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Topic: Northern Africa

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	North Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent.
		The inhabitants of North Africa are generally divided in a manner roughly corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa: the Maghreb, the Nile Valley, and the Sahara.
		The northern part of the Sudan is home to the, largely, Arab Muslim population, but further down the Nile Valley, the culturally distinct world of the largely non-Muslim Nilotic and Nuba peoples begins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Africa (1150 words)

	Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Africa's largest country is Sudan, and its smallest country is the Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast.
		Africa is the oldest inhabited territory on earth, with the human species originating from the continent.
		However, in South Africa and Namibia, the white minority remained politically dominant after independence from Europe, and a significant population of Europeans remained in these two countries even after democracy was finally instituted at the end of the Cold War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Africa (5579 words)

	Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Northern Africa is underlain by folded sedimentary rock and is, geologically, more closely related to Europe than to the rest of the continent of Africa; the Atlas Mts., which occupy most of the region, are a part of the Alpine mountain system of southern Europe.
		Africa’s climatic zones are largely controlled by the continent’s location astride the equator and its almost symmetrical extensions into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
		At the northern and southern extremities of the continent are narrow belts of Mediterranean-type climate with subtropical temperatures and a concentration of rainfall mostly in the autumn and winter months.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Africa.html (3337 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Early African Church
		Boniface, Count of Africa, had summoned the Vandals to Africa in 426, and by 429 the invasion was completed.
		Africa is represented at the present day by a group of texts in which is preserved a version commonly known as the "African Version" of the New Testament.
		It may now be taken as certain that there never existed in early Christian Africa an official Latin text known to all the Churches, or used by the faithful to the exclusion of all others.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01191a.htm (3720 words)

	Links Page on Northern Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sunni orthodoxy was the first belief in Northern Africa, because of efforts to politically centralize Sunnism, Islam rose in the 1800’s. Islam was supported by the Arab Caliphal dynasties of the Umayyads. Christianity came to Northern Africa by the Roman Empire.
		The marines and coastal zones are very important in Northern Africa, which supports tourism, fishing, and petroleum companies. The coral reefs give the coast 194 species of coral and endemic species also. Some species you might find there are shrimp sea cucumber, rock lobster, and so on.
		The importance of agriculture and livestock is huge in Africa because it employs around thirty seven percent in Arab countries. Agriculture depends on fertilizer and irrigation. There is a high demand on agriculture and livestock.
	maps.unomaha.edu /Peterson/funda/Links/NorthernAfrica.html (346 words)

	Northern Africa
		Deficits in northern provinces can be covered by transfer of cereals from the south, for which external assistance may be required.
		In the Tanout and northern Mirria area, WFP is expanding its ongoing development projects to provide food to an increased number of schools and health centres.
		The eight northern provinces are forecast to produce 1.3 million tons of cereals from the current harvest, but if the intensity of military activities increases or the conflict widens over the next few months, harvesting could be interrupted and a reduction from this forecast is possible.
	www.fao.org /giews/english/fs/fs9708/pays/worl9708.htm (21662 words)

	Africa Environment Outlook - Chapter 2
		The northern Africa sub-region is dominated by arid conditions and extensive deserts, with the exception of parts of southern Sudan and an intermittent narrow strip along the Mediterranean shoreline, where the climate is more humid.
		The average total annual precipitation in northern Africa is estimated at 1 503 km
		Northern Africa is already frequently affected by cycles of droughts and flooding and, with climate change, these are expected to increase.
	www.grida.no /aeo/153.htm (711 words)

	Africa Environment Outlook
		Urban growth in Northern Africa is partially the result of rural-urban migration, but natural urban growth and reclassification account for more than 70 per cent of urban development (World Bank 1995).
		Despite the gains outlined above, rapid urbanization in Northern Africa has also given rise to significant environmental and social problems, and is characterized by increasing urban poverty, emergence of informal settlements and slums, shortage in basic urban services, and encroachment on agricultural land.
		Water supply and sanitation rates are higher in Northern Africa than in some other sub-regions, but they are nonetheless variable and many of the poorer residents of urban centres are without reliable services.
	www.unep.org /dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/207.htm (1093 words)

	The Northern Drakensberg
		The majestic Northern Drakensberg is the highest part and possibly the most impressive of the Drakensberg mountain range rising to over 3 000 meters.
		The Northern Drakensberg is the source of the Tugela River, the largest river in the Province, and it plunges some 950 meters over the edge of the Mont-aux-Sources Plateau in a spectacular waterfall.
		The Northern Drakensberg escarpment is frequently covered in snow in the winter months, transforming the area into a picture-postcard winter wonderland.
	www.south-africa-tours.com /northern-drakensberg.html (523 words)

	Feedbacks between climate and surface water in Northern Africa during the middle-Holocene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Observations indicate that the area of lakes and wetlands in northern Africa was considerably greater during the middle Holocene than at present.
		The combination of increased atmospheric moisture and altered circulation results in significant changes to the precipitation distribution in northern Africa including a small increase in the zonal mean July precipitation to the north of the lakes and a decrease to the south.
		The results of this study suggest that surface waters were an important factor in the climate of northern Africa during the middle and early Holocene and that they must be included for accurate simulation of this climate.
	www.sage.wisc.edu /pubs/abstracts/coeJGR1997.html (363 words)

	Sub-Saharan Africa - The Congo Cookbook (African recipes) www.congocookbook.com - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Egypt and the Maghrib (the region of Northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea west of Egypt ; i.e., Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) are undeniably part of Africa.
		Today "Sub-Saharan Africa" is the preferred term for all of Africa south of the Sahara desert region.
		The more one knows of Africa, the less one feels this northern end to be a part of it and the more one knows the Mediterranean the more one sees its continuity even on these bleached and sandy shores of Northern Africa.
	www.congocookbook.com /c0212.html (389 words)

	Africa Map - ZoomSchool.com
		Africa: Africa is the second-largest of the seven continents on Earth (Asia is the largest continent).
		Africa is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian Ocean on the east, the Mediterranean Sea on the north, and the Red Sea on the northeast.
		The lowest pont in Africa is Lake Assal, in Djibouti (in eastern Africa near the Horn of Africa); it is 512 feet (156 meters) below sea level.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /school/Africa/Africamap.shtml (633 words)

	Africa Environment Outlook - Chapter 2
		However, in spite of such efforts, the total area officially declared as protected in Northern Africa remains less than the international target of 10 per cent, although some countries are aiming to increase their protected areas to more than 15 per cent within the next three decades.
		In 1996, the IUCN sponsored a regional programme for Northern Africa and, the Arab League produced a comprehensive policy programme for the Council of Arab Ministers of the Environment meeting, in November 1997.
		It is imperative that biodiversity conservation efforts in Northern Africa incorporate modern knowledge as well as traditional protection systems if they are to be acceptable and successful.
	www.grida.no /aeo/071.htm (867 words)

	World Recipes: Africa - African
		The Mediterranean rim countries of Northern Africa have spread their influence with such foods as couscous and succulent lamb dishes.
		Curry and rice dishes that were brought to Africa long ago from India and Arabic countries were further spread to the Americas during colonial times.
		Each country and region throughout Africa have distinct styles of cuisines that are largely based on long historical traditions.
	www.world-recipes.info /africa-african (104 words)

	COLOR: History of Mathemathics in Africa
		For tens of thousands of years, Africa was in the center of mathematics history.
		From the civilizations of southern, central and northern Africa came contributions which would enrich both ancient and modern understanding of nature through math and science (see Map of Africa).
		In opposing these myths, Nwankwo Ezeabasili (1977) argues that African science is "African account of nature and how it works." He goes on to say that "...the fl African has an authentic scientific culture." Africans were among the first humans to raise crops and to domesticate cattle 15,000 years ago (Van Sertima 1984).
	www.saxakali.com /COLOR_ASP/historymaf.htm (727 words)

	In Northern Africa
		The electrification was carried out to make use of the great water power resources of the Atlas Mountains, that grim and forbidding chain which stretches across the hinterland of Morocco and Algeria, dividing the fertile land near the coast from the burning sand and rocks of the Sahara.
		Many of the latter are married to women from the Congo and French Equatorial Africa, and the stations down this line show many types of people foreign to the country.
		The use of Diesel locomotives and rail-cars in North Africa is of great benefit, because the water is both scarce and bad.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r052.html (3517 words)

	Antique Maps of Africa and South Africa
		The coast of Africa, which was quite well known by the Dutch at this time-as demonstrated by the accurate shape of the continent, is filled with details of bays, capes, rivers and the like.
		“Northern Africa.” Countries are named and indicated with original outline color, from Biafra in the south west, around the horn and along the Mediterranean and Red Seas to Zanguebar in the east.
		A pair of maps of northern and southern Africa from a series of precisely detailed maps of the world from one of the leading British mapmaking firms of the nineteenth century.
	www.philaprintshop.com /africa.html (2567 words)

	Tunisia
		Hills and mountains in the north leveled to sandy expanses in the south, the northern reaches of the Sahara Desert.
		The conduct of Allied operations in both northern Tunisia in December 1942 and the central mountain ranges in February 1943 forced a total reexamination of Allied organization and plans.
		With few exceptions, French units in North Africa had been more intent on upholding national honor than inflicting casualties and damage; those that offered determined resistance were at a marked disadvantage in terms of weapons, equipment, supplies, and numbers.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/tunisia/tunisia.htm (8784 words)

	North Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A hilly region in northern Niger, more-or-less in the middle of the entire Sahara desert.
		The western portion of North Africa, opposite France, together with a considerable extent of the Western Sahara.
		It was from the area of Gobir that the Fulani Jihad erupted, creating the Fulani states in northern and central Nigeria during the 19th century.
	www.hostkingdom.net /noafrica.html (2725 words)

	The Elegant Chef North Africa Cooking
		lthough North Africa is a single topographic unit, it is an area rich in geographic, political, social, economic, and cultural diversity.
		The foods are as diverse as the land, its people, and its history.
		Various versions of the same dish are found, sometimes with a different name or a slight change in ingredients.
	www.theelegantchef.com /north_africa.html (252 words)

	AFRICA: THE ART OF A CONTINENT: Northern Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After the defeat of Carthage in the second century B.C., northern Africa became a prosperous part of the Roman Empire, making its own distinctive artistic contribution in the fields of relief sculpture and polychromed floor mosaics.
		In the seventh century A.D., Muslim armies from Arabia dislodged the forces of the Romans' successors, the Byzantines, from northwestern Africa.
		Trade with western sub-Saharan Africa and with western Sudan brought wealth to the Islamic dynasties of northern Africa and introduced Islam and its ar t and architecture to these areas.
	www.artnetweb.com /guggenheim/africa/north.html (421 words)

	Northern Cape Provincial Government
		This is in celebration of their tenth anniversary in the Northern Cape, and also the fortieth birthday of the Air Mercy Service.
		As part of the Africa Public Service Week i.e 19th - 23 June 2006, Premier Dipuo Peters paid a surprise visit to two government departments to witness how members of the public receive their services.
		The Northern Cape Youth Commission call on all young people and members of the public resident in the Northern Cape province to nominate youth aged between 14 - 35 years, for the Premier's Youth Awards.
	www.northern-cape.gov.za (397 words)

	AFRICA
		It may be that in parts of Africa, the coolest temperatures and maximum ice extent in mountain glaciers occurred earlier or later than the maximum ice extent at higher latitudes.
		In east Africa, the general picture for the LGM is one of drier-than-present conditions throughout (Coetzee and van Zinderen Bakker 1988).
		Generally, the signs from the many pollen and palaeoenvironmental records across southern and eastern Africa are of mid-Holocene vegetation and climates that were quite similar to those of today, but with a vegetation structure not subject to the intense degradation by domesticated grazing animals that it undergoes at present in some regions.
	www.esd.ornl.gov /projects/qen/new_africa.html (11452 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2003: Middle East & Northern Africa: Overview
		Local human rights activists and others were concerned that these actions conveyed a strong message that basic rights and safeguards could be shelved in times of crisis or emergency, precisely the rationale that governments across the region have long used to justify their own widespread abuses.
		Residents of countries throughout the Middle East and North Africa, long uneasy with the authoritarian character of their own governments and angry at perceived double standards of Western leaders toward the region, had few outlets for sustained and substantive political expression and no peaceful mechanisms to change their rulers or political structures.
		Political power remained hereditary under law in Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and the smaller states in the Persian Gulf, and was appropriated unilaterally by leaders of long-ruling political parties in countries such as Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k3/mideast.html (7351 words)

	Northern Cape Travel, Northern Cape Tourism
		With the small town of Garies forming the southern boundary and the desert solitude of Pofadder in the east, the world's most awe-inspiring floral region is bound in the north by the persistent tide and impassable cliffs of the mighty Orange River Valley.
		Annies Cottage is a luxury guesthouse in the heart of Spingbok, Namaqualand in the Northern Cape Province.
		An annual 14-day epic journey through South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Tanzania to the lush and exotic East Coast that is becoming one of the most famous train journeys in the world.
	www.bookinafrica.com /travel-to--northern-cape (436 words)

	SearchEngine.net - Physical Map Of Northern Africa
		West Africa Coasts of Southern Mauritania and Northern Senegal Partial reproduction of...
		Near East and northern Africa National Atlas of Canada National Geologic Map Database A searchable index of USGS...
		AïR A hilly region in northern Niger, more-or-less in the middle of the entire...
	www.searchengine.net /Physical_Map_of_Northern_Africa.htm (242 words)

	Santeria, Macumba, Abacua, Candomble, Palo Mayombe, Umbanda, Voodoo-Hoodoo, Condemnations, Egyptian religion, Art ...
		Bantu languages are spoken throughout central and eastern Africa.
		Zulu is a Bantu language spoken in South Africa.
		I just came from South Africa and I was impressed with their National Anthem which starts with the words Lord have mercy on Africa...
	www.religion-cults.com /Ancient/Africa/Africa1.htm (1238 words)

	Locusts threaten northern Africa
		In Northwest Africa locust infestations continued to decline, though small populations were found and treated in northeast Morocco and southern Algeria, the FAO said.
		In West Africa, large scale swarms are thought unlikely to invade the Sahel this year, but there has been an unconfirmed report by nomads of two swarms in northern Mali in early June, the report said.
		Last year, huge swarms invaded the Sahelian countries from northwest Africa causing extensive damage in the worst locust upsurge in 15 years.
	www.news24.com /News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1726833,00.html (370 words)

	H-Net Review: Daniel A. Reboussin on Northern Africa: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources
		She prefaces this well-organized, thorough guide with a useful introduction identifying its purpose and scope, appropriately aiming it at the beginning researcher attempting to gain a foothold in the field rather than at specialized or advanced scholars and researchers of the region.
		This guide is an exemplary research tool that will be of great help to librarians and beginning researchers looking for assistance in selecting resources for work on Northern Africa including the Maghreb, Sahel, and Horn sub-regions.
		Northern Africa is treated as a region of the continent, a valid and historically justified approach that broadens the scope of literature considered for inclusion.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=116171047793336 (519 words)

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