| | Reference.com/Encyclopedia/North American Aerospace Defense Command |
 | | North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of the United States and Canada which provides aerospace warning and aerospace control for North America. |
 | | Aerospace warning or integrated tactical warning and attack assessment (ITW/AA) covers the monitoring of man-made objects in space, and the detection, validation, and warning of attack against North America by aircraft, missiles, or space vehicles. |
 | | Discussions and studies of joint systems had been ongoing since the early 1950s and culminated on August 1, 1957 with the announcement by the US and Canada to establish an integrated command, the North American Air Defense Command. |
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