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Topic: North Vietnamese

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Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Fall of Saigon

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Glasnost

1964

August 4

	North Vietnam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		North Việtnam's capital was Hànội and it was led by a communist government allied with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.
		North Việtnam invaded and occupied portions of neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
		With the fall of Sàigòn to North Vietnamese forces on April 30, 1975, political authority within South Việtnam was nominally assumed by the North Vietnamese controlled Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam but in reality, political authority rested with the North Vietnamese Army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Vietnam (632 words)

	Laos - North Vietnamese Invasion
		The occupation by North Vietnamese security forces in December 1958 of several villages in Xépôn District near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam was an ominous development.
		North Vietnamese regular army units participated in attacks on July 28-31, 1959.
		These operations established a pattern of North Vietnamese forces leading the attack on a strong point, then falling back and letting the Pathet Lao remain in place once resistance to the advance had been broken.
	countrystudies.us /laos/24.htm (838 words)

	THE WAR IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES: CHAPTER VII: Analysis of North Vietnamese Goals and Failures
		Approximately 40 percent of the population was under North Vietnamese Army control in 1965, but this proportion had fallen to between 15 and 20 percent by September of 1967.
		Southwest of Khe Sanh was the 304th North Vietnamese Army Division and in the demilitarized zone area north of the Rock Pile was the 320th North Vietnamese Army Division.
		The North Vietnamese failed to achieve victory in the northern provinces in 1968 because their efforts to gain and retain control of the population and the government of South Vietnam were obstructed by determined U.S. and Free World Military Assistance Forces.
	www.army.mil /cmh/books/Vietnam/northern/nprovinces-ch7.htm (4708 words)

	Vietnamese Cuisine Intro
		A key portion of every meal, north, south and central, is a platter containing cucumbers, bean threads, slices of hot pepper, and sprigs of basil, coriander, mint and a number of related herbs found principally in southeast Asian markets.
		Vietnamese cooking is generally not as rich or heavy as the coconut milk curries, of, say, Thailand or India.
		Vietnamese describe their country as two great rice baskets hung on either end of a carrying pole.
	www.dalatco.com /VietnameseCuisine.htm (961 words)

	STATISTICS OF VIETNAMESE GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER
		Returning now to Table 6.1A and the consolidation of the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong war-dead estimates and extrapolations (line 102), this may be checked against those consolidations of the separate war-dead estimates and extrapolations (line 67 and 83) by summing them (line 104).
		This seems consistent with both sympathetic and unsympathetic descriptions of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong tactics and actions during the war, especially in considering that as a minimum the 200 dead covers the length and breadth of the unestimated North Vietnam/Viet Cong atrocities and terror throughout all of South Vietnam for some thirty days.
		Some of these Vietnamese were forced to flee, some fled out of terror and fear for their lives, some fled by virtue of unlivable conditions that the communists had created for them.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM (5593 words)

	The Fall of Saigon
		North Vietnam was well aware of the disarray in American politics since President Richard M. Nixon's August 1974 resignation, and it decided to test the waters.
		On March 10, 1975, three North Vietnamese army divisions, well-equipped with tanks, assaulted the city, which was defended by two reinforced regiments of the 23rd Division.
		North Vietnamese army troops of the 320th Division pounced on the disorganized mob trying to get to the coast and kept them under constant attack, killing thousands of civilians.
	www.afa.org /magazine/april2000/0400saigon.asp (4032 words)

	EthnoMed: Vietnamese Cultural Profile
		It is bordered by the South China Sea on the west and south, China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west.
		Several of the Vietnamese doctors' office staff I spoke with stated that time is not a priority in Vietnamese culture as it is in US culture, and it is often difficult to get patients to arrive at appointed times.
		In contrast, Vietnamese traditionally believe that human nature is basically good but corruptible; that man should strive for harmony with nature; they live oriented to the past, not the future; they are traditionally attached to one place, the ancestor's land; they value the process of being or becoming, mutual dependence and lineality.
	ethnomed.org /ethnomed/cultures/vietnamese/vietnamese_cp.html (6263 words)

	Naval History Magazine: The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident, by Dale Andrade and Kenneth Conboy'
		Because the North Vietnamese had fewer than 50 Swatows, most of them up north near the important industrial port of Haiphong, the movement south of one-third of its fleet was strong evidence that 34A and the Desoto patrols were concerning Hanoi.
		North Vietnam immediately and publicly linked the 34A raids and the Desoto patrol, a move that threatened tentative peace feelers from Washington that were only just reaching Hanoi.
		Both South Vietnamese and U.S. maritime operators in Da Nang assumed that their raids were the cause of the mounting international crisis, and they never for a moment doubted that the North Vietnamese believed that the raids and the Desoto patrols were one and the same.
	www.usni.org /navalhistory/Articles99/NHandrade.htm (3345 words)

	Nam Knights Delaware Valley Chapter
		The first air strikes against North Vietnam were flown in the fall of 1964, in retaliation for two attacks on American warships in the Gulf of Tonkin (although the second reported attack has never been verified).
		North Vietnamese General Tran Van Tra orders 7th Division and the newly formed 3rd Division to attack Phuoc Long Province, north of Saigon.
		Emboldened by their success and by the American passivity, the North Vietnamese leadership decided that it was time to launch a major offensive.
	www.delvalnamknights.org (2330 words)

	North Vietnamese Personnel Intro
		When servicemen were released by North Vietnam, they were given the opportunity to review the photographs available and provide identifications on the North Vietnamese pictured in the photographs.
		It is possible, for example, that a guard observed at the Ha Lo FW camp and known by a certain nickname may be the same individual who is subsequently identified as a turnkey at the Citadel PW camp by a different nickname.
		Although many of the North Vietnamese described in Section B of Part II are probably still associated with PW -handling, their functions and their nicknames may have
	www.pownetwork.org /nvp/north_vietnamese_personnel_intro.htm (639 words)

	[No title]
		The Soviet-supplied North Vietnamese Army is the fifth largest in the world.
		About two years later, North Vietnamese and Southern communist forces begin a large-scale offensive with the declared aim of a total victory over the South Vietnamese state.
		The Marines moved north to engage forces of the North Vietnamese Army infiltrating south through this difficult terrain.
	www.lycos.com /info/south-vietnam--north-vietnam.html?page=3 (414 words)

	North Vietnam Leaflet Campaign
		It was to be a sustained bombing campaign intended to place increasing pressure on the North Vietnamese leadership to negotiate a peaceful settlement to the war.
		North Vietnamese students took pledges known as the "three readies" to prove their patriotism and dedication.
		The Vietnamese Communist Party, which is Chinese-controlled and follows the bidding of its Chinese masters was responsible for the Tet offensive in the south that cost more than forty-thousand Vietnamese lives on both sides.
	www.psywarrior.com /NorthVietnamLeaf.html (6123 words)

	Vietnamese Aces
		Considering such odds, it is clear why some Vietnamese pilots scored more than the Americans; the VPAF pilots simply were busier than their US counterparts, and they "flew till they died." They had no rotation home after 100 combat sorties because they were already home.
		The North Vietnamese realized that and took the chance: in December 1966 the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR intercepted the "Thuds" before they met the escorting F-4s, downing 14 F-105s without any losses.
		Bay was awarded the Hero's Medal of the Vietnamese People's Army for his outstanding skill and bravery in combat, and for his superb leadership of his flight.
	www.acepilots.com /vietnam/viet_aces.html (1990 words)

	The North Vietnamese Winter-Spring Offensive
		In spite of this advantage, the North Vietnamese leadership still harbored some doubts as to their ability to conquer the South rapidly.
		The ruling Politburo of North Vietnam met in Hanoi from 18 December 1974 until 8 January 1975 for the purpose of resolving the timetable for the conquest of South Vietnam.
		To accomplish its objective of seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Long City, tucked between the Be River and Ba Ra Mountain, 75 miles northeast of Saigon, the NVA employed its recently formed 3d Division, 7th Division, a tank battalion, an artillery regiment, an antiaircraft regiment, and local force and sapper units.
	ehistory.osu.edu /vietnam/books/end/0069.cfm (409 words)

	GENERAL ANDREW GOODPASTER
		The South Vietnamese with the participation of the Korean and the Thai forces would take responsibility for maintaining local security, using the regional and the popular forces, as well as their main units.
		Our assessment was that that might happen, but there was no sign of such a move on the part of the North Vietnamese and they might fight it out to the full extent of their ability, in which case that could be the requirement.
		I think the North Vietnamese by that time felt that the United States would buckle, as the French had finally.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-11/goodpas2.html (1336 words)

	Vietnamese Cuisine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A former colony of China, Vietnamese adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, chopsticks and the wok.
		These two soups are hands-down favorites of North and South Vietnam and more likely to show up at breakfast than any other meal of the day.
		The beefy Pho of North Vietnam reflects the influence of Mongol invaders with their love of beef.
	www.virginia.edu /iso/ic/old_ic/Docs/Cuisine/vietnam.html (1967 words)

	www.wintersoldier.com - John Kerry and the VVAW: Hanoi's American Puppets? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Kerry's use of POW families directly advanced the North Vietnamese communist agenda as described by enemy defectors and in the newly discovered Circular, which suggests that Madame Binh had recommended the same course of action to antiwar activists meeting with her in Paris.
		After the war, North Vietnamese military leaders acknowledged that one of their greatest fears was that America would move significant forces into Laos to interdict the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
		The VVAW's Executive Committee stated in a July 1971 meeting that the terms "Vietcong" and "North Vietnamese" were not to be used in VVAW press releases and communications.
	ice.he.net /~freepnet/kerry/staticpages/index.php?page=puppets (2852 words)

	MORE ABOUT THE '68 TET OFFENSIVE
		It was obviously that the North Vietnamese leaders had ordered the offensives to be launched on the night of the first day of Tet to take the objectives by total surprise.
		Therefore, most NVA units in the Communist 5th Military Region - closer to North Vietnam - probably used North Vietnamese calendar, and conducted their attacks in the night between Jan 29 and 30, while their comrades farther to the south attacked in the night from Jan 30 to 31.
		The rumors were almost absolutely credible to the Vietnamese - particularly the military servicemen of all ranks - because of another hearsay that until now have a very powerful impact on the mind of a great number of the South Vietnamese.
	www.vietquoc.com /tet68rev.htm (1569 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: US State Department: North Vietnamese Aggression, 1965
		North Viet-Nam's commitment to seize control of the South is no less total than was the commitment of the regime in North Korea in 1950.
		The directing force behind the effort to conquer South Viet-Nam is the Communist Party in the North, the Lao Dong (Workers) Party.
		North Vietnamese officials have expressed their firm determination to absorb South Viet-Nam into the Communist world.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1965US-vietnamaggression1.html (863 words)

	North Vietnamese Novels
		In 1987, one year before this novel appeared, the Vietnamese Communist party called on writers and journalists to shake off the stiff, official Marxist style that had been imposed on them and encouraged them to reassert their traditional role as social critics.
		The suffering of Vietnamese women brought on by the war is acknowledged and depicted, the timeless rhythm of Vietnamese civilian life is of greater worth than military glory, and criticism of Communist bureaucrats reinforces the fact that Vietnamese patriotism is indeed distinct from Communism.
		While the novel reminds us that the blood of Vietnamese soldiers nourishes the land, it is clear that the reverse is also true.
	www.eiu.edu /~agora/Mar02/Searlemain.022.htm (3613 words)

	CNN Cold War - Profile: Ho Chi Minh
		At the Versailles peace conference, he petitioned the delegates on behalf of Vietnamese self-determination but was ignored.
		The French-Vietnamese truce broke in late 1946, initiating a war that ended in 1954 with the Vietnamese victory at Dien Bien Phu.
		Only in 1968, after the U.S. bombardments of North Vietnam stopped in the wake of the Tet Offensive, did his government agree to talks.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/ho (378 words)

	Another Vietnam: North Vietnamese Images Show Unseen Side of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		I was curious about what pictures filled the memories of the Vietnamese people and if their view of the war was impacted by images in the same way.
		The purpose of that image was to show the Vietnamese people that with World War II rifles it is possible to shoot down American warplanes if they used the proper technique of shooting in front of the plane's path.
		One photographer, Mai Nam, was limited to the North during the war and was not really a combat photographer per se.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2002/01/0129_020129_vietnam.html (2232 words)

	The Vietnam War
		Between 1945 and 1954, the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France and received $2.6 billion in financial support from the United States.
		His attempt to slow the flow of North Vietnamese soldiers and supplies into South Vietnam by sending American forces to destroy Communist supply bases in Cambodia in 1970 in violation of Cambodian neutrality provoked antiwar protests on the nation’s college campuses.
		In April 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to the North and Vietnam was reunited.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /modules/vietnam/index.cfm (475 words)

	www.wintersoldier.com - Open letter to Vietnamese-Americans, Vietnam and other Veterans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The North Vietnamese communist government (NVG) signed the Geneva Conventions on the Treatment of Prisoners of War in 1957, yet it grossly violated all provisions of the Convention by starving, torturing and murdering not only American military POWs, but civilians as well.
		When the communist North Vietnamese retreated after being defeated in the battle for Hue that ended Feb. 24, 1968, they took with them over 3,500 South Vietnamese POWs, soldiers, civil servants as well as their wives and children, including three German Doctors working at the University of Hue.
		General Vo Nguyen Giap, the North Vietnamese general, the architect of the military campaign that finally defeated South Vietnam in 1975, is cited as crediting Presidential aspirant John Kerry and his VVAW with helping them achieve victory.
	ice.he.net /~freepnet/kerry/staticpages/index.php?page=Benge01 (1325 words)

	RAND \| Papers \| Why the North Vietnamese Will Keep Fighting.
		Arguments in favor of its continuation are formidable and are based on the Confucian upbringing and Communist ideology of Hanoi's leaders, the historical experience of the Vietnamese, and the reluctance of old men in Hanoi to give up a course of action that has been the mission of their entire adult lives.
		Their losses may not be unacceptable to the North Vietnamese, and the prize, if they win, is great.
		The question of what to do with the North Vietnamese army if the war is concluded may pose a dilemma.
	www.rand.org /pubs/papers/P4395-1 (311 words)

	RAND \| Papers \| Indochina in North Vietnamese Strategy.
		Vietnamese Communists have been involved in Indochinese affairs for approximately 40 years.
		In view of the likelihood of continued American aid, North Vietnamese policy will remain guided by strategic advantage, the security of Communist borders in Indochina, and political compatibility with the Indochinese governments.
		At present, North Vietnam seems to prefer a responsive coalition government to a Communist regime whose claims to neutrality and independence would lack international and domestic credibility.
	www.rand.org /pubs/papers/P4605 (350 words)

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