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	Zhou Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zhou Dynasty (周朝; Wade-Giles: Chou Dynasty) (late 10th century BC or 9th century BC to 256 BC) followed the Shang (Yin) Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China.
		In the Chinese historical tradition, the rulers of the Zhou displaced the Yin and legitimized their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
		The Zhou dynasty was founded by the Ji family and had its capital at Hao (near the present-day city of Xi'an).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhou_Dynasty (903 words)

	420-479. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During these years of Chinese dynasties who had been forced south by invasions from the north, much of south China became Sinified, as the northerners brought with them their institutions and religious practices.
		The feudal society of the northern and southern dynasties formed around these families; it was effectively the way society girded itself to cope with tremendous turbulence caused by mass migrations and continual incursions.
		In sculpture, the Northern Wei began to cut cave temples at the Yungang grottoes in northern Shanxi near Datong; after Luoyang became the Northern Wei capital in 495, new caves were cut at nearby Longmen as well.
	www.bartleby.com /67/158.html (1386 words)

	Empress Wu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Her father was Wu Shihuo (武士彠) (577-635), a member of a renowned aristocratic family of Shanxi, and an ally of Li Yuan, the founder of the Tang Dynasty, in his conquest of power (Li Yuan was himself from a renowned aristocratic family of Shanxi).
		Empress Wu died nine months later, perhaps consoled by the fact that her nephew Wu Sansi (武三思), son of her half-brother and as ambitious and intriguing as she, had managed to become the real master behind the scenes, controlling the restored emperor through his empress consort with whom he was having an affair.
		Although short-lived, the Zhou dynasty, according to some historians, resulted in better equality between the sexes during the succeeding Tang Dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empress_Wu_Zetian_of_China (1674 words)

	About China-History-Zhou Dynasty
		During the Zhou Dynasty, all the land and people were nominally the property of the king.
		During the reign of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the central plains had reached the peak of the Bronze Age while the neighboring regions lagged behind.
		In its early days, the Western Zhou Dynasty (The 11th century BC to 711 BC) was sufficiently powerful to be able to control the vassal states.
	www.toureasy.net /html/aboutchina/ChineseHistory/Zhou.htm (2869 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China.
		The unification is the second shortest dynasty in the history of China after Qin Dynasty, and during this time, millions laboured on the Grand Canal of China, still the longest canal in the world to date.
		The Qing Dynasty (æ¸æ, 1644â“1911) was founded after the defeat of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus, formerly known as the Jurchen, who invaded from the north in the late seventeenth century.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-China (10993 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Zhou Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zhou Dynasty, also Chou dynasty, early Chinese dynasty founded by a seminomadic clan from the north-west.
		Northern and Southern Dynasties (317-589), period in Chinese history between the Han dynasty and Sui dynasty, which featured prolonged division...
		Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, period of disunion in the history of China (907-960) between the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Zhou_Dynasty.html (90 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Zhou Dynasty is divided into two parts, the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou.
		The Eastern Zhou period is thought of as the 'shaping period' of Chinese culture.
		The Zhou were a semi-nomadic clan from the north western fringe of the Chinese world.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/China/Zhou.html (377 words)

	History of Chinese Dynasties: Zhou dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zhou Dynasty (11th B.C. The Golden Age of Wuding did not continue for very long after his death.
		Having suffered much during the reign of King Zhou, the Shang army turned coat and led the Zhou army to the Shang capital.
		The Zhou Dynasty is traditionally divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (11th century BC to 711 BC) with Haojing as its capital and the Eastern Zhou (770 BC - 221 BC), when the capital was moved east to present Luoyang.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/zhou (306 words)

	Northern Wei Dynasty
		The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 386-534) is most noted for the unification of northern China in 440, it was also heavily involved in funding the arts and many antiques and art works from this period have survived.
		In 493 AD the dynasty moved its capital from Datong to Luoyang and started the construction of the artificial Longmen Caves.
		It is thought the dynasty originated from the Tuoba clan of the non-Han Xianbei tribe.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/n/no/northern_wei_dynasty.html (264 words)

	CHRONOLOGY - ZHOU DYNASTY
		In the 11th century B.C. King Wu of the Zhou took advantage of the favourable opportunity presented by the absence of the Shang kings main military force, which was in the southeast attacking the Yi people.
		In 771 B.C. the Zhou court was sacked, and its king was killed by invaders allied with rebel lords.
		When the most practical and useful aspects of Confucianism and Legalism were synthesized in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), a system of governance came into existence that was to survive largely intact until the late nineteenth century.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/zhou.shtml (2013 words)

	Ancient Dynasties
		At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty.
		The doctrine explained and justified the demise of the two earlier dynasties and at the same time supported the legitimacy of present and future rulers.
		In 771 B.C. the Zhou court was sacked, and its king was killed by invading barbarians who were allied with rebel lords.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/ancient1.html (838 words)

	Kaifeng, Regent Tour China
		The city wall was rebuilt and enlarged during the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, Zhou Dynasty, Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Ming Dynasty.
		In the Ming Dynasty, the city was badly damaged by flood.
		In 1662 A.D, the first year of the Kangxi Period in the Qing Dynasty, the city was rebuilt on the remnant of the old one and later, in 1841 A.D 21 Daoguang Period.
	www.regenttour.com /chinaplanner/kfg/kaifeng-sights-wall.htm (214 words)

	Zhou Dynasty
		The Zhou fulfilled the mandate of Heaven by defeating the Shang in warfare.
		The ancient Zhou capital was divided into two sections, one for the Zhou people an the imperial court and the other half for the Shang people.
		The Zhou royal court and son of Emperor Yu Wang escape and move the capital eastward to Loyand in 771 B.C. Many of the ancient Jade artifacts uncovered and on the market today is the result of this historic event.
	www.thejadetrade.com /ian/p8.html (1043 words)

	After Han, Ancient Chinese cast coins - Calgary Coin Gallery
		The Liang Dynasty was established by general Hsiao Yen of the Southern Ch'i Dynasty, but since he was, however distantly, related to the ruling house of the Southern Ch'i, one might think of this as simply a name change of the Southern Ch'i.
		The Northern Ch'i Dynasty was founded by Wen Hsuan Ti, the Son of a general who helped overthrow the Northern Wei in AD 535 and the Eastern Wei in AD 550.
		The Northern Zhou dynasty was established in AD 557 by the son (whose name we do not yet know) of a general who helped overthrow the Wei dynasty, and then overthrew the Western Wei which he had ruled through puppet emperors.
	www.calgarycoin.com /cast2.htm (1518 words)

	Ancient China: The Chou, 1050-256 BC
		According to Chinese history, the Shang dynasty had degenerated morally; the last of the Shang kings, Chou, was totally corrupt.
		We also know that the Shang dynasty was severely weakened in its constant warfare with peoples to the north who encroached on Shang territory.
		As under the Shang, government was largely in the hands of city-states; since the territory greatly expanded after the Chou invasion, the number of city-states under the king probably numbered around two hundred to two hundred and fifty.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ANCCHINA/CHOU.HTM (1525 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Sui Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sui Dynasty (581-617), short-lived Chinese dynasty which reunited China after over 350 years of division, and laid the institutional and economic...
		Li Yuan began as a high official in the short-lived Sui dynasty which had reunified China, then rebelled in 617 when the last Sui emperor fled mass...
		The Northern and Southern dynasties period was brought to an end by Yang Jian, a high-ranking figure in the Northern Zhou dynasty who seized the...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Sui_Dynasty.html (106 words)

	Shaolin development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To be exact, during the Northern Dynasty the Shaolin Temple lasted for over 80 years from the time Ba Tuo established it, until the time Buddhism was forbidden by Emperor Wu Di of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
		Third, the development of religion in the Northern Zhou Dynasty turned out to be in sharp contradicition with the political and economic interests of the imperial family.
		During the Yuan, Ming, and early Qing Dynasties, the social status at the Shaolin Temple was further raised.
	www.russbo.com /shaolinhistory/shaolin_development.htm (988 words)

	Chinese History - Northern Zhou Dynasty event history and rulers (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		Northern Zhou å—å‘¨ (557-581) and Northern Qi å—é½ (550-577)
		Tai and his son controlled the descendents of the Northern Wei (Beiwei å—é) rulers that had fled to Chang'an é•·å® (modern Xi'an) during the period of political disorder in the 530ies.
		The better economical conditions and the higher military potential of the central government allowed the Northern Zhou state to conquer the neighboring Northern Qi (Beiqi å—é½) and to reunite northern China in 577.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Division/beizhou-rulers.html (444 words)

	Chinese Dynasties
		Beginning with the Qin Dynasty, the common characteristic of Chinese rule is that there was one primary leader of China, the head of the Dynasty.
		In Chinese historical documents, it is common to identify a person's life and accomplishments by the Dynasty in which he (or she) lived, and, frequently, according to the Emperor who lived at that time.
		To help further elucidate the nature of a Dynasty, details of the Qing Dynasty, China's last, are presented in a separate table, showing each of the Emperors, and depicting some events that took place during their reign that influenced the future development of China.
	www.itmonline.org /arts/dynasties.htm (1544 words)

	Chinese Porcelain Chess Compass FAQ
		According to the Chinese literature this "image-chess" (hsiang chi) was developed during the reign of the Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou dynasty (561 to 578 B.C.), and the date of the first treatise on the subject is definitely named as 569 B.C. The preface of this by Wang Pao still exists.
		This replaced the picture of the Great Bear, or Northern Dipper, which previously had been carved on the heaven-plate of the diviner's board.
		This model spoon was probably first of wood, stone or pottery, but in the 1st century B.C. (and possibly already in the 2nd century B.C.) the unique properties of lode-stone (magnetite) suggested in China the use of this substance.
	www.gotheborg.com /qa/chess.shtml (726 words)

	Zhou Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Began As A Semi-nomadic Tribe That Lived To The West Of The Shang Kingdom. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that lived to the west of the Shang kingdom.
		The first dynasty to unite most of China under a single government was the Zhou Dynasty.
		Shang, Zhou and the Classics soon died, but his brother, the famous Duke of Zhou (Zhou Gong), completed the conquest for Wu's son while acting as.
	www.99hosted.com /names17953.html (485 words)

	Ethics of Shang, Zhou and the Classics by Sanderson Beck
		The traditional dates of the Shang dynasty are 1766-1122 BC, but recent scholarship suggests this culture lasted nearly five hundred years and was overthrown by the Zhou dynasty about the middle of the eleventh century BC.
		The first two centuries of the Zhou dynasty were fairly peaceful within their realms, though wars were often fought with nomads on the perimeters to expand the kingdom.
		The Zhou patriarch Wen Wang opposed the use of alcohol except in the ceremonies, as the fall of the Shang dynasty was attributed to excessive drinking.
	www.san.beck.org /EC13-Chou.html (14215 words)

	Sino: A Millennial Renaissance-- China Under the Northern Song Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The policies of Taizu, founding emperor of the Song dynasty, stressed civil rule over martial exploits and ushered in a period of great cultural and economic vitality for China at a time when the Western world was about to enter its second millennium.
		It was in Song dynasty China, around 1000 years ago, that gunpowder, printing and the compass-three great inventions that were to shape the course of global civilization-made their first appearance.
		The poet Zhou Bangyan marveled at the sharpness of knives from Taiyuan in Shanxi, which glinted like water, and at salt from Hangzhou which was as white as snow.
	www.sinorama.com.tw /Millennium/en/Millennium-en-07.html (873 words)

	Emperor Heaven: Eastern Zhou Dynasty
		Spring and Autumn Period 770 BC - 476 BC At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, China was a group of not very powerful kingdoms and could thus never muster enough military or political power to take back the west.
		By the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China was the most populous country in the world and has held that distinction ever since.
		However, the Zhou influence is declining by the end of the campaign.
	emperor.heavengames.com /history/shorts/ancientchina/ezhou (785 words)

	Era of Disunity - (AD 220 to 618 -- 399 Years)
		The Shu Dynasty (221-263) was established in the southwestern China, and the Wu Dynasty (222-280) in the southeast.
		None of the non-Chinese dynasties were able to extend their control over the entire North China plain until 420, when the Northern Wei Dynasty did so.
		With its prestige tarnished and the population impoverished, the dynasty fell in 617 to rebels led by Li Yuan who began the Tang Dynasty.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-disunity.html (523 words)

	Encyclopedia: Southern and Northern Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For the same-name period in Vietnam, see Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam.
		The Southern and Northern Dynasties (南北朝, pinyin nánběicháo) (420-589) followed the Sixteen Kingdoms and preceded Sui Dynasty in China and was an age of civil wars and disunity.
		During this period the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Chinese arrivals in the north and among the aboriginal tribesmen in the south.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Southern-and-Northern-Dynasty (232 words)

	Capital of China
		Hao was the capital during Western Zhou Dynasty.
		Republic of China after the Northern Expedition until the Japanese invasion in 1937 of WWII, and after the war until Chiang Kai-Shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949.
		Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty.
	usapedia.com /c/capital-of-china.html (498 words)

	cave158
		This orientation is dictated by the gigantic reclining figure of the Buddha in nirvana that almost totally obscures the whole length of the west wall (pl. 126).
		Unlike other nirvana scenes, such as those painted in the Northern Zhou dynasty on the west wall of cave 428, the Buddha is fully modelled in relief, his head cushioned by his right hand.
		In the periods that followed the nominal restoration of Chinese rule, the Late Tang and Five Dynasties, donors are represented even more prominently, with cartouches detailing their official titles, as if to assert their social position and its recognition by the Chinese state.
	www.textile-art.com /dun/cave158.html (975 words)

	Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Museum Travel Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Serving as the westernmost fort of the early Tang Dynasty, Dunhuang was not only a key trading post situated on the "Silk Road" but also the military headquarters for the operations in the Western Regions.
		The art of this period is characterized by its attempt to depict the spirituality of those who had achieved enlightenment and transcended the material world through their asceticism.The Wei statues are slim, ethereal figures with finely chiseled features and comparatively large heads, and clearly show the influence of Indian Buddhist art and teachings.
		The Sui Dynasty began when a general of Chinese of mixed Chinese-Toba origin usurped the throne of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
	www.cnhomestay.com /city/cityguides/dunhuang.htm (1588 words)

	Northern dynasties -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Northern Dynasties (北朝 bei3 zhao1) included (Click link for more info and facts about Northern Wei Dynasty) Northern Wei Dynasty, (Click link for more info and facts about Eastern Wei Dynasty) Eastern Wei Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, (Click link for more info and facts about Northern Qi Dynasty) Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty.
		Northern Qi Dynasty (Click link for more info and facts about 550) 550- (Click link for more info and facts about 577) 577
		Northern Zhou Dynasty (Click link for more info and facts about 557) 557- (Click link for more info and facts about 581) 581
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/no/northern_dynasties.htm (2282 words)

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