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Topic: Northern Kalapuya language

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Central Kalapuya language

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	Extinct Language Encyclopedia Article @ Didst.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Normally this occurs when a language undergoes language death while being directly replaced by a different one, for example, Coptic, which was replaced by Arabic, and many Native American languages, which were replaced by English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese.
		Language extinction also occurs when a language undergoes a rapid evolution or assimilation until it eventually gives birth to an offspring, yet, dissimilar language (or family of languages).
		There have been other attempts at language revival (such as Manx and Cornish), but the success of these attempts has been subject to debate, as it is not clear they will ever become the common native language of a community of speakers.
	www.didst.org /encyclopedia/Extinct_language (910 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - American Indian Languages of Western Oregon
		Athapaskan languages were spoken mainly in southwest Oregon, with two tiny pockets of speakers in northwest Oregon, near the mouth of the Columbia River.
		Penutian languages - a family that is rather loosely defined - were spoken on the central Oregon Coast, along the Lower Columbia, in the Cascades, in the Willamette Valley, and in the Rogue Valley.
		An isolated Salish language (Tillamook) was spoken on the northern Oregon coast, and a small pocket of the Hokan family (Shasta) was spoken in the southern Rogue Valley.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/orelang.htm (1141 words)

	ancientlanguages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A language of the Northern and Central France and Belgium.
		A language of the coast of the Netherlands, and the North Sea coast of Germany.
		A language spoken in Lithuania, Poland and Byelorus.
	talismanunlimited.tripod.com /ancientlanguages.htm (1862 words)

	Penutian languages - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California.
		A number of the languages are no longer spoken leaving researchers with no new data to work with.
		The original hypothesis of Penutian consisting of 5 language families was suggested by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber in 1903 and published in 1913.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/e/n/Penutian_languages.html (852 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Northern Kalupuyan is a Kalapuyan language indigenous to northwestern Oregon in the United States.
		It was spoken by Kalapuya groups in the northern Willamette Valley southwest of present-day Portland.
		The language is closely related to Central Kalapuya, spoken by related groups in the central and southern Willamette Valley.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Northern_Kalapuya_language (93 words)

	yourDictionary.com • How Many Indigenous American Languages are Spoken by How Many Speakers in the United States?
		Language scholars believe that prior to the arrival of Columbus, approximately 300 languages were spoken in North America; since then, the number of indigenous languages has dropped considerably.
		Figures on current language use vary (Crystal, 1987; Krauss, 1998; Grimes, 1997) but indicate that roughly half of these languages are now extinct.
		NCBE is funded by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs (OBEMLA) and is operated by the George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Center for the Study of Language and Education.
	www.yourdictionary.com /elr/natlang.html (442 words)

	The First People of Clackamas County, Oregon
		KALAPUYAS occupied the inland valleys of western tributaries (such as the Tualatin River) to the Willamette and--above Willamette Falls--the eastern tributaries plus the shores of the Willamette River itself.
		Before the 1950's, the last generation of Kalapuya speakers were gone and the population of Grand Ronde had adopted Chinook Jargon as a common language.
		Today, descendants of the first people of Clackamas County are part of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, a community of five tribes (Kalapuya, Molalla, Umpqua, Chasta, and Rogue River) that preserves a common culture in a place far from their traditional lands.
	www.usgennet.org /alhnorus/ahorclak/indians.html (1944 words)

	endangered language Information Center - endangered language
		An endangered language is a language with endangered languages in argentina so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use.
		In contrast, a language with only 100 speakers might be considered very much alive if it is the primary language of a community, and is the first (or only) language of all children in that community.
		Minority languages in a society in turmoil: The case of the northern languages of the Russian Federation
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_Cr_-_G/endangered_language.html (730 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Osage formerly owned most of northern Oklahoma and after they had sold the greater part of it still retained a large reservation in the northeast, which they continue to occupy, though they have now been allotted land in severalty.
		Within the next 50 years they were forced south by hostile northern and eastern tribes and by 1772 were on the upper courses of the Red and Brazos Rivers.
		The Modoc retreated to the lava beds of northern California and for several months resisted all attempts to dislodge them, but they were finally overcome and Kintpuask and five other leaders hanged in October of that year.
	americanindian.net /StatesOPR.html (13179 words)

	NPS Archeology Program: Kennewick Man
		This remains the case even through it is well recognized that populations with similar languages and cultural patterns resided from the Columbia River Basin and coast of Washington and Oregon down to rivers and coasts of central California (Breschini and Haversat 1980).
		Northern Na-Dene have large bodies with high noses and faces that are both more narrow.
		Skeletons of the Pacific Coast Athapaskans from both northern California and southern Oregon are found to be more variable than previously assumed for a population that migrated from the Northwest Pacific Coast approximately 1000 years ago.
	www.cr.nps.gov /archeology/kennewick/hackenberger.htm (12634 words)

	American Indians
		One influential classification grouped all of the languages of North America into six stocks, but recently specialists have questioned the validity of studying such larger units of relationship before the histories of the individual families are understood.
		MOLALE (spoken language extinct): Washington and Oregon in the valley of the Deschutes River, later west into the Molala and Santiam River valleys, and to the headwaters of the Umpqua and Rogue rivers.
		The American Indian Language Development Institute (AILDI) was founded in 1978 by Hualapai tribal educators, Native American parents, and experts in linguistics to help several Southwest tribes develop a written language and curriculum materials that reflect attention to Native American students' heritage, needs, and learning styles.
	otec.uoregon.edu /american_indians.htm (5025 words)

	Kalapuya Language (Kalapuyan, Calapooya, Kalapooian, Luckiamute, Santiam, Yonkalla)
		The Kalapuyan languages are considered by most linguists to be part of the Penutian family of languages, possibly related most closely to Takelma.
		These three languages were closely related but could not be easily understood by speakers of one of the others, like Spanish, French and Italian.
		The Kalapuya tribes were devastated by smallpox, and the survivors were relocated onto the Siletz and Grande Ronde reservations in the 1800's along with many other Oregon tribes.
	www.native-languages.org /kalapuya.htm (274 words)

	Literature Relating to the Classification of Indian Languages
		He discusses the value of the groups to which these languages have been assigned, viz, Athabascan and Nootka-Columbian, and finds that they have been given too high value, and that they are only equivalent to the primary subdivisions of stocks, like the Gothic, Celtic, and Classical, rather than to the stocks themselves.
		A number of languages are examined in this paper for the purpose of determining the stocks to which they belong and the mutual affinities of the latter.
		Among the languages mentioned are the Saintskla, Umkwa, Lutuami, Paduca, Athabascan, Dieguno, and a number of the Mission languages.
	www.nanations.com /linguistic/classification_languages.htm (2508 words)

	Salem (Oregon) Online History - Kalapuya
		Kalapuya women dug the camas with forked wooden sticks and then roasted and dried the root in pit-ovens.
		Kalapuya women were skilled basket-makers who wove storage containers, basketry hats, and large mats for floor covering.
		The article entitled "The Kalapuya: a Wealthy Way of Life" further elaborates on the negotiations: "Chiefs and headmen of the Winnefelly, Mohawk River, Chapen, Tecopa, Santiam, Mary's River, and Ahntchuyuk tribes and bands of Kalapuya(s) signed the 1855 Dayton Treaty with (then) Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Joel Palmer...
	www.salemhistory.net /people/native_americans.htm (1412 words)

	Endangered language
		On the one hand, communities can actively resist promotion of their own minority language, since children educated in the language are perceived to be at an economic or social disadvantage, when compared to children educated in a more dominant national or trade language.
		On the other hand, members of very small linguistic communities sometimes express strong appreciation for the language as a means of communication as compared with other available languages, even in the face of disagreement from others from outside the community who are also familiar with it.
		Language Diversity in the Pacific: Endangerment and Survival.
	www.anime.co.za /wiki/Endangered_language (1345 words)

	History Tours NW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Theorists have speculated that the deep rooted regional practice of head flattening perhaps was from the Penutian speaking cultures that lived near lakes along the the southern edges of receeding glaciers during the declining Ice Age.
		Shoshone and Northern Paiute languages, used further out on the southern outskirts of the Columbia Corridor, belong to a family called Numic languages that are a distant kin of the Nahuatl language spoken by the Aztecs of Mexico.
		According to Celiast, her mother had seen the treasure buried and she, herself, had seen the cave from a distance before a landslide buried the mouth of the cave.
	www.historytoursnw.com /nativeamericans.html (4040 words)

	Kalapuya
		The Kalapuya (also Kalapuyan, Kalapooian, Calapooya, Calapooia) are a Native American ethnic group that once inhabited the area of present-day western Oregon in the United States and are now part of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon.
		The Kalapuya comprised eight related groups speaking three different languages of the Oregon Penutian family: Northern Kalapuyan, Central Kalapuyan, and Yoncalla (also called Southern Kalapuya).
		It is sufficient to say that the Kalapuya were greatly weakened by the time whites began to show up in numbers in the Willamette valley in the middle of the nineteenth century.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Kalapuya (542 words)

	yourDictionary.com • Endangered Language Initiative• Nearly Extinct Languages
		This is a list of more than 750 languages found designated by Ethnologue as already extinct or nearly extinct today.
		Of course, there are many more languages besides these in danger of extinction by the end of the century, many as yet undiscovered by Europeans.
		This list will give you an idea of where the majority of threatened languages are spoken, if not their exact number.
	www.yourdictionary.com /elr/nextinct.html (94 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Penutian, pt. 1
		You have reached the first page on Penutian Languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Languages on this page so far are Alsea, Chinookan Languages, Clackamas, Coos, Costanoan, Kathlamat, Maidu, and Tsimshian.
		Although the languages became extinct in the 20th century, efforts are being made to revive them by the Costanoan people.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/penut1h.htm (882 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - Bibliography of the Siuslaw and Kuitsh Indians of the Central Oregon ...
		The language is an isolate, with some affinities to the broad language family known as Penutian.
		It may be related to the Coos languages to the south, and the Alsea to the north, but no definitive conclusions have been reached.
		The Siuslawans represented the southern limit of the practice of distinctive head-flattening that was common along the Columbia River to the north, and by extension along the northern Oregon coast.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/siuslaw.htm (3430 words)

	Central Kalapuya language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Central Kalapuyan was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States.
		It was spoken by various bands of the Kalapuya peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century.
		The language is closely related to Northern Kalapuya, spoken in the Tualatin and Yamhill valleys.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Central_Kalapuya_language (221 words)

	EveryTongue.com Language Recordings Main page
		Here is the list of languages that you can hear if you order the cassette tape.
		Here is a list of the languages that do not have a recording.
		Here you can listen to a recording in a language you know and then listen to the same recording in a language that you want to learn.
	www.everytongue.com (531 words)

	Mount Shasta Annotated Bibliography - Chapter 14
		Consequently, it is unusable as a primary historical source.....The situation was partially remedied with the Hudson's Bay Record Society's 1961 publication of the 1826-27 Snake Country Journal, a complete, verbatim edition that preserved both Ogden's unique spellings and his exasperating lack of punctuation.
		However, the editors of the 1961 version included a new interpretation of the brigade's northern California-southwestern Oregon itinerary that, based on a critical reexamination of Ogden's journal, appears also to be wrong" (p.
		Perhaps it would have been better if Hale had named the Umpqua River and Rouge River Indian languages by the name "Shasta," and had named the northern California tribe from which the vocabulary was collected as some other name coined from the vocabulary itself. 14.
	www.siskiyous.edu /shasta/bib/B14.htm (8256 words)

	American Indian Collections at the APS
		Re: Salishan languages and dialects with emphasis on Tillamook.
		Volumes 1, 3, and 4 are comparative Na-Dene with provision for various Athapascan languages and dialects, Waida, and Tlingit.
		BARBEAU, C. Wolf-Clan invaders from the northern plateau [sic?] among the Tsimsyans [1982].
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/guides/indians/info/t.htm (4255 words)

	The Kalapuyas of Clackamas County
		As the last known speaker of the Kalapuya language, he was a translator for Linguist, Melville Jacobs, who also interviewed him in detail about Kalapuya ways in 1928.
		The Dayton Treaty was similar to a November 1854 treaty at Calapooia Creek in Douglas County with the Kalapuya and Umpqua Tribes (ratified March 3, 1855) awarding $3,000, $2,300, $1,700 and $1,000 in the same five-year period increments.
		According to one report, the Kalapuya peoples were one of the staunchest preservers of their spiritual tradition and ceremonies throughout the early twentieth century.
	www.usgennet.org /alhnorus/ahorclak/kalapuyas.html (2366 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.1446: Comparative Method
		Some) critiques of the data rely on the critics knowledge of the languages,) but to a large extent the data is publicly available and the) problems with it are explicitly laid out.
		The validity of the) criticism thus does not depend on the credibility of the critics,) whence the motivation of the critics is not probative.
		He goes on to point out that IE is atyical because it is a "very young family".
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/5/5-1446.html (1386 words)

	kalapuya - OneLook Dictionary Search
		KALAPUYA : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
		Phrases that include kalapuya: central kalapuya language, kalapuya languages, northern kalapuya language
		Words similar to kalapuya: calapooya, calapuya, kalapooia, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=kalapuya&ls=a (111 words)

	Aztlan Rising: The Indigenous Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Such investigations are likely to prompt a rethink of the nature and age of relationships that existed between the northern and central Andes, as well as of the ways in which the first great Andean civilizations emerged.
		Many historians attempt to discredit the civilizations of the “Americas” by claiming that they had no written language, or that their writing was not “true” or “pure.” These criticisms arise from utter jealousy.
		The spoken language of the Olmecs was probably analogous to the Mixe and Zoque native Mexican dialects, but some claim it is similar to Manding, a West African language.
	aztlanrising.com /cms (19263 words)

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