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Topic: Northwest Caucasian

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Northwest Caucasian languages
		Current theory holds that the richness of consonantal phoneme systems in the Northwest Caucasian languages is the result of a process which removes vowel features such as labialisation and palatalisation from the vowels in a root and reassigns them instead to the consonants which surround them.
		In linguistics, a participle is an adjective derived from a verb.
		Northwest Caucasian languages have rather simple noun systems, manifesting only a handful of cases at the most, coupled with a verbal system so complex that virtually the entire syntactic structure of the sentence is repeated in the verb.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Northwest-Caucasian-languages (2340 words)

	Abkhaz language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language, indicating it originated in the northwest Caucasus.
		Northwest Caucasian languages have been suggested as being related to the Northeast Caucasian languages and both are often merged under the blanket term "North Caucasian languages"; several linguists, notably Sergei Starostin, posit a phylogenetic link between these two families.
		Some consider the proposed North Caucasian family to be a member of the Dene-Caucasian macrofamily; however, the Dene-Caucasian hypothesis is itself unproven and highly controversial, and attempts to categorize Abkhaz as a Dene-Caucasian language are thus premature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abkhaz_language (1004 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic, Abkhaz-Adyghe, or Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasus region, chiefly in Russia (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia), Georgia (Abkhazia), and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.
		Northwest Caucasian languages have rather simple noun systems, manifesting only a handful of cases at the most, coupled with highly agglutinative verbal systems so complex that virtually the entire syntactic structure of the sentence is contained within the verb.
		Many linguists join the Northwest and Northeast Caucasian languages into a North Caucasian family, sometimes simply called Caucasic or Caucasian (in opposition to Kartvelian (South Caucasian), which is thought to be unrelated, albeit heavily influenced by their northern neighbours).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages (1338 words)

	Northwest caucasian languages 1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Start the Northwest caucasian languages 1 article or add a request for it.
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	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/northwest_caucasian_languages_1 (194 words)

	North Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Northeast Caucasian languages are characterised by extraordinary complexity in the noun: the example of Tabasaran has been noted, where a series of locative cases intersect with a series of suffixes designating motion with regard to the location, producing an array of some 48 locative suffixes (often incorrectly described as noun cases).
		However, the verbal complex in the Northwest Caucasian phylum is astonishing in its complexity: the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, benefactive objects and most local functions are expressed in the verb.
		The extremes of phonology found in these languages - Ubykh (Northwest) has 80 consonants, and Archi is thought to have 76 - as well as the grammatical extremes in the languages appear to back this up, but the issue is still contentious.
	north-caucasian-languages.area51.ipupdater.com (283 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Generally, the former are spoken south of the Caucasus and the latter north of the Caucasus watershed.
		Basque has been linked with the South Caucasian languages, due to the fact that Basque is the only ergative language remaining in western Europe.
		Some analyses of Proto-South Caucasian indicate that this protolanguage possessed just one phonemic vowel; this bears an interesting resemblance to some reconstructions of the Proto-Indo-European language, which has also been reconstructed with just one vowel (although this is not widely accepted).
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/caucasian_languages.html (480 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		The North Caucasian languages are divided into two groups: Abkhazo-Adyghian, or the Northwest Caucasian, languages, and Nakho-Dagestanian, or the Northeast Caucasian, languages.
		Along with the consonants that occur in all the Caucasian languages, the Abkhazo-Adyghian languages are characterized by different sets of labialized consonants (formed by rounding the lips), strong (hard or tense) consonants, half-hushing consonants, and velarized consonants (formed with the back of the tongue approaching the soft palate).
		All the Caucasian languages have a series of stops of three types--voiced, voiceless aspirated, and glottalized (i.e., pronounced, respectively, with vibrating vocal cords; with vocal cords not vibrating but with an accompanying audible puff of breath; and with accompanying closure of the glottis [space between the vocal cords]).
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/kultur/diledebiyat.html (2513 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic orAbkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasian part of Russia, in Turkey and in Abkhazia (an autonomous republic of Georgia).
		There are five languages in the Northwest Caucasian family: Abkhaz, Abaza, Kabard-Cherkess, Adyghe or West Circassian, and Ubykh.
		The North-West Caucasian languages are currently undergoing some study as to whether they may share a phyletic link with the Indo-European family, at a time depth of about 12,000years before the present.
	www.therfcc.org /northwest-caucasian-languages-81536.html (776 words)

	Languages of the Caucasus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The term Caucasian languages is loosely used to refer to a large and extremely varied array of Languages spoken by more than seven million people in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
		Many of the Caucasian Languages have case systems (noun inflection rules) of a particular kind, known as ergative, which sets them apart from most European languages.
		The reality of the North Caucasian family is not yet widely accepted; many of the cognates that have been claimed between its branches may actually be be loanwords.
	languages-of-the-caucasus.area51.ipupdater.com (897 words)

	Languages of the Caucasus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Many of the Caucasian languages have case systems (noun inflection rules) of a particular kind, known as ergative, which sets them typologically apart from most European languages.
		Comparisons have been made to all the three language families, Northeast Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian and Kartvelian, the most elaborate being the Dene-Caucasian hypothesis of John D. Bengtson's, yet the suggested evidence, though tempting, is considered as yet undecisive by many linguists, and the question of Basque's distant relatives thus remains open.
		It has been speculated that the South Caucasian languages may be related to the extinct Iberian language, spoken until the 1st century BC in the Iberian peninsula (which is known as "Western Iberia" in the Caucasus, to distinguish it from the Caucasian Iberia).
	www.tocatch.info /en/Languages_of_the_Caucasus.htm (906 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Northwest Caucasian languages also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian are a group of languages spoken the Caucasian part of Russia in Turkey and in Abkhazia (an autonomous republic of Georgia).
		There are five languages in the Northwest family: Abkhaz Abaza Kabard-Cherkess Adyghe or West Circassian and Ubykh.
		The North-West Caucasian languages are currently undergoing study as to whether they may share phyletic link with the Indo-European family at a time depth of 12 000 years before the present.
	www.freeglossary.com /Northwest_caucasian_languages (1049 words)

	North caucasian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Start the North caucasian languages article or add a request for it.
		Look for "North caucasian languages" in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for "North caucasian languages" in the Wikimedia Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/north_caucasian_languages (188 words)

	Learn more about Indo-European languages in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Recent theories have been proposed by the linguist John Colarusso that the Caucasian languages, particularly the Northwest Caucasian family, spoken in Georgia and Turkey, may be the closest relatives to the Indo-European stock.
		In particular, the one-vowel hypothesis which has been put forward for Indo-European would be borne out by the usage of substantial secondary articulation like that found in the Northwest Caucasian languages and, indeed, in the hypothesised PIE.
		Also, the Northwest Caucasian languages preserve a large number of guttural phonemes which may be the modern equivalents of PIE "laryngeals".
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /i/in/indo_european_languages.html (772 words)

	Caucasian Languages
		Northwest Caucasian or Abkhaz-Adyghe (or Abkhaz-Circassian), a family of uncertain age (evidently older than the Romance or Slavic families and younger than Indo-European, which is about 6000 years old) with three or four daughter languages.
		Speakers of Northwest Caucasian languages are mostly Muslims.
		Though most speakers of Northeast Caucasian languages are Muslims, the Udi (who now inhabit three villages in Azerbaijan and Georgia and are remnants of a larger pre-Georgian population) are monophysite Christians.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/nichols/nichols.html (1343 words)

	Northeast Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This family is known for the complex phonology (up to 60 consonants or up to 30 vowels in some languages), stop consonants, noun classes, ergative sentence structure, and large number of noun cases, including several locative cases.
		Avar — 500,000 speakers, mostly in the Northwest Dagestan highlands.
		Some scholars see affinities between the Northeast Caucasian languages and the Hurro-Urartian languages, an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East which comprises only two languages, Hurrian and Urartian, and place them together in the Alarodian family.
	northeast-caucasian-languages.area51.ipupdater.com (255 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages
		The Northwest Caucasian languages or Abkhaz-Adyg languages are a family of languages spoken in the Caucasian part of Russia and in Abkhazia.
		The Adyghe language[?] is one of the more widely spoken North-West Caucasian languages.
		Ubykh is characterised by pharyngealised consonants[?] and a four-way contrast between sibilants, or hissing-type sounds, of which English "s" is one; English contrasts two, whereas Ubykh contrasts four.
	www.fastload.org /no/Northwest_Caucasian_languages.html (550 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kabardian is characterised by ejective fricative s and a small number of vowels in speech.
		Ubykh is characterised by pharyngealised consonant s and a four-way contrast between sibilant s, or hissing-type sounds, of which English "s" is one; English contrasts two, whereas Ubykh contrasts four.
		Some linguists have proposed to join all the language families spoken only in the Caucasus (South, Northwest, Northeast, and North-central Caucasian languages) into a single "Iberian-Caucasian" or "Ibero-Caucasian" family.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Northwest_Caucasian_languages.html (2069 words)

	Abkhaz language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Abkhaz is a Norwest Caucasian language spoken in Georgia and Turkey.
		Like the other Northwest Caucasian languages, Abkhaz is very rich in consonants, with 58, but has only a few vowels (either two or three, depending upon the analysis).
		Below is the IPA phoneme chart for the standard dialect (Abzhuy); the Bzyp dialect has nine additional consonants, and the Sadz dialect has a few less.
	abkhaz-language.area51.ipupdater.com (471 words)

	New Nation News - Kennewick Man - aboriginal Caucasian in Pacific Northwest
		A federal judge has barred Northwest Indian tribes from further participation in the Kennewick Man lawsuit by ordering the case limited to government defendants and the scientists who want to study the ancient skeleton.
		When an ancient skeleton was unearthed in the Pacific Northwest four years ago, some anthropologists said the skull didn't resemble modern American Indians, spurring speculation that Indians weren't the only, or even the first, people to arrive in the Americas.
		U.S. Giving Caucasian Kennewick Man To Red Tribes PORTLAND, Ore., -- Kennewick Man, one of the oldest and most complete human skeletons ever found in North America, is one step closer to returning to the earth -- and one step farther from the lab.
	www.newnation.org /NNN-kennewick-man.html (4497 words)

	Ibero-Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The affinities between the four families above are still disputed, especially between South Caucasian and the three northern families.
		The name "Iberian" refers to Caucasian Iberia, a kingdom centered in Eastern Georgia which lasted from the 4th century BC to the 5th century AD, and is not related to the Iberian Peninsula.
		Because of its historical connections to the country of Georgia, the use of "Iberian" to refer to the four language families is deprecated by some speakers of those languages.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Iberian-Caucasian_languages (212 words)

	Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli)
		Laz, a South Caucasian language closely related to Mingrelian and spoken in Turkey and Georgia by about 33,000 people.
		Svan, a South Caucasian language with about 30,000 speakers mainly in the northwest of Georgia.
		Abkhaz, a Northwest Caucasian language, was also once written with the Mkhedruli alphabet, but is now written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/georgian2.htm (531 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages - InformationBlast
		Furthermore, Kabardian has several dialects, Terek, the literary standard, and Besney, which occupies a position intermediate between Terek Kabardian and the Adyghe complex.
		Some linguists have proposed to join all the language families spoken only in the Caucasus (South, Northwest, Northeast, and North-central Caucasian languages) into a single "Iberian-Caucasian" or "Ibero-Caucasian"family.
		However, there is no significant evidence that those four families have a common origin, so "Ibero-Caucasian" is still basically a geographic label.
	www.informationblast.com /Circassian.html (787 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in Caucasian Russia, Turkey, Jordan, Kabardino-Balkaria (an autonomous republic in Russia) and Abkhazia (an autonomous republic in Georgia).
		The languages in the Northwest Caucasian family are related as follows: Image:Northwest_Caucasian_languages.png
		The language has been shown to demonstrate some affinity with the Abkhaz-Adyg languages.
	northwest-caucasian-languages.area51.ipupdater.com (943 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics [CILT 246] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This volume is a collection of seventeen papers, on languages of all three indigenous Caucasian families as well as other languages spoken in the territory of the former Soviet Union.
		Some of the most exciting contributions to the collection represent significant advances in the reconstruction of the prehistory of such understudied language families as Northeast Caucasian, Tungusic and the baffling isolate Ket.
		This book will be of interest not only to specialists in the indigenous languages of the former USSR, but also to historical and synchronic linguists seeking to familiarize themselves with the fascinating, typologically diverse languages from the interior of the Eurasian continent.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT%20246 (402 words)

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