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	North Caucasus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia.
		As part of the Russian Federation, the Northern Caucasus Region is included in the Southern Federal District and consists of Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai and the autonomous republics: Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygea, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan.
		Geographically, the term North Caucasus comprises the northern slope and western extremity of the Caucasus Major mountain range, as well as a part of its southern slope to the West (until the Psou River).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Northern_Caucasus (241 words)

	Economic Survival Strategies in North Caucasus
		As the research of the economic conditions in North Caucasus is limited, this paper aims at giving an overview of the main instruments for economic survival in a region where conflicts are not only an issue of theoretic debate.
		North Caucasus is a region which, in the last decade, has only became known in the world through the negative experiences that affected the life of its peoples.
		In North Caucasus itself the shadow economy is functioning with the benediction of the political elites, who understand the heavy burdens of doing legal business in Russia, be it the overwhelming taxation or corruption and malfunctioning of the administrative system.
	www.circassianworld.5u.com /economic.html (4156 words)

	Land Resources of Russia
		Beef and dairy stockbreeding, poultry-raising, bee-keeping, reindeer-breeding (in the north), and fur farming are represented.
		In the north of the oblast permafrost is widespread.
		In the north (as far as the Khatanga valley) tundra consisting of moss-lichens and bushes prevails, southward it is replaced by a narrow belt of forest tundra.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/FOR/russia_cd/adm_des.htm (11816 words)

	Stavropol Territory - Kommersant Moscow
		It was renamed the North Caucasus Territory on October 16, 1924, Ordzhonikidze Territory on March 17, 1937, and finally received the name of Stavropol Territory on January 12, 1943.
		The North Caucasus economic district of the Russian Federation is a leading food supplier to the country's population, producing 52% of Russia's total volume of vegetable oil, 39% of the sugar, and 24% of all types of canned goods.
		The region is in second place in Russia after the Central economic region in provision of paved roads, and the concentration of railway and road systems is four to six times higher than the corresponding figures for the Russian Federation.
	www.kommersant.com /page.asp?id=-87 (3739 words)

	Chechnya Encyclopedia Articles @ LaunchBase.com (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Bordering Stavropol Krai to the northwest, the republic of Dagestan to the northeast and east, Georgia to the south, and the republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia to the west, it is located in the Northern Caucasus mountains, in the Southern Federal District.
		Chechnya is a region in the Northern Caucasus which has constantly fought against foreign rule, beginning with the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century.
		In the west, it borders North Ossetia and Ingushetia, in the north, Stavropol Kray, in the east, Dagestan, and to the south, Georgia.
	www.launchbase.com /encyclopedia/Chechnya (1993 words)

	IGPI.RU :: North Caucasus regional Peacebuilding program
		The North Caucasus occupies 335,000 square kilometers (~2 percent of the territory of the Russian Federation).
		In other regions, serious inter-community tensions and contradictions did not result in massive violence (however, surprisingly, young people in such areas may actually be more susceptive to “leaders” advocating for violence and war as a mean to solve their problems).
		Neighboring districts of the Chechen Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Republic of Dagestan and the Stavropol Krai
	www.igpi.ru /monitoring/north_caucas/1126863891.html (9533 words)

	Islam in the North Caucasus
		In this regional context, the subject of “Islam in the North Caucasus” involves the ethno-cultural and religious relationships in the Caucasus, but beyond that the development of Islam in the Russian Federation.
		In the North Caucasus there have been renewed incidences of expulsions and flights of populations, for example Ingush refugees from North Ossetia and refugees from the war in Chechnya.
		Because the region is such an ethnic and cultural melting pot, and one which came into contact with older religions, the local Islam (or rather, local Islams) became mixed with pre-Islamic religions and cultures.
	www.ehess.fr /centres/ceifr/assr/N115/005.htm (8002 words)

	North Ossetia-Alania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Russian: Респу́блика Се́верная Осе́тия–Ала́ния; Ossetic: Цӕгат Ирыстоны Аланийы Республикӕ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic).
		The Ossetian population of North Ossetia is predominantly Christian with a Muslim minority, speaking Ossetic and Russian.
		Despite the inevitable economic burden of a sizeable refugee population, North Ossetia is the most well-to-do republic in the northern Caucasus.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/North_Ossetia (613 words)

	Crimes of War > Chechnya Magazine
		On top of the economic and social problems that are common to all regions of Russia, the North Caucasus faces a number of particular difficulties: the continuing bloodshed in Chechnya, the high level of tension between different communities, and the legacy of earlier conflicts and natural disasters.
		Obviously, in such a situation, the goal of peace-building efforts in the area is to strengthen regional stability, decrease tensions, to help the various groups in channeling their demands into constructive forms of behavior, and to develop a positive dialogue.
		Paradoxically, the fact that the region has not experienced first-hand the effects of armed conflict means that some groups – and especially some nationalist leaders – see armed struggle as a realistic (albeit perhaps distasteful) means of achieving their goals and objectives.
	www.crimesofwar.org /chechnya-mag/chech-kamenshikov.html (2132 words)

	Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In addition, it borders the Black Sea to the north; the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara to the west; and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
		The gradual conquest of Anatolia from the Byzantines by Turkic peoples, under the Seljuks with the Battle of Manzikert and the rise of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century was finalized by the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
		Though Turkey’s economic vulnerabilities have been greatly reduced, the economy could still face problems in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that leads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkey (4744 words)

	FREE In-depth report - The North Caucasus - Russia
		The North Caucasus retains its historical reputation as a trouble spot, although the majority of the region's republics are relatively peaceful and undeveloped.
		North Ossetia, called Alania in the republic's 1994 constitution, is located along the northern border of Georgia, between the republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Ingushetia.
		In 1924 North Ossetia became an autonomous region of the Soviet Union; in 1936 it was declared an autonomous republic.
	www.exploitz.com /Russia-The-North-Caucasus-cg.php (2599 words)

	North Caucasus State Technical University - NCSTU : official web server (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As Stavropol State Technical University was one of the leading higher educational establishments in the region and the only one of its type in the North Caucasus, it was renamed as North Caucasus State Technical University, by the order N1180 of the Ministry for higher and vocational education of the Russian Federation of 24.04.99.
		North Caucasus State Technical University has become not only the center for training highly-skilled personnel for the North Caucasus territory, but it has created favorable conditious for strengthening good-neighbourly relations between the peoples of North Caucasus, thus stimulating stabilization of social-economic situation and reconciliation in the territory.
		North Caucasus State Technical University is the only university in the Stavropol region which has a Federal centre of the global computer network "RUNNet", which opens up quite new perspectives in education, including distance learning and allows to improve radically the efficiency and quality of training specialities.
	www.ncstu.info (1032 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Have Your Say \| Q&A: North Caucasus
		Russia's North Caucasus region is home to dozens of nationalities, many of which have troubled relations with their neighbours or with Moscow.
		People see violence spreading from Chechnya to neighbouring republics; add to that the economic problems of the region, the lack of jobs and the widespread corruption, and it's hard to be optimistic.
		North Ossetia is less dangerous - and has more of an infrastructure to receive tourists (as well as some excellent restaurants!).
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/talking_point/5106226.stm (991 words)

	BORR Terrorism News: Backgrounder: Unrest in the North Caucasus
		The North Caucasus is a region used to violence.
		In 1945, the region’s population of Balkars, ethnically linked to Turks, was deported to Central Asia by Stalin along with its Chechen and Ingush neighbors for allegedly collaborating with the Nazis.
		The largest of North Caucasus’ provinces (pop: 2.5 million) and home to some thirty ethnic groups, Dagestan is situated along Russia’s main oil corridor to the Caspian Sea.
	www.borrull.org /e/noticia.php?id=52889 (1029 words)

	Dagestan
		It is the largest republic of Russia in the northern Caucasus, both in area and population.
		The republic is situated in the North Caucasus mountains.
		This region of the southern Caucasus is home to a mixed population, many of whom are Muslims (a mosque can be seen to the left of the village).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/d/da/dagestan.html (1121 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Chechnya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Some territories are or were controlled by regional teips, despite the existence of pro- and anti-Russian political structures.
		Another factor are economic interests: Chechnya possesses large oil reserves, and the Russians are concerned that prolonged instability may lead to third parties entering the region in order to seek to control the oil, causing further instability and war.
		Despite economic improvements, smuggling and bartering are still occupations of a significant part of the population.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Chechnya (3640 words)

	RIA Novosti - Opinion & analysis - The North Caucasus: a knotty problem
		If current regional heads are not left in their posts and given a vote of confidence, successors must be found or even outsiders brought in.
		North Ossetia after the Beslan tragedy was the first sign of regional destabilization.
		The various deepening clan-based and ethnic conflicts in the North Caucasus are exacerbated by inefficiency among the local ruling elites: Southern regions are still among the poorest in Russia, with many of them facing socio-economic catastrophe, and confidence in the authorities is declining.
	en.rian.ru /analysis/20050701/40827421.html (838 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - Trouble in the North Caucasus
		The smoldering centers of conflict in the Caucasus and Trans-Caucasus, including those in the areas of the Armenian-Azerbaijanis, the Chechens, the Ossetian-Ingush, the South Ossetians, the Abkhazijans and the Lezgins, are already negatively affecting the situation in the North Caucasus region, as well as Georgia and Azerbaijan.
		Indisputably, the greatest problem for Russia in the North Caucasus is the "Chechen issue," the fact that a state within the Russian Federation's borders does not recognize Russian federal laws and therefore threatens the integrity and security of Russia.
		The Chechen hotbed is the epicenter of the vast troubled region that includes the entire eastern sector of the North Caucasus: Dagestan, which is destabilized by neighboring Chechnya and multiple ethno-national conflicts; the Ossetian-Ingush conflict zone; and the areas of the Stavropol region [krai] bordering on Chechnya.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/trouble/trouble.htm (6159 words)

	Chechnya - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Eventually the Chechens were converted to Islam and tensions began to die down with the Turks, however conflicts with their Christian neighbours such as Georgians and Cossacks as well as with Buddhist Kalmyks intensified.
		Other reasons for the war include growing terrorism in the Northern Caucasus, which was linked to Chechnya and the anti-Russian stance of the Chechen government which led to the expulsion of almost 300,000 ethnic Russians from Chechnya.
		Yeltsin hoped to use the victory to overtake political opponents and win in the 1996 presidential elections, which was extremely uncertain as opponents within the former Communist Party and nationalists under Vladimir Zhirinovsky had gained a large amount of popular support while Yeltsin's approval ratings hovered in the single digits.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Chechnya (3188 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The price of milling quality wheat was eighteen percent higher in February than in December 2003 in the Central Black Earth Economic Region, twenty-five percent higher in the Volga Valley Economic District, almost thirty percent higher in the Urals, and more than thirty-four percent higher in the Western Siberia Economic Region.
		In the Central Black Earth Economic Region, the price in February 2004 was 36 percent higher than in December, in the Volga Valley and the West Siberian Economic Region the price was 46 percent higher, and in the Northern Caucasus the price was 39 percent higher.
		This decision is based on recent analyses of the grain situation which revealed that the monthly consumption of food grain in Russia is three mmt and the present food grain reserves ("food grain in the market") are eighteen mmt, more than enough to last until the upcoming harvest.
	www.fas.usda.gov /gainfiles/200404/146105934.doc (1228 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| Crossing Continents \| N Caucasus: Is terror spreading?
		The Kremlin believes armed groups like the one that attacked Beslan are able to operate across the region and gain new recruits because they have a network of supporters among the local population.
		His priority, he told the BBC, is to promote economic and political development as the most "serious tool" in the battle against extremism.
		The volatility of the situation in the Caucasus is shown by the chaos in another republic, Karachayevo-Cherkessia.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4019439.stm (1015 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - North Caucasus, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This text analyzes the politial and economic development of the ethnic republics of Turkey and the North Caucasus in post-communist Russia and the prospects for greater stability in the region, including the resolution of existing conflicts.
		This text analyzes the politial and economic development of the ethnic republics of the North Caucasus in post-communist Russia and the prospects for greater stability in the region, including the resolution of existing conflicts.
		The author studies the dynamics within the region overall, between the republics of the Russian Federation and the Caucasus states, as well as the main tendencies in relations between these republics and the Russian federal authorities.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books?whatfor=1862030626 (177 words)

	North Caucasus at risk - The Washington Times: Commentary - April 10, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In 1997-1999, the years of Chechnya's quasi-independence, the region became an Islamist terrorist training ground and saw 2,000 kidnappings for ransom, slave trade and massive trafficking in weapons, drugs and stolen goods.
		The North Caucasus Islamist movement and its allies believe their geopolitical goal -- creating the North Caucasus Califate, a militaristic Sharia-based dictatorship between the Black Sea and the Caspian -- just got a bit closer.
		Russiawide terrorism will escalate, as will "jihad" in the Russian-controlled republics of North Caucasus, where security forces increasingly impose political controls and the Kremlin moves toward setting up its loyalists as presidents and governors.
	www.washtimes.com /commentary/20050409-102739-6102r.htm (967 words)

	Islam, Jamaats and Implications for the North Caucasus - Part 1
		The traditional jamaat is not a new social structure in the Caucasus.
		In the North Caucasus, the modern jamaat movement has been growing for nearly 20 years, producing both peaceful and militant varieties of the organization.
		Roaming Arab preachers made some inroads in the Caucasus in the early 1990s, but members of the generation that now provides the young membership of the jamaats are to a large degree discovering Salafi Islam on their own initiative.
	www.jamestown.org /terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370014 (1351 words)

	Russia, Chechnya, West, North Caucasus - JRL 9-13-05
		Indicatively, intelligence experts have long understood that Chechnya and the North Caucasus pose a threat not only to Russia, and that under the worst-case scenario the region could become another Afghanistan, from which terrorists would be able to strike at any target.
		People in the North Caucasus are very isolated, they don't have an opportunity to travel a lot and study elsewhere in Russia.
		Therefore, it is understandable why many officials in Moscow and the North Caucasus will be very suspicious for a long time to come of any European or American proposals to pool efforts against a common threat.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/9243-11.cfm (800 words)

	After Maskhadov: Islamist Terrorism Threatens North Caucasus and Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		On the contrary, in his last interviews, he advocated expansion of terrorist activities beyond Chechnya to the rest of the North Caucasus, with Russian civilians as the targets.
		The czar was proud of both the plan of his expedition of 1845, (which caused numerous casualties and failed), and of the plan of slow movement forward, despite the fact that the two plans clearly contradicted one another.
		In 1850, the czar again ordered his Caucasus Viceroy, Prince Michael Vorontsov, to “firmly follow my system of destruction of dwellings and food supply, and bothering them with incursions.”[3] The Chechen reaction to the devastation of their settlements and the death of their women, children, and elderly was hardly surprising.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg1838.cfm (2029 words)

	Stavropol Krai - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stavropol Krai encompasses the central part of the Fore-Caucasus and most of the Northern slopes of Caucasus Major.
		It belongs to the North Caucasus Economic Region of the Southern Federal District of Russia.
		Stavropol Krai is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stavropol_Krai (187 words)

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