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	Civil rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civil rights are distinguished from "human rights" or "natural rights"—civil rights are rights that are bestowed by nations on those within their territorial boundaries, while natural or human rights are rights that many scholars claim ought to belong to all people.
		In the United States, for example, laws protecting civil rights appear in the Constitution, in the amendments to the Constitution (particularly the 13th and 14th Amendments), in federal statutes, in state constitutions and statutes and even in the ordinances of counties and cities.
		This practice of dividing societies by reference to class or caste associates privilege with the upper layers of society and means that civil rights attach to people by virute of their citizenship of a state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_rights (2052 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Civil rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Civil rights are distinguished from "human rights" or "natural rights"; civil rights are rights that persons do have, while natural or human rights are rights that many scholars think that people should have.
		For example, the philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) argued that the natural rights of life, liberty, and property should be converted into civil rights and protected by the state as an aspect of the social contract.
		One major step in the civil rights of women was the movement for the right to vote for women in the early 20th century.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Civil_rights (3729 words)

	Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first civil rights march in Northern Ireland was held on 24 August 1968 between Coalisland and Dungannon.
		In September 1968, the NICRA and the Derry Housing Action Committee organized a march to be held in Derry on 5 October 1968.
		When the civil rights marchers attempted to defy the ban, they were baton-charged by the Royal Ulster Constabulary who injured many marchers, including West Belfast MP Gerry Fitt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association (750 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Civil Rights Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1978, in a case brought by the government of the Republic of Ireland against the government of the United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the interrogation techniques approved for use by the British army on internees in 1971 amounted to "inhuman and degrading"?title=treatment.
		The Civil Rights Movement in the United States refers in part to a set of noted events and reform movements in that country aimed at abolishing public and private acts of racial discrimination and racism against African Americans between 1954 to 1968, particularly in the southern United States.
		The Civil Rights Movement in Germany was a left-wing backlash against the post-Nazi Party era of the country, which still contained many of the conservative policies of both that era and of the pre-World War I Kaiser monarchy.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Civil_Rights_Movement (5154 words)

	CAIN: Events: Civil Rights - "We Shall Overcome" .... published by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ...
		What this Association wants is for that fury to spur the makers of NICRA history and Northern Ireland history, to sit down and write out their memories, and their interpretations.
		The dual objective of civil rights and the abolition of the state remained as a single political aim in which the national question took priority.
		NICRA evolved from a diverse set of political aims and ideals which slowly came together to forge a unity based on a common frustration with Unionism, a broad rejection of crude Nationalism and a growing awareness of the need for an effective vehicle for political and legislative reform.
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm (2103 words)

	Timelines - Northern Ireland - The Troubles
		The Northern Ireland Government was dominated by the Unionist party and as a part of the United Kingdom anti-Catholic laws that had been passed in the nineteenth century were still in force.
		The NICRA was largely based on the US Civil Rights Movement that fought for equality for fl Americans and wanted to see the anti-Catholic measures abolished and equality for Catholics in Northern Ireland.
		It stated that the people of Northern Ireland should be free to decide their own future and that representatives of various groups should meet to discuss a solution.
	www.historyonthenet.com /Chronology/timelinenorthernireland.htm (2813 words)

	Northern Ireland – History and Current Status of “The Troubles”
		Ireland had now taken on strategic importance and was raised to the constitutional status of a Kingdom to assert royal power.
		They watched how the civil rights movement in America and the student movement in France had mobilised to achieve change and concluded that direct action in Northern Ireland was their only alternative.
		It had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) and was both a protest against internment and a protest against the ban on the right to march.
	falcon.arts.cornell.edu /dg78/100.3/documents/ira2.htm (7552 words)

	BBC NI - Schools - Agreement - Equality - Human Rights Commission
		The protection of human rights is at the centre of the Good Friday Agreement and two institutions, the Equality Commission and the Human Rights Commission, have been established to ensure that the new government in Northern Ireland is "founded on principles of full respect for, and equality of, civil, political, social and cultural rights".
		Human rights abuses fuelled the social unrest which in its present phase began with the establishment of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in 1968.
		The commission was given the function to consult and advise on rights that might be contained in a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland supplementary to the right within the European Convention on Human Rights and to reflect the particular circumstances in Northern Ireland.
	www.bbc.co.uk /northernireland/schools/agreement/equality/hr1.shtml (529 words)

	Irish Democrat : Four Provinces Bookshop : Publications : Desmond Greaves and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Additionally, by raising the civil rights demands in Britain, and by directing these demands at the British government, the overall responsibility of Britain for the north was placed to the fore.
		As Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, the standard of human rights should be no less than in the rest of the United Kingdom - and it was the responsibility of the british government to ensure that this was so.
		In the early 1960s, the Association began to hold an annual rally in Trafalgar Square, and while the demands made at these rallies were concerned with civil rights, they were always held close to June 20th and the event was called Wolfe Tone Sunday.
	www.irishdemocrat.co.uk /bookshop/publications/greaves-and-civil-right (4940 words)

	Northern Ireland Quotations :: Civil Rights
		"Northern Ireland's civil rights' problem arose from the presence of the Catholic minority, whom the Unionists were determined to treat as unwanted aliens.
		That this was their attitude had been made clear by Lord Craigavon when he said that he was proud to be an Orangeman and that the government he led was a Protestant government.
		The claim for fair treatment within Northern Ireland became the old rebel demand of a united Ireland.
	www.philipjohnston.com /quot/ni_civil.htm (772 words)

	Essay: To what extent were the demands of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Movement and the American Civil Rights ...
		During the 1960's, the civil rights campaign in the United States was televised all over the world.
		Catholics in Northern Ireland, who were at the time being discriminated against in areas such as employment and housing, were inspired to establish the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association.
		The aims of the NICRA were similar to those of the American Civil Rights Movement for example, both wanted equal voting rights, among other things, but there were also considerable differences.
	www.coursework.info /GCSE/History/Modern_World_History/Northern_Ireland_1965-85/To_what_extent_were_the_demands_of_the_Northern_Ireland_L24767.html (335 words)

	Irland Gruppe Köln \| Irish History: Civil Rights Movement
		NICRA’s peaceful efforts accomplished little other than to provoke the resounding condemnation of Protestant extremists such as fundamentalist Protestant preacher Ian Paisley, but by the end of 1968 NICRA became caught up in unfolding events which propelled Northern Ireland into a state of virtual war.
		The attack on the civil rights march inflamed the catholic population and set off months of civil disturbances.
		By August 16th 1969 the British realized that not only could Northern Ireland’s government no longer control what was turning into full scale civil insurrection, the government’s own law enforcement units were as responsible for the violence as the rioters.
	www.irland-gruppe-koeln.de /geschichte/15_e.htm (566 words)

	page_5
		It is important to note that this movement came at a time in Northern Ireland's history where support was waning for the IRA, resulting from a shift in the Catholic population's focus.
		Their demands were as follows: one man, one vote; allocation of housing on the points system; the redrawing of gerrymandered electoral boundries; the repeal of the SPA; the abolition of the B-Specials; and laws against discrimination in local governments.
		Part of the British effort to solve the Northern Ireland problem was the White Paper, published in October of 1972.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~kbschmec/page_5.html (1360 words)

	AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS
		The march marked a tactical departure for the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), which had been content until the summer of 1968 with trying to pursue anti-discrimination cases in the courts, issuing leaflets and writing letters to the press drawing attention to gerrymandering and unfair housing allocation.
		A request to reroute the protest and the presence of the police threw the civil rights marchers into some confusion, and a heated debate raged between those who wanted to take on the police, and those who insisted that the march remain non-violent.
		Although the civil rights march of August 1968 went largely unnoticed by the international media, it marked the start of a new phase of direct resistance to unjust laws, a willingness to confront authority in the streets, and renewed co-operation in the long tradition of solidarity between the fl American and Irish struggles.
	republican-news.org /archive/1998/August20/20feat.html (1032 words)

	Civil Rights WS30
		Although the moderate leaders of the Civil Rights movement would have been only too happy to drive the campaign from the streets they knew that to do so would cue them off from most of their supporters who were furious about what had happened in Derry.
		The civil rights marches had shown that direct action can win gains and now was the time to step up the pressure.
		It is the violence of the Northern State and its masters in the British ruling class which have made certain that twenty years after the Civil Rights marches the death and destruction continues.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/2419/civilrig.html (3051 words)

	'The Troubles':Northern Ireland 1968-1998 - theme 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Hewitt, C., ‘Catholic grievances, Catholic nationalism and violence in Northern Ireland during the civil rights period: a reconsideration’.
		O Dochartaigh, Niall, From Civil Rights to Armalites: Derry and the Birth of
		Mullholland, Marc, Northern Ireland at the Crossroads (London, 2000).
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /fac/arts/history/undergrad/modules/hi385/theme2 (248 words)

	Internment in Northern Ireland - Politics.ie Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On Monday 9th August, 1971, a series of raids across Northern Ireland signalled the beginning of internment.
		Internment remained in place in Northern Ireland until 1975 and over 1,900 people were interned in prison concentration camps.
		Internment was a traditional weapon used to put down the IRA in Ireland; however, this time internment led to increased support for the IRA.
	www.politics.ie /wiki/index.php?title=Internment_in_Northern_Ireland (224 words)

	McKinney Statement: Hearing on Human Rights in Northern Ireland
		A brilliant human rights lawyer, she had been involved directly in a number of key human rights cases.
		By the mid-1960's, many young Nationalists in Northern Ireland drew parallels between their struggle and the push for civil rights by fls in the United States.
		When the people of Ireland endorsed the Good Friday Agreement they did so in the belief that it would be a charter for change and that a range of measures including the equality agenda and a new beginning to policing would be delivered.
	www.ratical.org /co-globalize/CynthiaMcKinney/news/pr010315.htm (2132 words)

	CAIN: Events: Civil Rights Campaign - menu
		The information on the Civil Rights Campaign (1964 to 1972) is divided into a number of subsections; the headings of these subsections are listed below.
		The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968-1978.
		(1990) 'The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association', in, Politics in the Streets: The origins of the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland.
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /events/crights/crights.htm (191 words)

	Sinn Féin: History of the Conflict
		Inspired by the student protests in France and the civil rights campaign in the United States, the Civil Rights Movement takes to the streets, rejecting the sectarian structure of the Six-County state and campaigning for equal rights for all.
		After the massacre by British Army paratroopers of 14 Civil Rights marchers in Derry on what becomes known as 'Bloody Sunday', the IRA intensifies the war against the crown forces in the Six Counties.
		These election results, the tens of thousands of people on the streets across Ireland in support of the prisoners demands, the deaths inside the prison and the determination of the prisoners in the H-Blocks and Armagh, defeated the British government's attempts to criminalise the republican struggle.
	sinnfein.ie /history (1349 words)

	Civil Rights @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Niece of civil rights 'mother' offers encouragement to children
		The niece of Rosa Parks, considered the "mother of the civil rights movement," was at first angry and then sad when learning last month that nine fl...
		Daughter of civil rights legend discusses Red River school bus...
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Civil_rights (2271 words)

	BBC News \| NORTHERN IRELAND \| Witness 'saw gunman fire shots' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A witness has told the Bloody Sunday inquiry that the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association did not record his sighting of a civilian gunman in 1972.
		The Saville Inquiry is examining the events of 30 January 1972 when 13 civilians were shot dead by British paratroops after a civil rights march in Londonderry.
		Links to more Northern Ireland stories are at the foot of the page.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/northern_ireland/1691926.stm (216 words)

	BBC News \| Northern Ireland \| Understanding Northern Ireland
		The Catholic civil rights movement of the late 1960s played a significant part in the demise of unionist control and the introduction of British troops onto the streets of Northern Ireland.
		Unionists regarded the civil rights movement with deep suspicion believing that its real objective was to create a united Ireland.
		The group also moved their protests onto the streets to highlight the problem of inequality and civil liberties in Northern Ireland.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/static/northern_ireland/understanding/themes/civil_rights.stm (261 words)

	Ireland's OWN: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is with extreme sorrow that I have been informed of the death of Ciarán Mac an Aili one of the founders of the Civil Rights Association in the 1960s.
		After an agreement was reached at a meeting in County Derry to establish NICRA*, the Belfast Wolfe Tone Society agreed to sponsor a further meeting in order to present the proposal to a wider audience.
		It was Ciarán at this second meeting who was the first to propose that tactics similar to the civil disobedience strategy as championed by Martin Luther King, Jr.
	irelandsown.net /mcanally.html (223 words)

	Irish History: History of the North of Ireland
		The Civil Rights movement in Northern Ireland essay by Alan Scott
		A Historiographical Essay: The Civil Rights Movement, Internment and The Prevention Of Terrorism Act; 1968 - 1981 by Sherry Peters
		From Civil War to the Struggle for Civil Rights by Caitlin Hines
	larkspirit.com /history/ni.html (694 words)

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