as an independent North-Central Caucasian family, but are now recognized as a branch of the Northeast Caucasian family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Central_Caucasian_languages (112 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		On the north is the towering range called Caucasus or, in Russian, Kavkaz (whose crest is conventionally regarded as the Europe-Asia boundary); in the middle, the deep trench of Transcaucasia; on the south, the Armenian mountains (sometimes called the Little Caucasus).
		When we talk about the Caucasian languages (some say "Paleocaucasian", that is, "ancient Caucasian"), we mean Georgian together with the many others that were apparently born there, the little languages spoken along the flanks of the high Caucasus.
		In other words, all the surviving languages of all the continents may be descended from just a few ancestral languages, of which a large fraction — two out of fifteen — came from and are still confined to the relatively tiny region of Caucasia.
	www.universalworkshop.com /xenophil/pages/caucasia.htm (2350 words)

	Language-planning for North Caucasian Languages in Turkey By George Hewitt
		I found this series of meetings with the last speaker of his language, who was so keen to help in any way anyone with an interest in exploring the knowledge that he knew would perish with him, a profoundly moving experience that has coloured my attitude to the study of Caucasian languages ever since.
		On the whole, the indigenous Caucasian languages, which form either two or three distinct families (depending on whether or not one believes that North West Caucasian and Nakh-Daghestanian derive from a common ancestor) are spoken today over what are regarded as their ancestral territories (with some local expansion or reduction in certain cases).
		As for the diaspora, it suddenly became necessary for ethnic N.W. Caucasians to become proficient in the local major language, which in most cases was either Turkish or Arabic, in addition to however many Caucasian languages they used in their home- and village-life.
	www.circassianworld.com /hewitt.html (3978 words)

	Evolution of Human Languages
		George Starostin (Russian State University for the Humanities) gave a brief description of the verbal morphology of the Yenisseian languages (primarily Ket and the extinct Kott), showing how the Proto-Yenisseian system was modified in daughter languages.
		The ensuing discussion involved a comparison of the Yenisseian system with the North Caucasian one, with interesting parallels between Yenisseian and North Caucasian class, tense, and aspect markers.
		John Bengtson (Association for the Study of Language In Pre-History) concluded the section on Sino-Caucasian morphology with a description of certain morphological features of the Na-Dene languages; again, similarities between the Na-Dene system and the North Caucasian and Yennisseian systems were traced, confirming with near certainty the close relationship between these families.
	ehl.santafe.edu /ehlmeet3.htm (221 words)

	Ingush - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The three language families in the North Caucasian group are North-West Caucasian; North-Central Caucasian, also known as Nakh or Veinakh; and...
		During the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent civil war, fighting took place in Ingushetia between the Communist Red Army and the...
		- Ingush language: the language of the Ingush people, belonging to the Nakh group of North Caucasian languages.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Ingush.html (93 words)

	Bibliography of the Kabardian Language
		URISS AND L. The idea that languages without vowels exist is an enduring urban myth, the linguistic equivalent of the crocodile in the sewer or the poodle in the microwave.
		Nichols has raised four objections to the method employed in the North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary by S. Nikolayev and me. It is rather difficult to respond to those objections before they are explicitly stated, so my response and conclusions are subject to change as I hear more of Prof.
		RIEKS SMEETS IS A LECTURER IN CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN.
	www.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/bibkablang.htm (4438 words)

	League of Lost Languages - FrathWiki
		The idea is that in the LLL world, some languages survived that died out here, without changing the world more than necessary to accomodate the languages in question.
		Examples include European languages of pre-Indo-European origin, modern East Germanic languages, fictional branches of Indo-European, sister groups of real-world families and isolates, etc. Of course, this is not limited to Europe.
		An LLL language could be yet another of the many diverse languages of the North American Pacific coast, a modern-day descendant of Sumerian or a pre-Bantu language in the Congo basin.
	wiki.frath.net /League_of_Lost_Languages (351 words)

	Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures, UC Berkeley
		Teaching: South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Macedonian, BCS [Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian]) and literatures (Bulgaria and lands of former Yugoslavia); Slavic linguistics (with emphasis on South Slavic); Slavic & East European folklore (with emphasis on South Slavic and the theory of oral composition); Yugoslav cultural history (the rise and fall of Yugoslavia).
		Slavic languages; languages of northern Eurasia, particularly languages of the Caucasus.
		The linguistic and cultural prehistory of the Eurasian steppe and adjacent areas; interaction of the Slavic and North Caucasian languages with steppe languages.
	www.ls.berkeley.edu /dept/slavic/faculty.html (5393 words)

	[No title]
		Scientific American, March 1990, Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, "The Early History of Indo-European Languages" -- A departure from the Kurgan hypothesis; the IE homeland was in the Kura-Araxes area.
		The same is true of Sino-Caucasian, though there is the problem that much of the work on the North Caucasian languages has been unpublished outside of the xUSSR (they have complicated consonant systems, which makes comparison _very_ difficult).
		However, language is a human universal and this initial group of people would have had language.
	homepage.mac.com /lpetrich/www/writings/NostraticRefs.txt (2128 words)

	North Caucasian Bibliography
		Language of entry is language of title unless otherwise stated.
		The Kryz language is a subdivision of Dzhek, which forms with Lezghian, Agul, Tsakhur, Tabasaran, Budukh, and Rutul, the Samurian subdivision of the NE Caucasian languages.
		George Hewitt is Professor of Caucasian Languages at the School of Oriental and African Studies, the University of London.
	share.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/circbibliog.html (8643 words)

	Comparing Asian Nationalities \| Asian American Poll \| GoldSea
		The Yeniseian languages, once widespread across the region, are now represented only by Ket, a linguistic isolate spoken by approximately 500-1000 people living near the Yenisei River north of Krasnoyarsk.
		All American Indian languages evolved on their own over time from when they first ventured into America over 40 thousand years ago to the present time, and the mother language you say that they descend or are reminiscent of didn’t even exist at that time in human history.
		If you imagine it, this language group appears in East Asia, the Americas, Siberia, the Caucasus mountains and the isolated regions of farther Spain...this tells us that people in the past probably spoke only a couple languages and race back then probably did not evolved into what we are now.
	goldsea.com /Poll/Comparing/comparing_11228.html (1290 words)

	Abkhaz language and culture
		FROM WIKIPEDIA Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken in Abkhazia and Turkey.
		Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language, indicating it originated in the northwest Caucasus.
		This designation was spread by the Russians, who acquired it from the Yakuts and the Siberian Tatars (in the Yakut language tongus) in the 17th century.
	www.lonweb.org /link-abkhaz.htm (243 words)

	Kavkaz
		Map settlment areas in the time of forming North Caucasian languages in Dagestan and the way of the first migrations
		The Abkhazo-Adyghe, Nakh and Dagestan are genetic cognate languages descending from North Causasian language.
		But the origen place of this language is unknown.
	www.geocities.com /valentyn_ua/Kavkaz.html (96 words)

	Caucasian languages
		Nichols: An overview of languages of the Caucasus
		The Caucasian Languages EB Map of the Caucasian languages
		The North Caucasian Diaspora In Turkey (May 1996), by Egbert Wesselink
	www.ling.lu.se /education/homepages/georgian/DEMO/INTR3/IntroLangCL.html (36 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 99018338
		Table of contents for N. Trubetzkoy : studies in general linguistics and language structure / edited and with an introduction by Anatoly Liberman ; translated by Marvin Taylor and Anatoly Liberman.
		The Systematic Phonological Representation of Languages 11 4.
		On the Prehistory of the East Caucasian Languages 170 24.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy036/99018338.html (264 words)

	Glenn Humphries tree of Caucasian languages
		"Parent" languages are to the left; "descendant" languages are indented to the right under the appropriate "parent" language.
		Other languages which were influential to the develpment of a language will be noted parenthetically.Please be aware that some of the oldest language names denote the geographic region where that language was spoken rather that what the speakers of the language called their language.
		This is a simplified diagram of the relationship of various modern and obsolete languages showing their development throughout history from various older languages, mostly now extinct.
	glenn.humphries.com /caucasian.htm (229 words)

	Georgian Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Catford (1977) surveys the languages under several topic headings, and Comrie (1981) gives an overview of morphology and syntax.
		Aronson (1990) is a pedagogical grammar aimed at those wishing to acquire a reading knowledge of the language.
		It is ideal for those with a basic knowledge of the grammar of the language.
	www.armazi.demon.co.uk /georgian/unicode/georgian_bibliography.htm (1830 words)

	TITUS Didactica: Language Map Caucasus: Netscape version
		A previous version of the map was published in printed form in H. Glück (ed.), Metzler Lexikon Sprache, Stuttgart / Weimar: Metzler 1993, p.
		299 and in Georgi Andreevič Klimov, Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft ("Introduction to Caucasian linguistics"), German version by Jost Gippert, Hamburg: Buske 1994, p.
		Further maps on the languages of the Caucasus:
	titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de /didact/karten/kauk/kaukasn.htm (101 words)

	Studies in Caucasian Linguistics Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This page is an overview of links to other information on studies in linguistics of the languages spoken in the Caucasus region, traditionally referred to as Caucasian languages.
		But only pages with an linguistic concern on languages of the Caucasus, no music, cookings, paintings, maps etc. which is also very interesting, but this should be only a linguistic resources page.
		As this is not run by a listserv-programme, please send a personal mail to hia5@midway.uchicago.edu.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /heinecke/caucling (185 words)

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