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Topic: Northern English

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	Studying in Northern Ireland
		Londonderry or Derry, Northern Ireland's secondary city, is famous amongst other things for its walls, a symbol of the city's rich legacy of history and tradition.
		Northern Ireland is a country of contrasts - it has many areas of splendid isolation, but also towns and cities that boasts a young and lively atmosphere.
		CELT (the Centre for English Language Training) at the University offer international students the opportunity to learn English as one of the most attractive university settings in the United Kingdom CELT's main administrative centre is at the Coleraine campus, close to the scenic north coast and Giant's Causeway.
	www.studyoverseas.com /el/ireland.htm (755 words)

	English English - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England.
		The four major divisions are normally classified as Southern English dialects, Midlands English dialects, and Northern English dialects, and Scottish English and the closely related dialects of Scots and Ulster Scots (varieties of Scots spoken in Ulster).
		Until recently, RP English was widely believed to be more educated than other accents and was referred to as the King's (or Queen's) English, or even "BBC English" (due to the fact that in the early years of broadcasting it was very rare to hear any other dialects on the BBC).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/English_English (2527 words)

	British English - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		British English (BrE) is a term used to differentiate between the form of the English language used in the United Kingdom and those used elsewhere.
		Historically, the widespread usage of English across the world is attributed to the former power of the British Empire, and hence the most common form of English used by the British ruling class that of south-east England (the area around the capital, London, and the ancient English university towns of Oxford and Cambridge).
		Although British English is taught and used in the former British colonies of Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, American English is often taught in Japanese schools, and in other schools throughout Asia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_English (668 words)

	ENGLISH LANGUAGE - LoveToKnow Article on ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The northern second person in -es preserves an older form than the southern and West-Saxon -est; but the -es of the third person and plural is derived from an older -eth, the change of -th into -s being found in progress in the Durham glosses of the I 0th century.
		The origin of the -en plural in the midland dialect, unknown to Old English, is probably an instance of form-levelling, the inflection of the present indicative being assimilated to that of the past, and the present and past subjunctive, in all of which -en was the plural termination.
		The 15th century of English history, with its bloody French war abroad and Wars of the Roses at home, was a barren period in literature, and a transition one in language, witnessing the decay and disappearance of the final e, and most of the syllabic inflections of Middle English.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EN/ENGLISH_LANGUAGE.htm (10117 words)

	Learn more about Distinguishing accents in English in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Australian English on the other hand has turned most of the tense vowels into diphthongs, and turned some of what are diphthongs in Received Pronunciation into long vowels, thus replacing the tense-lax distinction (one of quality) with a long-short distinction (one of quantity).
		Native English speakers in South Africa have an accent that generally resembles a middle to upper class British accent modified with varying degrees of Germanic inflection, due to the Afrikaner influence.
		In case anyone is wondering, the standard American English accent is the neutral dialect spoken by TV network announcers and typical of educated speech in the Upper Midwest, Chicago, Minneapolis/St. Paul and Philadelphia.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /d/di/distinguishing_accents_in_english.html (2479 words)

	Northern English - Cambridge University Press
		English as spoken in the North of England has a rich social and cultural history; however it has often been neglected by historical linguists, whose research has focused largely on the development of 'Standard English'.
		It re-assesses the role of Northern English in the development of Modern Standard English, draws some pioneering conclusions about the future of Northern English, and considers the origins of the many images and stereotypes surrounding Northerners and their speech.
		Northern English and the rise of ‘standard’ English; 4.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521861071 (250 words)

	English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		English words that arose in the US A number of words that have arisen in the United States have become common, to varying degrees, in English as it is spoken internationally.
		English is also one of the primary languages of Belize (with Spanish), Canada (with French), Cameroon (with French and African languages), Dominica, St. Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (with French Creole), the Federated States of Micronesia, Ireland (with Irish), Liberia (with African languages), Singapore and South Africa (with Afrikaans and other African languages).
		English orthography is historical, not phonological, orthography and diverges considerably from the spoken language.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.com /definition/english/en/english.html (14524 words)

	Academia - an online magazine and resource for academic librarians - published by YBP Library Services
		Wales argues that Northern English has long existed in opposition to Standard, or Southern, English and will continue to exist because of the cultural perception of a divide between north and south in England.
		The language of the north may be considered provincial or working-class by those living down south or by those who leave the north hoping to "improve themselves" with a different accent and a higher wage, but it also has connotations of honesty and plain-speaking in contrast to the sophistication or vanity of the south.
		Although Northern English is influenced strongly by Standard, especially today with the southern accent heard in schools, television shows, and other audible media, it would be wrong to suppose the influence only runs one way.
	www.ybp.com /acad/reviews/1206_northern_english.htm (428 words)

	Study English at the Program in Intensive English, Northern Arizona University
		Ashurst building in North campus The primary goal of the Program in Intensive English (PIE) is to prepare international students for university success.
		A major benefit of attending the PIE is that degree-seeking students are automatically admitted to NAU as full-time students after successfully completing the PIE and achieving satisfactory English proficiency.
		Please go to the Graduate College to find the TOEFL requirements for the program you are planning on attending.
	www.nau.edu /english/pie (222 words)

	NORTHERN IRISH ENGLISH - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		English used in Northern Ireland, of which there are four varieties: (1) ULSTER SCOTS, also known as Scotch-Irish, brought to the area in the 17c by Lowland Scots.
		It is the most northerly variety, found in Antrim, Down, Derry/Londonderry, and in eastern and central Donegal in the Irish Republic.
		"Martyrs in Flames": Sir John Temple and the conception of the Irish in English martyrologies*.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O29-NORTHERNIRISHENGLISH.html (628 words)

	Dialects of Middle English
		The Southern dialect of Middle English was spoken in the area west of Sussex and south and southwest of the Thames.
		They learned it badly, carrying over into their English various features of Norse (such as the pronoun they and the noun law), and also producing a simplified syntax that was neither good English nor good Norse.
		The northern parts of its dialect area were also an area of heavy Scandinavian settlement, so that northern East-Midland Middle English shows the same kinds of rapid development as its Northern neighbor.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~dringe/CorpStuff/Thesis/Dialects.html (700 words)

	English - Northern England; the Channel Islands - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
		During most of the 19th century the northern regions of Yorkshire and Lancashire sent quite a number of people to New Zealand, but this was because they were populous.
		The growing importance of northern England was related in part to increasing levels of mass unemployment after 1920 in the old-established textiles, mining and shipbuilding industries.
		From the beginnings of English migration until 1975, New Zealand received a flow of immigrants which, in terms of regions of birth, was not representative of the parent population, but was weighted towards a small and changing number of regions and counties.
	www.teara.govt.nz /NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/English/5/en (473 words)

	Departments - College of Arts and Sciences - Northern State University
		Students are often able to present the results of their research at national or regional meetings and to publish their works in scientific journals.
		The Department of English and Linguistics provides students with a solid foundation for a wide variety of careers by preparing them to read, think, and write critically, and by offering a means to understand and appreciate the literary expression of human thought.
		Modern Language studies give students the opportunity to broaden their understanding of other cultures, gain a deeper understaning of the structure and vocabulary of the English language, and acquire proficiency in the three most-studied foreign languages: German, French and Spanish.
	www.northern.edu /cas/departments.html (806 words)

	Northern Mariana Islands
		Northern Mariana Islands english - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Government...
		Division of Fish and Wildlife english - Establishes and enforces regulations governing hunting, fishing and the conservation of the fish and wildlife.
		Hyatt Regency Saipan english - Hyatt Regency Saipan lies in 14 acres of lush, tropical gardens, lagoons and magnificent Micro Beach on the beautiful Pacific island of Saipan in the Northern Marianas, and is one of the most beautiful resort destinations in Micronesia.
	www.tuttinsieme.it /tutti/tut/oce/nmariana/northernmariana.htm (492 words)

	African Languages - Sesotho sa Leboa (Northern Sotho)
		Sesotho sa Leboa (Northern Sotho, or literally, "Sotho of the North") is mostly spoken in the North-Eastern parts of South Africa, generally North-East of Tshwane (Pretoria), in parts of Gauteng, Northern Province and Mpumalanga (see map).
		There is a fairly large amount of mutual intelligibility between all three; a speaker of one of the three languages is usually able to understand most of what a speaker of one of the others is saying.
		If you are learning Northern Sotho, you might find this noun class reference chart handy (note: this is for reference/study purposes, but it assumes you have already studied the grammar).
	africanlanguages.com /northern_sotho (1782 words)

	English Football :: Northern Ireland Triumph over England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Against Northern Ireland, England had the advantage in virtually every statistic (shots, corners, possession, and passing) except the one that mattered - the final score.
		As the end of the match grew near, Northern Ireland had accumulated far more fouls (28 by the final whistle) than scoring chances.
		The result was an historic win for Northern Ireland, their first against England since 1972, and an embarassing loss for England.
	soccerword.com /index.php?title=northern_ireland_triumph_over_england&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 (741 words)

	English Dialects
		According to the New English Dictionary, the oldest sense, in English, of the word dialect was simply “a manner of speaking” or “phraseology,” in accordance with its derivation from the Greek dialectos, a discourse or way of speaking; from the verb dialegesthai, to discourse or converse.
		English, like every other literary language, has always had its dialects and will long continue to possess them in secluded districts, though they are at the present time losing much of that archaic character which gives them their chief value.
		The history of the Northern dialect during the next three centuries, from the year 1000 to nearly 1300, with a few insignificant exceptions, is a total blank.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/5/7/5/15755/15755-h/15755-h.htm (13970 words)

	11. English Brown Ale - BJCP Style Guidelines
		English hop varieties would be most suitable, though their character is muted.
		Southern English (or "London-style") brown ales are darker, sweeter, and lower gravity than their Northern cousins.
		English hop varieties are most authentic, though with low flavor and bitterness almost any type could be used.
	www.bjcp.org /styles04/Category11.html (753 words)

	Linguistics 201: The Dialects of American English
		New York English, as a special variety of general New England speech, developed after the British took possession of the Dutch colony of Nieuw Amsterdam in 1664, leading to the rapid conversion of Dutch speakers to English.
		Southern English has contributed and continues to contribute to General English a variety of highly colorful idioms: Mad as a rooster in an empty henhouse, Don't get crosslegged (Don't get mad.), tearing up the peapatch (on a rampage), kneewalkin' drunk, He's three bricks shy of a load.
		Black English was most influenced by the speech of the southern whites.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test3materials/AmericanDialects.htm (2244 words)

	Canadian Northern (English) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Called "Canada's Second Transcontinental", the Canadian Northern Railway System was more assembled by connecting small regional railway lines than through the construction of a line across Canada.
		The first line built by the Canadian Northern under this charter was from Gladstone to Lake Winnipegosis by way of Dauphin.
		The Canadian Northern Railway had been built as inexpensively as possible, with plans to make improvements to the later line, as passenger and freight traffic developed.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /cnphoto/english/cnor3_ang.html (399 words)

	Northern Ontario - English River, Ontario - Sunset Country
		English River is located on Highway 17, north of Thunder Bay.
		Even though it is primarily an outdoorsman paradise, English River ensures that this is a paradise you’ll return to, over and over.
		Anglers as far as the States make the English River their holiday location of choice.
	www.northernontario.org /Towns/EnglishRiver.htm (178 words)

	Welcome to CNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		China Northern Airlines (CNA) was established on June 16,1990, with the headquarter in Shenyang.
		In face of the socialist economic reform, the whole staff members of CNA strong and building the enterprise through arduous efforts.
		By the end of 1999, CNA has achieved a total cargo rotation volume of 4882 million ton/kms, a passenger transportation volume of 36.3 million person-times, and the post carriage volume of 598100 tons.
	www.cna.com.cn /Eng/index-en.html (95 words)

	languagehat.com: NORTHERN ENGLISH DIALECTS.
		For those who fear that the great Northern dialects are about to be overwhelmed by a tide of Estuary English - that words such as mebbies, bleb and gan will soon be as rare as proper mushy peas - comes comforting news.
		Jonathan Robinson, the curator of English accents and dialects at the British Library, said levelling appeared to result from greater geographical and social mobility, better education and a universal pop culture...
		Later in the year, recordings from all parts of England will be added to the Northern archive, providing a definitive portrait of changes in accent and dialect over 50 years.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/001144.php (1407 words)

	Islands (Ireland)
		NORTHERN IRELAND MUSEUMS COUNCIL english - The mission of NIMC is to support museums in NI in maintaining and improving their standards of collections care and service to the public and to promote a coherent framework of museum provision
		Northern Ireland Executive english - Responsible for the governance of Northern Ireland under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.
		Northern Ireland Tour Guide Association english - Northern Ireland Tour Guide Association is the Professional Association of Tourist Board Registered Blue Badge Guides in Northern Ireland.
	www.tuttinsieme.it /tutti/tut/eur2/ireland/northirl.htm (998 words)

	THE UNITED KINGDOMS OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, NORTHERN IRELAND AND WALES
		The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (usually shortened to the United Kingdom, U.K. or the UK) is a country situated in the British Isles off the north-western coast of continental Europe, and surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
		The English language has spread to all corners of the world (primarily because of the country’s empire and the influence of the United States) and is referred to as a ‘global language’.
		The English and Northern Irish football associations have confirmed participation in this team while the Scottish FA and the Welsh FA have declined to participate.
	www.speedace.info /united_kingdom_england_scotland_wales_northern_ireland.htm (4133 words)

	LINGUIST List 17.2080: Historical Linguistics/Sociolinguistics: Wales
		English as spoken in the North of England has a rich social and cultural
		Northern English takes centre stage for the first time.
		It re-assesses the role of Northern English in the
	linguistlist.org /issues/17/17-2080.html (224 words)

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