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Topic: Northern Berber

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	Berber Branch
		The Berber, or Amazigh, people live in Northern Africa throughout the Mediterranean coast, the Sahara desert and Sahel which used to be a Berber world before the arrival of Arabs.
		Today, there are large groups of Berber people in Morocco and Algeria, important communitites in Mali, Niger and Libya, and smaller groups in Tunis, Mauritania, Burkina-Faso and Egypt.
		The name "Berber" comes from the Greek word barbaros "barbarians." It is understandably disliked by many Berbers who prefer the term "Tamazight" which is often used instead, particularly with reference to Northern Berber languages.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/july/berber.html (986 words)

	Mauritania - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Berber nomads moved into the area in the 1st millennium ad and subjugated the indigenous fl population.
		The newcomers belonged to the Sanhaja Confederation that long dominated trade between the northern parts of Africa and the kingdom of Ghana, the capital of which, Kumbi Saleh (Koumbi Saleh), was in southeastern Mauritania.
		The descendants of the Arabs became the upper stratum of Mauritanian society, and Arabic gradually displaced Berber dialects as the language of the country.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761571203___19/Mauritania.html (896 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Berber languages also have two types of states or cases of the noun, organized ergatively: one is unmarked, while the other serves for the subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts.
		Subclassification of the Berber languages is made difficult by their mutual closeness; Maarten Kossmann (1999) describes it as two dialect continua, Northern Berber and Tuareg, and a few peripheral languages, spoken in isolated pockets largely surrounded by Arabic, that fall outside these continua, namely Zenaga and the Libyan and Egyptian varieties.
		Within Northern Berber, however, he recognizes a break in the continuum between Zenati languages and their non-Zenati neighbors; and in the east, he recognizes a division between Ghadames and Awjila on the one hand and El-Foqaha, Siwa, and Djebel Nefusa on the other.
	stron.frm.pl /wiki.php?title=Berber_language (2281 words)

	Berber People
		Much Berber art is in the form of jewelry, leather, and finely woven carpets.
		In actuality, Berber is a generic name given to numerous heterogeneous ethnic groups that share similar cultural, political, and economic practices.
		Berber merchants were responsible for bringing goods from these cities to the north.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/people/Berber.html (413 words)

	Teaching Berber in the Moroccan Primary Schools
		The idea of teaching Berber in schools was put forward for the first time in august 20 th, 1994, when the late king Hassan II gave a speech on the occasion of a national day.
		Berber language is the spoken language used by almost the half of the Moroccan population.
		Berbers tried to learn Arabic and teach it to their children, to be able to understand the meanings of the Holy Quran.
	www.amazighworld.org /studies/language/teaching_berber_in_morocco.php (1481 words)

	Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its northern half is primarily desert or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and very dense jungle (rainforest) regions.
		The Sanhaja Berbers were the first to exploit this, and after the spread of Islam a steady trade in precious metals, ivory, salt and slaves ensued between the Muslim states in the Maghreb and the Sahelian kingdoms.
		Berbers still make up the majority in Morocco, while they are a significant minority within Algeria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Africa (5616 words)

	Berber Carpet Basics - general berber carpet definitions.
		Berber is the word that is given to a variety of people who have lived in northern Africa as long as there has been written record of the area.
		Berber carpet made of this fiber will rate excellent on appearance retention, very good on the cleaning and staying clean, good on fiber strength and household cleaner resistance, and fair on color availability and durability (pilling and fuzzing).
		Berber carpet made of this fiber will rate excellent in strength, stain, and household cleaner resistance, very good cleaning and durability, and fair on appearance retention, soil resistance, and color availability.
	www.theberbercarpet.com /berber-carpet-basics.php (397 words)

	africanfront.com (AUF)
		Berber languages are concentrated in the mountainous areas which have best resisted Arabization, except in the case of the deep Sahara.
		Berbers prefer the term "Amazigh," instead of "Berber" because "Berber" derives from "Barbara," the Greek term for barbarian, later adopted by Romans and Arabs.
		Berber is not officially recognised in Morocco, though French (the old colonial language) is. There was some pressure in 1996, when the constitution was being revised, to have Berber recognised.
	www.africanfront.com /conflict6.php (2033 words)

	Berber & Tinifagh - Crystalinks
		Berber - also called Berbero-Libyan language group of languages that make up one of the constituent branches of the Afro-Asiatic (formerly Hamito-Semitic) language family; the other branches are Egyptian, Semitic, Cushitic, and Chadic.
		The Berber languages are spoken in scattered areas throughout northern Africa from Egypt westward to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Niger River northward to the Mediterranean Sea.
		The Berber (Berbero-Libyan) branch is represented by a multitude of New Stage Berber dialects distributed all over North Africa, from the Siwa Oasis in the Arab Republic of Egypt to Senegal (about 11,000,000 speakers).
	www.crystalinks.com /berber.html (466 words)

	The Berbers
		Berbers are identified primarily by language but also by traditional customs and culture - such as the distinctive music and dances.
		Berber is not officially recognised in Morocco, though French (the old colonial language) is. There was some pressure in 1996, when the constitution was being revised, to have Berber recognised.
		Berber is basically a spoken language, though there have been (and still are) attempts to gain acceptance for a written form.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/background/berber.htm (504 words)

	Berber Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As Berbers become assimilated into the towns, said Mohammad Bezara, a Berber historian in Tataouine, the Ksour region's...
		law on Monday a bill recognizing the Berber tongue as a national language in a bid to ease tensions in the restive Berber region swept by deadly riots last year...
		Arabic, and was immediately denounced by Berber leaders as insufficient.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Berber.html (228 words)

	Algeria - ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
		Because present-day Berbers and the overwhelming majority of the Arabs largely descend from the same indigenous stock, physical distinctions carry little or no social connotation and are in most instances impossible to make.
		The major Berber groups are the Kabyles of the Kabylie Mountains east of Algiers and the Chaouia of the Aurès range south of Constantine.
		Far less numerous than their northern Berber kin are the Mzab, whose number was estimated at 100,000 in the mid-1980s.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/51.htm (1474 words)

	Berber Language Page - Handbook of African Language Resources (ASC)(MSU)
		They are spoken by minority groups in at least eleven countries of northern and western Africa, from the Mediterranean to beyond the River Niger: in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania (and perhaps still in Senegal), Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Chad.
		"The three Berber languages researched for this project are: Kabyle (Taqbaylit), spoken in northern Algeria; Tamazight (Berber), of central Morocco; and Tuareg, the indigenous name of which varies according to the dialect (Prasse 1972): Tamahaq in southern Algeria, Tamashaq in Mali, Tamajeq in Niger and in Libya (Ghat, where it may also be called Tamaziq).
		There is no standard orthography for Berber, and differences in phonological systems, especially the vowels, as between Tuareg and northern Berber would probably preclude a uniform writing system.
	www.isp.msu.edu /afrlang/Berber-root.html (1216 words)

	Berber storage locations, Libya - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		In actuality, Berber is a generic name given to numerous heterogeneous ethnic groups that share similar cultural, political, and economic practices.
		There are basically five trade routes which extend across the Sahara from the northern Mediterranean coast of Africa to the great cities, which are situated on the southern edge of the Sahara.
		Berber merchants were responsible for bringing goods from these cities to the north.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /berber_storage_rooms_libya.htm (469 words)

	tarifit language - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Tarifit is a Northern Berber language of the Zenati subgroup, spoken mainly in the Moroccan Rif by about 2 million people.
		Tarifit is a Berber language, belonging to the Zenati subgroup of Northern Berber, and possibly the Riff subgroup of Zenati.
		Its most noticeable difference from other Berber languages is that in Tarifit l becomes r, and r after a vowel is dropped (somewhat as in British English.)
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Tarifit-language (220 words)

	Tunisia’s Berbers Under Threat
		Berbers account for around 20 percent of Algeria’s population but face discrimination, and are pressing to have their language and culture recognized and for improved economic conditions.
		The Berbers are known for their green eyes, ginger hair and pale skin—although many Berbers with Arabic and sub-Saharan African features also regard themselves as members of this ancient people.
		Because Berbers in Tunisia always have been a force to reckon with, they have not faced the level of discrimination suffered by Berbers in Morocco and, especially, Algeria.
	www.wrmea.com /archives/august-september01/0108033.html (1449 words)

	African Stories (Myth-Folklore Online)
		The speakers of this language are descendants of Bantu-speaking peoples who migrated from northern Africa and who settled in the south, probably during the 10th-15th centuries.
		The Berber peoples have been living in north Africa since ancient times, and there are Berber inscriptions surviving from the Roman occupation of north Africa in the first and second centuries B.C.E. (written in "Old Libyan" script).
		The term that the Berbers use to refer to themselves is "Amazigh".
	www.mythfolklore.net /3043mythfolklore/reading/africa/background.htm (933 words)

	Euromosaic -Berber (Tamazight) in Spain
		The Berber language known as Tamazight is spoken in northern Africa (Morocco and Algeria).
		The absence of an institutional and official presence, of the means of social reproduction of the language (education, mass media) and the lack of a solid network of local cultural associations that could use Tamazight and bolster its position within the community mean that its survival is in jeopardy.
		The presence of a large number of Berbers in the areas close to the town has done nothing to improve the situation, because the Berbers are in a precarious situation wherever they live (no schools, no mass media, no official recognition of their language, etc.).
	www.uoc.edu /euromosaic/web/document/berber/an/i1/i1.html (702 words)

	LIBYA'S FREE VOICE MESSAGE BOARD Forums - View Topic
		The Berber languages have two cases of the noun, organized ergatively: one is unmarked, while the other serves for the subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts.
		Modern Berber LanguagesSubclassification of the Berber languages is made difficult by their mutual closeness; Maarten Kossmann (1999) describes it as two dialect continua, Northern Berber and Tuareg, and a few peripheral languages, spoken in isolated pockets largely surrounded by Arabic, that fall outside these continua, namely Zenaga and the Libyan and Egyptian varieties.
		Within Northern Berber, however, he recognizes a break in the continuum between Zenati languages and their non-Zenati neighbors; and in the east, he recognizes a division between Ghadames and Awjila on the one hand and El-Foqaha, Siwa, and Djebel Nefusa on the other.
	www.libyamazigh.org /phpBB/viewtopic.php?topic=1789&forum=1&0 (2051 words)

	Western Barbary; Morocco and the Canary Islands
		The North Moroccan Berbers include the Riffians, the Senhaja Sghir (a group of tribes of Senhajan origin living in the highest mountain nucleus of the Ruffian chain), the Ghomara, and the linguistically Arabicized Jebala and Anjera.
		As one moves westward along the northern Berber zone of Morocco, one encounters the Ghomara, on the Mediterranean slope of the curving ridge of mountains.
		In the northern part of the Jebala country, in the Anjera region which approaches the Straits of Gibraltar, the Nordic type of the Rif appears again with some frequency.
	www.snpa.nordish.net /chapter-XI14.htm (4087 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Background
		The Taliban was able to seize most of the country, aside from Northern Alliance strongholds primarily in the northeast, until US and allied military action in support of the opposition following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks forced the group's downfall.
		The four largest Afghan opposition groups met in Bonn, Germany, in late 2001 and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new government structure that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid KARZAI as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) on 22 December 2001.
		The island of Saint Martin is shared with France; its northern portion is named Saint-Martin and is part of Guadeloupe, and its southern portion is named Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands Antilles.
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2028.html (15451 words)

	Jabal al-Lughat: El-Fogaha
		It is not quite the easternmost outpost of Berber - Awjila and Siwa are both further east - but a case could be made that it is the most obscure one.
		The dropping of final semivowels in Northern Berber is well-known, but I had been wondering where the -o in the Ghadamsi plurals came from.
		rka and yya: from Arabic to Berber, or Berber to A...
	lughat.blogspot.com /2006/01/el-fogaha.html (330 words)

	Culture of The United Kingdom of Morocco - History and ethnic relations , Urbanism, architecture, and the use of space
		The northern portion of the country borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the northeast, resulting in a moderate and subtropical coastal climate.
		The Rif Mountains lie in the northern part of the country parallel to the Mediterranean coast and rise to 8,000 feet (2,400 meters).
		Berber farmers in the countryside have little access to the education and social climbing available to those in larger cities.
	www.everyculture.com /Ma-Ni/The-United-Kingdom-of-Morocco.html (6639 words)

	Maroc
		The Berber rebellion in the Rif mountains of northern Morocco is one of the most celebrated events in modern North African history.
		In July 1921, the Berber chieftan Abdulkrim gathered together a band of warriors armed with nothing but flintlock rifles.
		Berber campaigners say the details of this crime against humanity have been suppressed, not only by Spain but also the Moroccan monarchy, with which the Berber tribes in the Rif have separate historical grievances.
	www.berberescope.com /interdiction_conference_usage_gaz_Rif.htm (2003 words)

	Western Barbary; Morocco and the Canary Islands
		Morocco contains the largest number of Berbers of any North African country, both absolutely and relatively; 60 per cent of her population is Berber-speaking, as compared to 33 per cent in Algeria.
		The North Moroccan Berbers include the Riffians, the Senhaja Sghir (a group of tribes of Senhajan origin living in the highest mountain nucleus of the Ruffian chain), the Ghomara, and the linguistically Arabicized Jebala and Anjera.
		As one moves westward along the northern Berber zone of Morocco, one encounters the Ghomara, on the Mediterranean slope of the curving ridge of mountains.
	carnby.altervista.org /troe/11-14.htm (4067 words)

	GeoNative - Tamazight - Berber
		The Berber or Amazigh peoples live in Northern Africa throughout the Mediterranian coast, the Sahara and Sahel.
		Kabylians are the most important group, west of Argel, in the northern part of the country (Kabyle).
		These are Berbers of the Rif, that speak Tarifit (Rifeño in Spanish) and also use Arab as a language of culture and religion.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/9860/tamaz.html (766 words)

	What are the Berber Languages?
		There are numerous tribes who consider themselves Berber, and each tribe assigns one or more names to their chosen regional dialect, making it difficult to delimit the Berber languages.
		The Berber languages belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family and are widely known as Tamazight.
		Due to a large nomadic population of Berbers, and to the absence of language data in the censuses recorded by many of the aforementioned countries, the exact population of Berber speakers can only be estimated at roughly 15 to 25 million.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-are-the-berber-languages.htm (399 words)

	Morocco Hotels by SmartStays - Lowest room rates and hotel reservations for Morocco
		Fez (Fès) is built in Northern Morocco and was firstly populated by Muslim from North African in the past.
		This lovely-colourful city painted by the residential houses of undeniable charming with white washed and blue-shuttered ones, art galleries, wood workshops, which one is Thruya wood craving is...
		Meknes is a city in Northern Morocco, 130 km east of Rabat and 60 km south of Fes where A2 expressway serves the cities.
	www.smartstays.com /morocco (485 words)

	BikeAbout Trip Log: October 2, 1997
		The Rif Mountains parallel the coast of northern Morocco (we're glad that we're not the only ones), and many of the principle northern cities are in high mountain valleys.
		For centuries the mostly Berber inhabitants of this last natural cedar forest in Morocco have worked with wood, leather, wool, and a variety of hardy agricultural crops.
		It is a rough, mountainous region that also served as the stronghold for the northern Berbers who, in the early 20th century, battled the Spanish who were set on maintaining a colonial presence.
	www.bikeabout.org /journal/notes_5.htm (1155 words)

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