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Topic: Northwest Caucasian languages

	Northwest Caucasian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Current theory holds that the richness of consonantal phoneme systems in the Northwest Caucasian languages is the result of a process which removes vowel features such as labialisation and palatalisation from the vowels in a root and reassigns them instead to the consonants which surround them.
		Northwest Caucasian languages have rather simple noun systems, manifesting only a handful of cases at the most, coupled with a verbal system so complex that virtually the entire syntactic structure of the sentence is repeated in the verb.
		The North-West Caucasian languages are currently undergoing some study as to whether they may share a phyletic link with the Indo-European family, at a time depth of about 12,000 years before the present.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages (970 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This ancient religious language used by the (The language of the Hittites and the principal language of the Anatolian group of languages; deciphered from cuneiform inscriptions) Hittites in some of their liturgy was totally unrelated to their secular (Click link for more info and facts about Nesili) Nesili, i.e.
		the (The family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia) Indo-European language known as (The language of the Hittites and the principal language of the Anatolian group of languages; deciphered from cuneiform inscriptions) Hittite.
		The North-West Caucasian languages are currently undergoing some study as to whether they may share a phyletic link with the (The family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia) Indo-European family, at a time depth of about 12,000 years before the present.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/N/No/Northwest_Caucasian_languages.htm (1134 words)

	Ubykh language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is sometimes said to be eclipsed by Khoisan languages such as !Kung, which have been claimed to have over 100 click consonants alone, but it now seems that many of the more unusual Khoisan consonants are actually consonant clusters.
		Ubykh may be related to Hattic, a language spoken in Anatolia before 2000 BC and written in a cuneiform script.
		In the scheme of Northwest Caucasian evolution, Ubykh is the most divergent language of the Abkhaz-Abaza branch, and has a number of features which are unique even within that family.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ubykh_language (3227 words)

	Abkhaz language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abkhaz is a (Click link for more info and facts about Norwest Caucasian language) Norwest Caucasian language spoken in (A state in southeastern United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War) Georgia and (A Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923) Turkey.
		Abkhaz is a (Click link for more info and facts about Northwest Caucasian language) Northwest Caucasian language, indicating it originated in the northwest (The mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia) Caucasus.
		Like all other Northwest Caucasian languages, Abkhaz has an extremely complex verbal system coupled with a very simple noun system; Abkhaz distinguishes just two cases, the (The category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verb) nominative and the (A word or group of words function as an adverb) adverbial.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/A/Ab/Abkhaz_language.htm (600 words)

	GRAMMATICAL GENDER FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For example, in the Caucasian language Archi the noun ''lo'' ("child") can take Masculine gender when it refers to a young boy, Feminine gender to denote a girl, and Neuter gender (normally used for inanimates), when the sex of child is unknown or irrelevant (Corbett 1994).
		In all Caucasian languages that manifest class, it is not marked on the noun itself but on the dependent verbs, adjectives, pronouns and prepositions.
		In Indo-European languages that assign genders to all nouns, the genders often correspond roughly to declensions that govern the way the nouns are inflected.
	www.flowergods.com /Grammatical_gender (2271 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		Along with the consonants that occur in all the Caucasian languages, the Abkhazo-Adyghian languages are characterized by different sets of labialized consonants (formed by rounding the lips), strong (hard or tense) consonants, half-hushing consonants, and velarized consonants (formed with the back of the tongue approaching the soft palate).
		The consonant systems of the Nakh languages are relatively simple, coinciding, on the whole, with those of the South Caucasian languages (apart from a number of pharyngeal consonants characteristic of all the Nakh languages and a lateral sound peculiar to Bats).
		All the Caucasian languages have a series of stops of three types--voiced, voiceless aspirated, and glottalized (i.e., pronounced, respectively, with vibrating vocal cords; with vocal cords not vibrating but with an accompanying audible puff of breath; and with accompanying closure of the glottis [space between the vocal cords]).
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/kultur/diledebiyat.html (2513 words)

	Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR Papers from the Fourth Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR Papers from the Fourth Conference
		Howard I. Aronson, ed.: Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR: Papers from the Fourth Conference, 309 p., 1994 (ISBN: 0-89357-250-0), $24.95.
		The first, and larger, part of the volume (all the papers from Aronson's through Tuite's) are homage to the great Georgian scholar, Akaki Shanidze (1887-1987).
	slavica.com /recent/rb02.htm (115 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages - Info Voyager : Travel Guides : Information Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Northwest Caucasian languages or Abkhaz-Adyg languages are a family of languages spoken in the Caucasian part of Russia and in Abkhazia.
		The basis behind this theory is that, during language evolution, vowel features such as labialisation[?], pharyngealisation[?] or frontness[?] are removed from the vowels in a root and reassigned instead to the consonants which surround them.
		The Adyghe language[?] is one of the more widely spoken North-West Caucasian languages.
	www.infovoyager.com /info/ab/Abkhaz-Adyg_languages.html (554 words)

	Chechen - www.ezboard.com
		The Chechen language is a northern Caucasian language and one of the official languages of Chechnya.
		Chechen belongs to one of the four subfamilies of Caucasian languages, known as the Nakh subfamily, whose center of distribution is the Caucasus mountains of central and northern Georgia and the smaller countries just to the north such as Ingushetia and Chechnya, although the inhabitants of Alania speak a language belonging to the Indo-Iranian family.
		The Caucasian language group is unrelated to Russian and the other Indo-European languages to the north, the Ural-Altaic languages to the east, and the Semitic and Indo-Iranian languages to the south, forming its own unique family.
	pub18.ezboard.com /fbalkansfrm114.showMessage?topicID=137.topic (5594 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasian part of Russia, in Turkey and in Abkhazia (an autonomous republic of Georgia).
		There are five languages in the Northwest Caucasian family: Abkhaz, Abaza, Kabard-Cherkess, Adyghe or West Circassian, and Ubykh.
		Some linguists have proposed to join all the language families spoken only in the Caucasus (South, Northwest, Northeast, and North-central Caucasian languages) into a single Ibero-Caucasian family.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/northwest_caucasian_languages_1 (860 words)

	Caucasian Languages
		Northwest Caucasian or Abkhaz-Adyghe (or Abkhaz-Circassian), a family of uncertain age (evidently older than the Romance or Slavic families and younger than Indo-European, which is about 6000 years old) with three or four daughter languages.
		The indigenous languages of the Caucasus are known for their complex consonant systems (including ejectives and pharyngeals), complex morphology, and ergativity (identical case or other coding on subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects of transitives; distinct coding on subjects of transitives).
		At present and for all known history and known prehistory, languages with large numbers of speakers have both lowland and highland ranges and a generally elongate vertical distribution; these are economically advantageous and/or culturally prestigious languages that have spread uphill.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/nichols/nichols.html (1343 words)

	North Caucasian languages (from Caucasian languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The North Caucasian languages are divided into two groups: Abkhazo-Adyghian, or the Northwest Caucasian, languages, and Nakho-Dagestanian, or the Northeast Caucasian, languages.
		One of the distinctive characteristics of a majority of these languages is the contrast of strong and weak voiceless consonants.
		A language family that covers a broad geographical region and a vast historical period, the Semitic language group is part of an even larger language family known as Afro-Asiatic, or Hamito-Semitic.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-75101?tocId=75101&query=abaza (736 words)

	Accent Addition
		Surprisingly many immigrants and other language learners do want to be able to speak as native-like as possible according to a high target that they should be allowed to set up and reach together with their teachers, so the required motivation is usually intrinsically high.
		The method is based on (i) the hypothesis that the entire spoken language acquisition (L1 and L2 alike) pivots on pronunciation and particularly prosody, and on (ii) the insight that the ear and hearing, i.e.
		The pronunciation exercising is actually the language course, under the assumption that most of the rest of the language pivots on the prosody and pronunciation.
	olle-kjellin.com /SpeechDoctor/ProcLP98.html (9426 words)

	Definition of Northeast Caucasian languages
		The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, or Dagestan, are a family of languages spoken mostly in Dagestan, Northern Azerbaijan and Georgia.
		This family is known for the complex phonology (up to 60 consonants or up to 30 vowels in some languages), stop consonants, noun classes, ergative sentence structure, and large number of noun cases, including several locative cases.
		Some scholars see affinities between the Northeast Caucasian languages and the Hurro-Urartian languages, an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East which comprises only two languages, Hurrian and Urartian, and place them together in the Alarodian family.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Northeast_Caucasian_languages (297 words)

	Caucasian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Caucasian is originally a geographical term, meaning relative or pertaining to the Caucasus region of eastern Europe.
		in linguistics, the Caucasian languages are a large number of languages spoken in the Caucasus area; often specifically those that have no demonstrated relatives outside of that region, which are classified into the South, Northwest, Northeast, and North-central Caucasian language families.
		Usage of the term "Caucasian" for "White Person" is mostly restricted to the USA.
	mywiseowl.com /articles/Caucasian (291 words)

	Term paper on Northwest Caucasian languages
		Northwest Caucasian languages have rather simple noun systems coupled with a verbal system so complex that virtually the entire syntactic structure of the sentence is repeated in the verb.
		They do not permit more than one finite verb in a sentence, which precludes the existence of subordinate clauses; to get around this, they have impressive arrays of nominal and participial non-finite verb forms.
		The languages in the Northwest Caucasian family are related as follows: Image:Northwest_Caucasian_languages.png
	www.termpapertopic.org /no/northwest-caucasian-languages.html (903 words)

	Ibero-Caucasian languages - Famous Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Ibero-Caucasian group would also include the extinct languages Hattic, Hurrian and Urartian, which have been connected by some linguists to the Northwest and Northeast families.
		The name "Iberian" refers to Caucasian Iberia, a kingdom centered in Eastern Georgia which lasted from the 4th century BC to the 5th century AD, and is not related to the Iberian Peninsula.
		Because of its historical connections to the country of Georgia, the use of "Iberian" to refer to the four language families is deprecated by some speakers of those languages.
	www.famous.tc /Iberian-Caucasian_languages.html (187 words)

	Language School Explorer - Information about Adyghe_language
		Adyghe (ÐÐ´ÑÐ³Ñ) is one of the two official languages of the Federal Republic of Adygeya in the Russian Federation.
		Adyghe belongs to the family of Northwest Caucasian languages.
		Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic subject-object-verb typology, and is characterized by an ergative construction of the sentence.
	www.school-explorer.com /info/Adyghe_language (195 words)

	Northwest Caucasian languages - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		nl:Abchazo-Adygeïsche talen The Northwest Caucasian languages or Abkhaz-Adyg languages are a family of languages spoken in the Caucasian part of Russia, in Turkey and in Abkhazia.
		The Kabardian language, also called Kabard-Cherkess, is split into two dialects, Terek, the literary standard, and Besney, which occupies a position intermediate between Terek Kabardian and the Adyghe complex.
		The Russian linguist Sergei Starostin maintains a Northwest Caucasian etymological database as part of his Tower of Babel etymological project, at http://starling.rinet.ru/
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Northwest_Caucasian_languages (704 words)

	Linguistics 201: Phonology
		Another phonotactic constraint prevents [Z] from occurring at the beginning or at the end of native English words (this rule might be changing under the influence of borrowed foreign names such as "Zsa-Zsa, Jacques, Zhanna, etc."). Phonotactic rules could be called phonetic syntax.
		These are called accidental gaps in the vocabulary of a language; they are potential words--perhaps someone will tomorrow use [charp] to describe the green mutant potato chip found at the bottom of a bag of chips.
		You will recall that in fusional languages, the morphemes alter their phonetic shape to accommodate the sound of adjacent morphemes. Let's classify these type of changes on phonological grounds.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test2materials/Phonology3.htm (1282 words)

	Northwest Caucasian Languages Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Looking For northwest caucasian languages - Find northwest caucasian languages and more at Lycos Search.
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	mylocalcolor.com /encyclopedia/Northwest_Caucasian_languages (1145 words)

	Bibliography of the Kabardian Language
		URISS AND L. The idea that languages without vowels exist is an enduring urban myth, the linguistic equivalent of the crocodile in the sewer or the poodle in the microwave.
		THE CLASSIFICATION OF LABIALIZED SIBILANTS IN NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN [FOLIA SLAVICA, Vol.
		RIEKS SMEETS IS A LECTURER IN CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN.
	www.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/bibkablang.htm (4438 words)

	Circassian Lexicography
		Note: The Kabardians and the Cherkess use the same literary and official language.
		Dictionary of the Literary Language of Ali Shchojen-ts'ik'w.
		Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1984.
	www.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/circlexi.html (168 words)

	Bert Vaux
		Proceedings of the International Association of Armenian Studies Conference on Middle Armenian Language and Literature, Leiden, Holland, March 1993.
		to appear Homshetsma: The Language of the Armenians of Hamshen.
		1999/4 The Fate of the Armenian Language in New England.
	www.uwm.edu /~vaux/cv.html (2793 words)

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