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	Silkroad Foundation \| Dunhuang Studies
		Dunhuang was conquered by the Northern Liang ruler Zhuju Mengsun.
		The Northern Wei forces destroyed the Northern Liang and became the new ruler of Dunhuang.
		Wan Dugui, a Northern Wei general, led his troops to Dunhuang and continued their march into the Western Regions.
	www.silk-road.com /dunhuang/dhhistory.html (2653 words)

	The Liang Family History - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The Liang Dynasty was one of the Southern Dynasties, the Song, Qi, Liang and the Chen, which struggled against the Northern non-Chinese Dynasties of the Later Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou.
		Liang Hongyu was a female general and the wife of a mighty Song Dynasty general, Han Shizhong.
		Liang was also know for his work in editing and distributing Christian booklets (e.g., the Bible Homework, etc.) and flyers, and he turned his house into a meeting place for Christians.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1737 (3221 words)

	The five Liang states - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Juqu Mengxun's cousin chose Duan Ye, the Later Liang prefect of Jiankang, to be the symbolic leader of the rebellion, with the titles Governor of Liangzhou and Duke of Jiankang.
		In 403, the third Later Liang ruler, Lu Long, surrendered his state to the Later Qin because he was facing constant attacks from the Southern Liang and Northern Liang and feared for his life.
		Zhu Wen (852 — 912), the founder of the Later Liang Dynasty in the period of the Five Dynasties, was from Dangshan County of Song Prefecture (the present Dangshan County of Anhui Province).
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=13373 (2494 words)

	ancient coins of China - AD 221 to AD 590
		The Liang Dynasty was established by general Hsiao Yen of the Southern Ch'i Dynasty, but since he was, however distantly, related to the ruling house of the Southern Ch'i, one might think of this as simply a name change of the Southern Ch'i.
		The Northern Ch'i Dynasty was founded by Wen Hsuan Ti, the Son of a general who helped overthrow the Northern Wei in AD 535 and the Eastern Wei in AD 550.
		The Northern Zhou dynasty was established in AD 557 by the son (whose name we do not yet know) of a general who helped overthrow the Wei dynasty, and then overthrew the Western Wei which he had ruled through puppet emperors.
	www.calgarycoin.com /reference/china/china3.htm (6836 words)

	Major Events
		Northern Expeditions IV To the left is a very detailed map of the expeditions, click on thumbnail to open a bigger version.
		Chen Shou concluded his biography of Zhuge Liang with the famous comment that while he was an outstanding political and military administrator he was unable to make appropriate changes in strategy.
		The third Northern Expedition, with the invasion of Wei forces, showed the tactical advantages a defender had in terms of terrain if he was prepared.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0122767/sanguo/northern4.html (529 words)

	Wu Ban (Yuanxiong) - Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo yanyi) Biography
		Liang later summoned Ban to his quarters and assigned him the rank of rear general for the campaign against the north.
		Liang instructed Ban and Yi to attack the northern general, whoever he was, when he arrived.
		The two cousins attacked Liang from the front immediately; Liang was further attacked from the rear by Guan Xing and Liao Hua and killed in the ensuing melee.
	kongming.net /novel/sgyy/wuban.php (2504 words)

	Liang Hongyu
		Liang was believed to die of an illness in the year of 1135.
		Originally an entertainer, Liang Hongyu must have had an excellent grasp of the drumming techniques, but when she applied her skills to the battle fields, they were taken to an entire new level.
		Liang Hongyu stood at the bow of her warship, calmly executing every move as she had deliberated with her husband.
	www.wku.edu /~yuanh/China/tales/lianghongyu_b.htm (2510 words)

	Northern Liang - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Northern Liang (Chinese: 北凉; pinyin: Bĕi Liáng; 397-439) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China.
		All rulers of the Northern Liang proclaimed themselves "wang" (translatable as "prince" or "king").
		Most Chinese historians view Northern Liang as ended in 439, when its capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) fell to Northern Wei forces and its prince Juqu Mujian was captured.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Northern_Liang (123 words)

	Sixteen Kingdoms Summary
		The Han Chinese founded the four states: Northern Yan, Western Liang, Former Liang and the state of Wei.
		Six Chinese rulers of the Former Liang remained titularly under the government of the Jin Dynasty.
		The Northern Wei Dynasty is not counted as one of the Sixteen Kingdoms even though it was founded during the Period.
	www.bookrags.com /Sixteen_Kingdoms (395 words)

	Three Kingdoms Summary
		Even in the Northern Song, seven hundred years after the Three Kingdoms, it was possible to think of China as being composed of three great regional markets.
		At the end of Zhuge Liang's southern campaign, the Wu-Shu alliance came to fruition and Shu was free to move against north.
		In the times of Zhuge Liang's great northern offensives, the state of Wu had always been on the defensive against invasions from the north.
	www.bookrags.com /Three_Kingdoms (4043 words)

	A Chronology of World Political History (1 - 500 C.E.)
		Liu Yuan, Chief of the Huns, established the Han Regime ([Hun] Han) in northern China.
		Northern China entered a period of turmoil again.
		[Northern] Wei annihilated [Northern] Liang and unified northern China.
	www.geocities.com /kfzhouy/Chron/Chron3e.html (4661 words)

	Major Events
		Zhuge Liang's fourth Northern Expedition was launched in early 231 with the same immediate goals as the third, that is, capture of the Wudu-Yinping region to serve as a forward base.
		Sun Quan's armies in the Huai region, however, was defeated and his offensive broke down due to the spread of endemic disease.
		The death of Zhuge Liang ended a huge strategic threat to Wei and the Wei court soon began development of ambitious public works.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0122767/sanguo/northern3.html (797 words)

	Ancient Liang
		The first Liang was Liang Kang Hou who was the ruler of the State of Liang, a small city-state based in the city of Shaoliang 少梁 (also known as Xiayang 夏阳) in eastern Shaanxi, on the border between Qin and Jin in the northwestern part of China.
		Liang died in Guangzhou in A.D. Liang's work had quite a bit of impact on Hong Xiu Quan who initiated the Taiping Rebellion (A.D. Another well know scholar is Liang Hong who in his own right has a claim to fame, but together with his wife, Meng Guang comes a story of love and respect.
		Liang Menglung (A.D. 1527 - 1602) was the Governor of Shantung Province who, with Tu Tsemin the Governor of Fukien Province, pettitioned and got the Ming Government to lift the ban on Maritime activity, resulting in the great age of travel cummulating in the journeys of Admiral Cheng Ho.
	www.angelfire.com /co/leong/history.html (2214 words)

	cave272
		Both cave 272 and cave 275 are thought to date from the period of the Northern Liang dynasty, before Dunhuang was conquered by the Northern Wei in 439.
		The majority of the caves that follow, datable to the Northern Wei period, are rectangular in plan, principally on account of the square central pillar that is so conspicuous a feature.
		One is left to wonder whether cave 275, so closely tucked in behind cave 272 that a niche in its south wall either broke through accidentally or was purposely deepened to form a passage between them, may have been the later of the two.
	www.textile-art.com /dun/cave272.html (779 words)

	Changing patterns of divinity and reform in the late Northern Wei Art Bulletin, The - Find Articles
		The Northern Wei period was part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change following the fall of the Han Empire in 220.
		The transformation of Buddhist sculpture of the late Northern Wei period can be seen in the main images of divinities and their attendant figures, lay donors, worshipers, and monks, and also in the carved relief patterns around these groups of figures.
		The sculpting of the figure relies on rounded and tubular forms, showing affinities with Buddhist images of the Northern Liang, which flourished in the first half of the fifth century in the northwestern region, present-day Gansu Province, and is related to Central Asian and, ultimately, Indian prototypes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0422/is_2_84/ai_88098560 (946 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Kan-Su
		This vicariate includes the territory of Ku-ku-nor, northern part of Tibet, and the five northern prefectures of the Chinese province of Kan-su: Lan-chou-fu, Si-ning-fu, Liang-chou-fu, Kan-chou-fu, and Su-chou.
		The province of Kan-su formed a part of the Vicariate Apostolic of Shen-si from 1844 to 1878, when it was separated, erected into a distinct vicariate Apostolic, and entrusted to the Belgian Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Scheutveld, Brussels).
		In 1886 the northern civil prefecture of Ning-hia was confided to the Vicariate Apostolic of South-Western Mongolia.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08602c.htm (258 words)

	introduction
		Raised to the level of paradigm was the Liang prince and heir apparent Xiao Tong, who was praised for the fact that he had "received" (shou) the Xiaojing and Confucius' Analects by the age of three sui, and by the age of five could recite the Five Classics.
		Over time, the northern regimes began to build their armies around more traditional Chinese forms, adopting titles such as "Great General of the Chariots and Horsemen" (juji da jiangjun); by the end of the fifth century, in fact, tables of rank in north and south were mere variants of the same basic formula.
		Eventually he led the Northern Garrison against Huan, defeating him in the western region and eventually mopping up the Western Garrison (the conflict between the two was to be an enduring theme of the Southern Dynasties).
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~pearce/introduction.htm (19252 words)

	Hun & Huns -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		History of the Northern Dynasties recorded that the Chanyu of Northern Huns fled westward to the ancient Kang-chu Statelet, while the remaining weak and elder Huns relocated to the north of the Chouci [Qiuci] Statelet.
		Northern Zhou, located to the west of China's central plains, used Han Chinese "intermarriage" strategy in marrying their princesses to the Turks, with one princess remarried to successor Turk kings three more times.
		When Western Liang was sacked by Toba army, the wife of last emperor of Western Liang took her son westward for refuge in today's Xinjiang, the New Dominion province.
	www.uglychinese.org /hsiung-nu.htm (8260 words)

	Dunhuang Art During the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties
		Emperor Shi Hu of Late Zhou, Emperor Fu Jian of Early Qin, Emperor Lu Guang of Late Liang, Emperor Juqu Mengsun of Northern Liang, and all the emperors of Northern Wei vied with one another to recruit monks to translate Buddhist scriptures and disseminate the Dharma.
		From Northern Liang through Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou of the Northern Dynasties, in more than one hundred and sixty years, a total of thirty-nine of the existing caves are accounted for.
		In the Northern Wei period, on either side of the niche's lintel, there appeared the decorations of pterodactyl and phoenix, the former as a demonstration of power and the latter of swiftness.
	ignca.nic.in /ks_19012.htm (3024 words)

	tobai dynasty
		Northern Wei moved its capital southward to Loyang in AD 493 and the Tobas changed their family name to the Chinese name of "Yuan".
		Northern Wei would continue the attacks at Southern China and seesaw warfare would continue till Northern Wei split into two parts of Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties in AD 534, later to be usurped by Northern Qi Dynasty
		Major northern posts and towns of the Toba Dynasty were in the hands of the Huns.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/tobai.htm (1267 words)

	The Kingdom of Shu (蜀國)
		However, when Zhuge Liang was not at the capital, the only people he trusted were the eunuchs.
		During the first Northern Campaign, he advised Zhuge Liang (諸葛亮) to surprise attack Chang An (長安) where Wei was defenseless, but Zhuge Liang thought it was too dangerous and didn't accept it.
		After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Wei Yan was really angry that he wasn't the chosen successor and planned to betray Shu Kingdom.
	www.chinapage.com /calligraphy/sushi/shu.html (2137 words)

	JWSR v5n3 - David Wilkinson
		Han's northern allies, the Southern Huns, Wuhuan and Sienbi, took advantage of floods and famine in the metropole to rebel in 109 but were defeated, the Huns and Wuhuan re-subjected, and the Sienbi driven off, in 110.
		Northern Wei annexed the Shan-shan (Loulan) kingdom of Kashgaria in 445.
		Northern (Toba) Wei undertook major and controversial centralizing reforms, moved its capital to Loyang 494, and attempted sinification in language, surnaming, rites, dress, and marriage.
	jwsr.ucr.edu /archive/vol5/vol5_number3/wilkinson/index.html (12949 words)

	Successions of Invasions
		The non-Han Chinese kingdoms that ruled northwestern China one after another, including Former Liang, Former Qin, Later Liang, and Western Liang, attempted to maintain the protector with varying degrees of success, but were all ultimately short-lived.
		The Northern Wei empire finally reunified northern China and its protectorate controlled what is currently the southeastern third of Xinjiang.
		The western half of the region was controlled by local sates, such as Shule, Yutian, Guizi, and Qiemo, while the central region around Turpan was controlled by Gaochang, remnants of the Northern Liang state that once ruled part of what is now the Gansu province in northwestern China.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~aycui/successions.htm (125 words)

	Xinjiang Information Center - xinjiang map
		After the final reunification of northern China under the Northern Wei empire, its protectorate controlled what is now the common languages in xinjiang southeastern third of Xinjiang.
		In the late 5th century karghilik xinjiang the Tuyuhun xinjiang 1987 and the Rouran began to encroach upon the region and assert power in southern and northern Xinjiang, respectively, and the Chinese protectorate was lost again.
		Han Chinese are the majority in eastern and northern Xinjiang, including the cities of Urumqi, Karamay, Shihezi and the prefectures of Changji, Bortala, Bayin'gholin, Ili (especially the city of Kuitun), and Kumul.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_T_-_Z/Xinjiang.html (2293 words)

	Chinese History - Sixteen States äº”è¡ååå (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		This short-eyed policy of the "barbarian" rulers lead to the economical and cultural backwardness of China's north during the 4th and 5th centuries.
		At the same time, the ethnic constituents of the northern Chinese population changed - with time going by the former "barbarians" gradually mixed with the Chinese population.
		The period of the Sixteen Kingdoms (in fact, there were even a few more) can be divided into three stages: From 300 to 350, the Former Liang åæ¶¼, the two Zhao åå¾è¶ and the Cheng-Han ææ¼¢ empires rule the north and Sichuan.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Division/shiliuguo.html (423 words)

	Sixteen States - (AD 304 to 443 -- 141 Years)
		The northern tribes constantly invaded China throughout the third and fourth centuries A.D. In 304 Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu noble, established the Kingdom of Han in the southwestern part of present day Shanxi Province.
		He was succeeded by Liu Yao who renamed his state The Kingdom of Former Zhao, and rebelled against the Jin Dynasty.
		By the beginning of the fifth century, a total of 13 small states had been established in North China by the five northern tribes.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-sixteen-states.html (196 words)

	Four Treasure of Studio
		The fall of these two centers of Chinese civilization marked the end of Chinese suzerainty in the northern part of China for almost three centuries, and forced the emigration of literati, officials, and learned Buddhist monks from northern China to settlements in the south near the present Nanking.
		At the same time, the rulers in northern China, who were non-Chinese in the midst of a large Chinese population, found it expedient to adopt a religion that was not caught up with Chinese cultural ramifications.
		After the demise of the Eastern Tsin in 420, the Liu Sung Dynasty (420-479) was established in southern China, while northern China, beginning in 440, was unified under the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534).
	imperial.park.org /Taiwan/Culture/Arts/craft/buddist1.htm (702 words)

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