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Topic: North Western Ghats montane rain forests

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	Forest in India,Tropical Forest in India,Rain Forest India,Indian Forests
		It embraces evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests, moist deciduous monsoon forests, riparian forests, swamps and grasslands.
		Evergreen rain forests are found in the Assam Valley, the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Manipur where the rain fall exceeds 2300 mm per annum.
		The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by Pterocarpus dalbergioides and Terminalia spp.
	www.wild-india.com /Habitates/forest.html (1033 words)

	Western Ghats Summary
		The northern portion of the narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the Konkan Coast or simply Konkan, and the southern portion is called Malabar or the Malabar Coast.
		The evergreen Wayanad forests of Kerala mark the transition zone between the northern and southern ecoregions of the Western Ghats.
		North of this region is the Kudremukh national park in the central region of Karnataka's western ghats.
	www.bookrags.com /Western_Ghats (1838 words)

	North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests at AllExperts
		The North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southwestern India.
		At the northern end of the Western Ghats range in southeastern Gujarat, the ecoregion borders the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests to the west and the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests to the northeast.
		The Wayanad forests at the southern end of the ecoregion mark the transition to the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests to the south.
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/no/north_western_ghats_moist_deciduous_forests.htm (278 words)

	Western Ghats @ CES : Biology of Western Ghats
		There are tropical evergreen forests in the central and southern regions; semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, wherever left untouched, clothe the mountains almost all along their length; dry deciduous forests of teak and associated species clothe the coastal plains in the northern and central regions as also along the eastern rain-shadow slopes.
		There are montane 'shola' forests, riverine or swamp forests and nearly half a dozen other evergreen-species associations, mostly observed in the southern half of the Zone, where numerous ancillary mountain ranges converge to produce a region of exceptional diversity.
		The Western Ghats Zone is also characterised by a series of forest gaps or breaks, that are actually valleys that break the continuity of the mountain ranges and accordingly of the biological components as well.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /biodiversity/documents/biology.htm (709 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/North Western Ghats montane rain forests
		The North Western Ghats montane rain forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southwestern India.
		The montane rain forests are found above 1000 meters elevation, and are surrounded at lower elevations by the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests.
		Unlike the lowland forests, which are composed largely of drought-deciduous trees, the montane rain forests are predominantly evergreen laurel forest, dominated by trees of the laurel family (Lauraceae), including Litsea, Phoebe, and Cinnamomum.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/North_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests (179 words)

	Indomalaya ecozone - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia.
		The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family (Dipterocarpaceae).
		Later, as Australia-New Guinea drifted north, the collision of the Australian and Asian plates pushed up the islands of Wallacea, which were separated from one another by narrow straits, allowing a botanic exchange between Indomalaya and Australasia.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Indomalaya (490 words)

	Malabar information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Malabar is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, and comprising the northern half of the state of Kerala.
		It is flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Western Ghats on the east.
		Geographically, the Malabar Coast, especially on its westward-facing mountain slopes, comprises the wettest region of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Malabar (757 words)

	Birds of South India
		The region is bounded by western and northern India to the north, the Arabian Sea to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south.
		Western Ghats: The Western Ghats or Sahyadri Hills of southwestern India are formed by the Malabar Plains and the mountains running parallel to the west coast and is the high rising border of the Deccan Plateau.
		The Western Ghats is recognized as one of the richest and most threatened reservoir of plant and animal life on Earth and is a key 'Biodiversity Hotspot'.
	www.kolkatabirds.com /south/south.htm (471 words)

	Rain Broadleaf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests - Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, also known as tropical rain forests, are a tropical and subtropical biome.
		Pacific temperate rain forests of the 19 states on the north to the Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens, Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis, Alerce Fitzroya cupressoides and Kauri Agathis australis.
		These forests are quite rare, occurring in small areas of Western North America, from Kodiak Island in Alaska to northern California, and are notable for its deep blue-green lakes set in a belt around the world: the Pacific temperate rain forests are domina...
	www.marmaris-ws.com /Rain/Broadleaf.html (1508 words)

	Western Ghats (Endemic Birds Areas of the world)
		The Western Ghats receive heavy monsoon rainfall, and tropical lowland evergreen rain forest formerly occurred in areas of highest rainfall along virtually their entire length—but most forests of this type have been cleared in the north of the EBA (Champion 1936).
		The evergreen rain forests are bordered by narrow strips of tropical semi-evergreen rain forest.
		The steep western slopes of the Ghats are ideal for generating hydroelectric power, and dams are flooding large areas of valley forest and leading to developments such as new access roads which are increasing encroachment into the forest.
	www.birdlife.org /datazone/ebas/index.html?action=EbaHTMDetails.asp&sid=125&m=0 (699 words)

	Definition of South India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Western Ghats catch the monsoon winds, and the region is rainy and densely forested.
		The South Western Ghats montane rain forests, which lie in the southern portion of the range, is the most species-abundant ecoregion of the Indian peninsula.
		Karnataka straddles the central portion of the Western Ghats, from the Arabian Sea coast to the western Deccan, and the Europeans seem to have misapplied the term to refer most commonly to Southern India's eastern coastal region, although Carnatic is sometimes used to denote the entirety of southern India.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/South_India (2260 words)

	Rain Montane Grasslands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		South Western Ghats montane rain forests - The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are an ecoregion of southern India, covering the southern portion of the Western Ghats range in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, at elevations over 1000 meters.
		Australian Alps montane grasslands - The Australian Alps montane grasslands is a montane grassland ecoregion of Australia, restricted to the montane regions of south-eastern Australia above 1300 metres (the upper altitudinal limit of Eucalyptus pauciflora).
		North Western Ghats montane rain forests - The North Western Ghats montane rain forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southwestern India.
	www.marmaris-ws.com /Rain/Montane-Grasslands.html (811 words)

	Flora of Western Ghats
		The Western Ghats are a chain of highlands running along the western edge of the Indian subcontinent, from Bombay south to the southern tip of the peninsula, through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
		km, the Western Ghats is an area of exceptional biological diversity and conservation interest, and is "one of the major Tropical Evergreen Forest regions in India" (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988).
		Forest tracts up to 500 metres in elevation, comprising one-fifth of the entire forest expanse, are mostly evergreen, while those in the 500—1500 metres range are semi-evergreen.
	www.fowghats.bravepages.com (601 words)

	Forest Fire and biotic interferences(IFFN 26)
		Montane evergreen forests have thick undergrowth; the trees are short boled and attain a low height of 15-20m.
		Forest fires and indiscriminate grazing are the most important factors that affect the natural regeneration in the forest and cause its degradation.
		Forest fire is one of the major detrimental factors in depletion of biodiversity of Nilgiri biosphere.
	www.fire.uni-freiburg.de /iffn/country/in/in_7.htm (2998 words)

	Ecoregions of India
		Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests (Bhutan, India, Nepal)
		Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests (India, Nepal, Pakistan)
		Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows (India, Nepal)
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/ec/ecoregions_of_india.html (139 words)

	Terraformers Society of Canada - Tropical Rain Forests
		Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, also known as tropical rain forests or tropical wet forests, are a tropical and subtropical biome.
		Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests are found in a belt around the equator and in the humid subtropics, and are characterized by warm, humid climates with high year-round rainfall.
		Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests are common in several terrestrial ecozones, including parts of the Afrotropic (equatorial Africa), Indomalaya (parts of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), the Neotropic (northern South America and Central America), Australasia (eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, and northern Australia), and Oceania (the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean).
	society.terraformers.ca /content/view/97/187 (272 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- North Western Ghats montane rain forests (IM0135) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The rain fuels the lush growth of a wide variety of plants.
		The trees are draped with tangled vines, and epiphytes anchor themselves to tree trunks and branches.
		This narrow strip of rain forest, which extends into the South Western Ghats Mountains, contains about a third of the plants, over three-fourths of the amphibians, and almost half the reptiles known to live in India.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0135.html (354 words)

	Biodiversity of the Western Ghats - An Overview - R.J. Ranjit Daniels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The hills north of the Krishna basin (largely Maharashtra and Gujarat) with fragile basaltic rocks are results of the same processes that gave rise to the Deccan trap.
		Although the Western Ghats experience a tropical climate - being warm and humid during most of the year with mean the temperature ranging from 20oC in the south to 24oC in the north, the higher elevations experience subtropical climates and on occasions frost.
		Wet evergreen forests and montane sholas, despite providing habitat to a number of specialists and endemic birds with greater conservation value, are comparatively less diverse in bird species than secondary/disturbed evergreen and moist deciduous forests.
	www.wii.gov.in /envis/rain_forest/chapter2.htm (4562 words)

	Visit Sri Lanka : Wildlife : Forests and other vegetation types
		The montane forests are characterized by dense growth of epiphytes and lichens.
		The scrub and regenerating forests are characterized by Bauhinia racemosa, Pterospermum suberifolium, Cassia fistula and Dichrostachys cineria.
		These forests are located in the transition zone or between the tropical rain forests and dry mixed evergreen forests.
	www.angelfire.com /planet/wildlifesl/articles/dn_forests.htm (3440 words)

	Articles - Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests are common in several terrestrial ecozones, including parts of the Afrotropic (equatorial Africa), Indomalaya (parts of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), the Neotropic (northern South America and Central America), Australasia (eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, and northern Australia), and Oceania (the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean).
		Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests (Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea)
		Trinidad and Tobago moist forests (Trinidad and Tobago)
	www.bird-center.net /articles/Tropical_rainforest (815 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- North Western Ghats montane rain forests (IM0135)
		The North Western Ghats Montane Rain Forests [IM0135] are one of two montane rain forest ecoregions (the other is the South Western Ghats Montane Rain Forests [IM0151]) along the Western Ghats Mountain Range, renowned for its large number of species, particularly endemics.
		The Wyanad evergreen forests of Kerala-Karnataka represent a transition zone from the moist Cullenia-dominated forests in the south Western Ghats to the northern drier dipterocarp forests (Rodgers and Panwar 1988).
		The multistoried rain forests with tall, buttressed trees exceeding 45 m are replete with climbers: lianas and epiphytes.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0135_full.html (1752 words)

	Western Ghat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India's Deccan Plateau, and separate the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea.
		The northern portion of the narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the Konkan, and the southern portion is called Malabar.
		The foothill region east of the Ghats in Maharashtra is known as Desh, while the eastern foothills of central Karnataka state is known as Malnad.
	geocities.com /sahyadri_explorers/westsrn_ghat.html (750 words)

	Rainforest Biogeography
		Ecologists recognize this class of forests from a characteristic assemblage of features; the trees tend to have wide buttress roots that splay out near the ground, and the leaves tend to be large, evergreen and laurel-like, with an elongated tip (a 'drip tip') on the end of each leaf.
		These island forests are generally less species-rich than those of the South American mainland, perhaps partly because of their drier climates at present and their history of greater aridity during ice ages, and also due to their relative isolation from larger sources of evolutionary novelty on the mainland.
		Limestone forest occurs in the dramatic karst landscapes of Borneo and the Malaysian peninsula.
	www.esd.ornl.gov /projects/qen/rainfo.html (10206 words)

	Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 6 \| Article 17
		The Western Ghats, fringing the Arabian Sea coastline of the Indian peninsula (Fig.
		Biogeographically, the Wayanad region of the Western Ghats is a transitional zone between the moist forests of the South Western Ghats and dry forests of the northern region.
		Deciduous forests in the region are the preferred foraging area for herds of elephants and gaurs arriving from the comparatively drier Deccan region during the post- rainy seasons as the adjoining open grasslands in the upper ranges together with the abundance of bamboo culms (Bambusa sp.
	insectscience.org /6.17 (5609 words)

	Landscape of Kerala,Coastal Land of Kerala,General Information on Coastal Land of Kerala
		In the case of Kerala, the gift of life is brought annually by the monsoon winds to the 597 km (371 miles) coastal strip of rich tropical land, sandwiched between the Arabian Sea and the wall of mountains known as the Western Ghats.
		North Malabar is dominated by Calicut (Kozhikode) as far as up the coast as Cannanore, Tellicherry and Kasargod with the tiny pocket-handkerchief scape of Mahe nearby (earlier a French possession, now a part of Pondicherry).
		The North Western Ghats Montane Rain Forests are one of two montane rain forest ecoregions (the other is the South Western Ghats Montane Rain Forests along the Western Ghats Mountain Range, renowned for its large number of species dwelling, notably endemics.
	www.shubhyatra.com /kerala/general-info.html (1151 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - The Philippines - Overview
		Many endemic species are confined to forest fragments that cover only 7 percent of the original extent of the hotspot.
		At higher elevations, the lowland forests are replaced by montane and mossy forests that consist mostly of smaller trees and vegetation.
		Small regions of seasonal forest, mixed forest and savanna, and pine-dominated cloud forest covered the remaining land area.
	www.biodiversityhotspots.org /xp/Hotspots/philippines (384 words)

	Western Ghats information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains (as they are known in Maharashtra and Kerala) run along the western edge of India's Deccan Plateau, and separate the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea.
		The range starts south of the Tapti River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, and runs approximately 1600 km through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, to the southern tip of the Indian peninsula and ends near Swamithoppe in Marunthuvazh Malai in Tamil Nadu.
		The evergreen Wayanad forests of Kerala and Tamil Nadu mark the transition zone between the northern and southern ecoregions of the Western Ghats.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Western_Ghats (1037 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Mesoamerica - Overview
		The Mesoamerican forests are the third largest among the world’s hotspots.
		The hotspot’s montane forests are important for amphibians, many endemic species of which are in dramatic decline due to an interaction between habitat loss, fungal disease and climate change.
		The hotspot's major ecosystems are a complex mosaic of dry forests, lowland moist forest, and montane forests.
	www.conservation.org /xp/Hotspots/mesoamerica (297 words)

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