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Topic: Northern Renaissance

	Renaissance - MSN Encarta
		Introduction; Characteristics of the Renaissance; Interpretations of the Renaissance; Economic and Social Basis of the Renaissance; Politics in the Renaissance; The Church and Religion in the Renaissance.
		The ideas of the Renaissance, particularly of humanism, are then explored, and their impacts on established religion, on science, and on the arts are examined.
		The Renaissance was marked by an intense interest in the visible world and in the knowledge derived from concrete sensory experience.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554186/Renaissance.html (751 words)

	WebMuseum: La Renaissance
		The term Renaissance, describing the period of European history from the early 14th to the late 16th century, is derived from the French word for rebirth, and originally referred to the revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity during that period, especially in Italy.
		The chief patrons of Renaissance art and literature were the merchant classes of Florence and Venice, which created in the Renaissance palace their own distinctive home and workplace, fitted for both business and rearing and nurture of the next generation of urban rulers.
		The later Renaissance was marked by a growth of bureaucracy, an increase in state authority in the areas of justice and taxation, and the creation of larger regional states.
	www.ibiblio.org /wm/paint/glo/renaissance (1448 words)

	Surrealism, Alchemy, and the Northern Renaissance
		Alchemical symbols in Northern Renaissance art must be read within the context of alchemy as an accepted science that encompassed the medicinal, spiritual, and chemical, as well as the mystical.
		The symbols of alchemy used by Northern Renaissance artists reflect alchemy's state as the "prime object." While Surrealists had the advantage of being able to study art works of the Northern Renaissance, the alchemical symbols used by Surrealists reflect the variation that is inevitable in the "repetition" phase of alchemy.
		Northern Renaissance works were executed only after careful planning and then were put together with what is called a "picture puzzle effect" that allows narrative images or symbols to tell a story effectively.
	www.csuchico.edu /art/contrapposto/Contrapposto97/Pages/Lee1.html (4953 words)

	Italian Renaissance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term Renaissance, one should remember, is in essence a modern one that came into currency in the nineteenth century, in the work of historians such as Jacob Burckhardt.
		Robert Sabatino Lopez argues that the economic collapse was a crucial cause of the Renaissance.
		In Naples, the Renaissance was ushered in under the patronage of Alfonso I who conquered Naples in 1443 and encouraged artists like Francesco Laurana and Antonello da Messina and writers like the poet Jacopo Sannazzaro and the humanist scholar Angelo Poliziano.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Renaissance (6373 words)

	Northern Renaissance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power.
		The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and external conflicts between various Protestant groups and the Roman Catholic Church.
		Northern art was more concerned with Christianity than with Greek and Roman, in part a reflection of the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Northern_Renaissance (994 words)

	The Renaissance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		All this was reflected in the literature, art, and societies of northern Italian cities from the fourteenth century through the beginning of the sixteenth century, when invasions and other problems led to a decline of the Renaissance in Italy.
		This Renaissance was heavily influenced by the earlier Italian Renaissance; indeed, it was common for people to travel south across the Alps and return north with the ideas and styles they were exposed to in northern Italy.
		The large group of would-be Church reformers found the characteristic Renaissance repudiation of the recent past and the desire to return to the original sources quite attractive, for the Roman past included the apostolic and early patristic age, when the Church was still pure and uncorrupted.
	edweb.tusd.k12.az.us /UHS/WebSite/courses/WC/Historiography/renaissance.htm (2560 words)

	renaissance
		The Renaissance was a time of intellectual ferment that laid the foundation for the thinkers and scientists of the 17th century, who were far more original than the Renaissance humanists (Ackerman 125).
		In northern Italy, the leading painters of the second generation were Andrea Mantegna, whose trompe l'oeil (fool-the-eye) approach was continued by mural artists during the next two centuries, and Giovanni Bellini, an influential painter and teacher of such pupils Sebastiano del Piombo, Giorgione, and Titian (Cole 68).
		Renaissance sculptors of the Lowlands were much less innovative than painters, retaining a closer connection to Gothic art; architectural forms seemed to be unaffected by the Renaissance (Harbison 32).
	www.unc.edu /~wmoon/renaissance.html (1749 words)

	MyStudios- Northern Renaissance
		Northern artists were influenced by the innovations in the South; many artists traveled to Italy to study; and the idea of bringing modern science and philosophy into art was also evident.
		The change from the Gothic style was brought on by religious reform, the return to ancient Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.
		As art historians study this era of painting they are coming to the conclusion that there was a tremendous change in style but this was not a glorified Renaissance.
	www.mystudios.com /art/northern/northern.html (149 words)

	Mark Harden's Artchive: "Renaissance"
		The concept enshrined in the word 'Renaissance' is actually one of rebirth rather than revival and carries with it the loaded, and absolutely discredited, argument that the Middle Ages was a dead period intellectually and artistically.
		Thus, the beginnings of Renaissance art in Italy should be recognizable by seeking out not only those artists who adopted motifs or borrowed models from antiquity, but also those who sought to represent the human figure and the material world more naturalistically than had their predecessors.
		It was not until this period that Italian Renaissance ideals began to spread in a significant way north of the Alps, Durer being the first northern artist to fully assimilate the ideals of the Renaissance into his work.
	www.artchive.com /artchive/renaissance.html (970 words)

	Northern Renaissance Art Reproductions, Northern Renaissance Paintings
		The Northern Renaissance, unlike that of Italy, was marked by the centralisation of political power as potent nation states emerged throughout Western Europe.
		The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and external conflicts that resulted between individuals and congregations on the one hand and the Catholic hierarchy on the other.
		Northern art was more concerned with Christianity than Classical mythology, in part a reflection of the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation.
	www.topofart.com /movements/Northern_Renaissance (388 words)

	History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery
		The term Renaissance, literally means "rebirth" and is the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.
		The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner's compass, and gunpowder.
		To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.
	history-world.org /renaissance.htm (6665 words)

	What is RENAISSANCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Reformers took the Northern Humanists’ emphasis of recovering the original church and the original language of the Scriptures to a new level that brought them into conflict with many of the Northern Humanists to whom they owed their inspiration.
		In effect, the Renaissance, was “new” in providing Europeans with an assertive and legitimate impetus to live a secular life, for its own sake, to live in emulation of the best of the pre-Christian past, and to study history, for its own sake.
		But, the Renaissance was also the culmination of the religious and political conflicts of the Medieval period, and the resolution it provided – appeal to authoritative historical and Christian precedents based on criticism of texts – created as many political and philosophical problems as it solved.
	www.nvcc.edu /home/jburson/NOVAWCIV1_RenaissanceEurope.htm (6017 words)

	Gardens of the Northern Renaissance
		I decided to write a separate article about Northern Renaissance gardens, rather than try to include that information in earlier articles, because there were some basic differences between the Renaissance in Italy and in northern Europe.
		Much of northern Europe had been a part of the Roman Empire, but northern Europeans didn't identify as strongly as the Italians did with the Classical culture of ancient Rome.
		For northern Europeans, it was easier to accept intellectual ideas from Italy than it was to adopt the art and architecture of Renaissance Italy.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/garden_design/29207 (372 words)

	Northern Renaissance
		The Renaissance in the north has a distinctively different character than that of Italy and the southern countries.Though the styles of Northern artists vary according to geography, one characteristic that is fundamental to all northern art of this period is a fondness for meticulous rendering of details.
		A particularly northern aspect of this painting are the many details, which are rich with symbolic meaning.
		In the early years of the Renaissance, the artist generally began with a monochromatic drawing using egg tempera on a wood panel, and then layers of oil-glazes were painted on top of it.
	www.eyeconart.net /history/Renaissance/northrenaiss.htm (2094 words)

	Renaissance - Exploration - Themepark
		The period of time in western Europe known as the Renaissance was characterized by an intense interest in the classical art and writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
		The Renaissance was a time of experimentation with science, the arts, and politics.
		The Renaissance was characterized by the growth of trade and the establishment of expanded trade routes with the East and the Middle East, as well as with the rest of Europe.
	www.uen.org /themepark/exploration/renaissance.shtml (1316 words)

	RENAISSANCE ART IN NORTHERN EUROPE
		As in literature, Italian influence was strong, and some of the greatest of the northern artists were profoundly affected by their own trips to Italy; Drer and Bruegel are good examples.
		At the same time, the vigorous indigenous traditions of northern art continued to find expression, so that the art of the northern Renaissance manifested a distinct synthesis of native and Italian elements.
		The sense of balance and measure, the Renaissance concept of human dignity that is lacking in Grnewald, can be found in the work of Albrecht Drer (1471 1528), the greatest of German artists.
	vlib.iue.it /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/22.html (5759 words)

	Art on the Web--Northern Renaissance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Northern Renaissance was less influenced by the rediscovery of the Classical arts than was the Italian.
		Northern art of this period is also characterized by the use of perspective, but of a more intuitive and less "scientific" form than that seen in Italy.
		The Northern artists were also among the first to use the new oil based paints instead of the older egg tempera.
	www.unm.edu /~gconant/art_3.htm (637 words)

	The Northern Renaissance: a new survey of north European art in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries is admirably ...
		The Northern Renaissance: a new survey of north European art in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries is admirably ambitious in scope, but ducks some fundamental issues
		Given that these companion texts, The Early Renaissance and The High Renaissance, presumably will be devoted to Italian art, it is a brave author who accepts the challenge of summarising more than two centuries of art produced north of the Alps in one modest volume.
		In his introduction Smith states his belief that there was 'a distinctively northern European Renaissance, but one in which curiosity about the individual and the natural world was valued more than a renewed dialogue with antiquity'.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_515_161/ai_n8700656 (834 words)

	Reformation: The Northern Renaissance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The history of the Catholic church throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance is a history filled with spiritual, artistic, and intellectual triumphs as well as a history of tremendous abuses and doctrinal stupidities.
		The Northern Humanists, however, applied these ideas far more rigorously to church practices and became the first major group to call for the reform of the church.
		In their critiques of church practices these Northern humanists laid down the terminology and ideas that would fuel the Reformation movement.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/REFORM/NORTHERN.HTM (1856 words)

	Renaissance Art Quizzes and Renaissance Art Trivia -- FunTrivia
		The Renaissance was the rebirth, the beginning of the modern and the resuscitation of the ancient...it was many things to many people.
		True or not, his mastery of the technique is unsurpassed and set the standard for subsequent artists throughout the Renaissance.
		I invite you to enter the world of Renaissance art with me as we explore the works and lives of ten wonderful masters of the European art world.
	www.funtrivia.com /quizzes/humanities/art/renaissance_art.html (932 words)

	-- MONAS.nl -- article - the northern tradition in the Renaissance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Renaissance is characterised by a renewed interest in forgotten beliefs and cultures, a rapid development in the current beliefs and cultures and a disengaging from the scholastic Middle Ages.
		Jan van Gorp (or Goropius Becanus (1518-1572)) said that "the ancestors of Antwerpians were the Cimbriants, the direct descendents of the sons of Japheth who had not been present under the Tower of Babel and thus kept the perfect language" (Eco).
		Worm was one of the first to study the rune-stones that could be found throughout Denmark (he also wrote a rune-calender), also he has been in contact with the early Rosicrucians.
	www.monas.nl /think/northernrenaissance.htm (3156 words)

	The Northern Renaissance: Artists and their Works
		The northern European tradition of Gothic Art was greatly affected by the technical and philosophical advancements of the Renaissance in Italy.
		The great artists who inspired the Northern Renaissance included Jan van Eyck (and his brother Hubert, about whom little is known), Robert Campin and Rogier van der Weyden.
		In the 16th century, as in the south, the Northern Renaissance eventually gave way to highly stylized Mannerist art.
	www.artcyclopedia.com /history/northern-renaissance.html (155 words)

	THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE REFORMATION
		The reform program of northern humanism was a broad one; it aimed at a regeneration of moral and spiritual life, of political and ecclesiastical institutions, and of education.
		Today it is recognized that we must go much further back in time to find the origins of the Renaissance and humanism in France; the Italian invasions at most gave a further stimulus to a process already well under way.
		Avignon had possessed a certain international commercial importance since the twelfth century; it was connected by trade routes to northern Italy, and contained a flourishing Italian colony.
	vlib.iue.it /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/09.html (9834 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		will simply refer to all Northern painting during the 15th century as "Northern Renaissance," implying that the growth of style was not as clear cut or as speedy as it was in the South.
		There are a few quick and easy ways to recognize Northern Renaissance works of art (although they are not by any means complete, and the rules are not always followed) and to
		But they are nonetheless beautifully done in true Northern style..........yet at the same time, they remind us of the kind or modeling done to the South in the way the light fades to dark.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~mxb/northern_renaiss.html (744 words)

	WebMuseum: The Northern Renaissance (1500-1615) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Northern artists were influenced by the great innovations in the South; many artists travelled to Italy to study; and the Renaissance concern for bringing modern science and philosophy into art was also evident in the North.
		In the North, change was driven by another set of preoccupations: religious reform, the return to ancient Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.
		Other painters in both Germany and the Netherlands followed the Northern impulse for precise observation and naturalism in the fields of landscape painting (Patinir and Bruegel) and portraiture (Holbein).
	www.ibiblio.org /wm/paint/tl/north-ren (211 words)

	Amazon.com: Northern Renaissance Art (Trade Version): Books: James Snyder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Northern Renaissance: Painting, Sculpture, the Graphic Arts from 1350 to 1575 by James Snyder
		It is stunningly beautiful and truly captures the feeling and depth of the Renaissance in northern Europe.
		Northern Renaissance Art Books: A list by Jesus Cortes Jr.
	www.amazon.com /Northern-Renaissance-Art-Trade-Version/dp/0810910810 (1248 words)

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