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Topic: Northwest Semitic languages

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	Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		The Appendix of Semitic Roots (Appendix II) that follows this essay is designed to allow the reader to trace English words derived from Semitic languages back to their fundamental components in Proto-Semitic, the parent language of all ancient and modern Semitic languages.
		Central Semitic is further subdivided into the South Arabian inscriptional languages; classical, medieval, and modern forms of Arabic; and the Northwest Semitic languages, which include Hebrew and Aramaic.
		A distinctive characteristic of the Semitic languages is the formation of words by the combination of a “root” of consonants in a fixed order, usually three, and a “pattern” of vowels and, sometimes, affixes before and after the root.
	www.bartleby.com /61/10.html (3655 words)

	Semitic languages information - Search.com
		Semitic languages were among the earliest to attain a written form, with Akkadian writing beginning in the middle of the third millennium BC.
		Modern Ethiopian Semitic languages are SOV, possessor — possessed, and adjective — noun, probably due to Cushitic influence; however, the oldest attested Ethiopian Semitic language, Geez, was VSO, possessed — possessor, and noun — adjective[1].
		All Semitic languages exhibit a unique pattern of stems consisting of "triliteral" or consonantal roots (normally consisting of three consonants), from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed by inserting vowels with, potentially, prefixes, suffixes, or infixes (consonants inserted within the original root).
	www.search.com /reference/Semitic_languages (2247 words)

	Semitic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Semitic languages were among the earliest to attain a written form, with Akkadian writing beginning in the middle of the third millennium BC.
		Since Semitic is a member of Afro-Asiatic, a principally African family, the first speakers of proto-Semitic are generally believed to have arrived in the Middle East from Africa, although this question is still much debated.
		By the end of the millennium, East Semitic languages dominated in Mesopotamia, while West Semitic languages were probably spoken from Syria to Yemen, although data is sparse.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semitic_languages (1517 words)

	Phoenician languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called PÅ«t in Phoenician, Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic, and Phoenicia in Greek and Latin.
		Phoenician is a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		The significantly divergent later-form of the language that was spoken in the Tyrian Phoenician colony of Carthage is known as Punic ; it remained in use there for considerably longer than Phoenician did in Phoenicia itself, surviving certainly into Augustine 's time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phoenician_languages (862 words)

	Northwest Semitic Collection (7 volumes)
		The Northwest Semitic Collection sheds light on the northwestern branch of the Semitic family of languages, of which Biblical Hebrew is a member.
		In the first section, entitled “Northwest Semitic Grammar and Hebrew,” the author gives a brief survey, with bibliography, of the grammatical phenomena in the texts from Job, which is discussed at greater length in the second section.
		Northwest Semitic Collection’s arrival to the Logos Bible Software library means these 7 helpful volumes have become more useful than ever to your study of Semitic languages.
	www.logos.com /products/prepub/details/2941 (1360 words)

	Northwest Semitic Philology
		Comparative Semitics is devoted primarily to the mastery of the languages of the Near East, with a less important history-archaeology component than in Northwest Semitic Philology; as one of the programs here described, the principal languages would be Hebrew and Aramaic.
		"Northwest Semitic Philology" is intended as a comprehensive title to include a variety of specific programs devoted to the study of texts in the languages and dialects of the Northwest Semitic peoples (Ugaritic, Phoenician-Punic, the Transjordanian dialects, all dialects of Hebrew and of Aramaic).
		In addition to the language requirements, each student is expected to be proficient in another major Semitic language and in the history and archaeology of the ancient Near East (and of Syria-Palestine in particular).
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/nelc/programs/NWSemitics_prog.htm (1449 words)

	Semitic.eu
		Most of the Maghreb (Northwest Africa) followed, particularly in the wake of the Banu Hilal's incursion in the 11th century, and Arabic became the native language even of many inhabitants of Spain.
		A number of Gurage languages are to be found in the mountainous center-south of Ethiopia, while Harari is restricted to the city of Harar.
		Ethiopic-derived languages use a completely different root (--f) for the verb "to write" (this root exists in Arabic and is used to form words with close meaning to "writing", such as ṣaḥāfa "journalism", and ṣaḥīfa "newspaper" or "parchment").
	www.semitic.eu (2318 words)

	Hamito-Semitic languages -> The Semitic Subfamily on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Semitic languages are named after Shem or Sem, the oldest son of Noah, from whom most of the languages' speakers were said to be descended.
		The Semitic verb is distinguished by its ability to form from the same root a number of derived stems that express new meanings based on the fundamental sense, such as passive, reflexive, causative, and intensive.
		Southeast Semitic is represented by the South Arabic language of ancient South Arabia, which is preserved in inscriptions, and by the Semitic languages of Ethiopia, such as classical Ethiopic or Geez, Amharic, Tigre, and Tigrinya.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/hamitose_thesemiticsubfamily.asp (1553 words)

	Semitic Languages (and the Phoenician language)
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these many Middle Easter countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		It diverged from the South Arabian languages around the beginning of the Christian era, reaching its greatest extension in the 4th century AD, when it was spoken especially in the kingdom of Aksum on either side of the present-day border of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
	www.phoenicia.org /semlang.html (2757 words)

	Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures
		Students interested primarily in the ancient world are encouraged to study the later languages and literatures as well, and students of the later period may choose to study the older languages.
		Language courses above the 500 level may be repeated, provided that their contents have changed in accord with the needs and progress of the students.
		"The Language of the Samaria Papyri," Maarav 5-6 (1990) 169-87.
	arts-sciences.cua.edu /semitics (2656 words)

	Hebrew 101 > Hebrew Language > History
		The Canaanite languages are a group within Northwest Semitic, emerging in the 2nd millennium BCE in the Levant, gradually separating from Aramaic and Ugaritic.
		In its widest sense, Classical Hebrew means the spoken language of ancient Israel flourishing between the 10th century BCE and the turn of the 4th century CE.[2] It comprises several evolving and overlapping dialects.
		The official ordinance stated that Yiddish, being the spoken language of the Russian Jews, should be treated as their only national language, while Hebrew was to be treated as a foreign language.[7] Hebrew books and periodicals ceased to be published and were seized from the libraries, although liturgical texts were still published until the 1930s.
	www.101languages.net /hebrew/history.html (2375 words)

	Aramaic language - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As the language grew in importance, it came to be spoken throughout the Mediterranean coastal area of the Levant, and spread east of the Tigris.
		It is the language of the city-states of Damascus, Hamath and Arpad.
		Nabataean Aramaic is the language of the Arab kingdom of Petra.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Aramaic (6012 words)

	What's in a Name? - Maxwell Institute JBMS
		This is because Lehi, who spoke Hebrew, had also "been taught in the language of the Egyptians" (Mosiah 1:4) and had in turn apparently instructed his son Nephi in the same (see 1 Nephi 1:2).
		Such a language could be ancient South Semitic, which was used in the general area through which Lehi and his family traveled during their eight-year journey.
		Nephi's statement in 1 Nephi 1:2 is ambiguous because it does not discuss which script he wrote in, leaving open the possibility that "language" could refer to either the spoken language or to the script.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?id=288&table=jbms (2727 words)

	Semitic Languages (and the Phoenician language) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these many Middle Easter countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		It diverged from the South Arabian languages around the beginning of the Christian era, reaching its greatest extension in the 4th century AD, when it was spoken especially in the kingdom of Aksum on either side of the present-day border of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
	phoenicia.org /semlang.html (2728 words)

	ELOHIM : VAQQAHSHAH
		In the OT it is known as "Judaean," "[language of the] Jews" (2 Kings 18:26, 28; Isa.
		The Canaanite tongues are part of the Northwest Semitic branch of the Semitic language family (so called after Shem, the father of the Semitic peoples, Gen. 10:1).
		Some of the other Northwest semitic languages are Ugaritic (classed by some scholars as Canaanite because of certain similarities with Hebrew), Aramaic (in which a few passages of the OT are written), and Amorite (known only from personal names in Egyptian and cuneiform documents).
	www.messiah.org /2dialects.htm (698 words)

	Akkadian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Akkadian is a Semitic language, and became dominant because Sargon king of Akkad was the first Semite to gain ascendancy in the region.
		The language of Ugarit (a Canaanite dialect referred to as Ugaritic) is very close indeed to biblical Hebrew and so throws much light on the meaning of biblical words and expressions.
		These "tongues of Canaan" are close to others in the Northwest Semitic branch of the Semitic language family.
	www.yeshuamyredeemer.com /semitic_languages_detailed.htm (1080 words)

	Bible Summary: General Information About the Text
		Hebrew was the language of the northern and southern kingdoms of Israel and Judah respectively.
		It became the major language of the ancient Near East and was spoken and written by most nations of the area until the rise of Islam subjugated it and replaced it with Arabic.
		Though the native language of the Romans was Latin, the language of the Empire, and especially the eastern half of the empire where the Jews lived, was Greek; the Greeks, though militarily weak, had been culturally powerful, leaving their mark on Roman thinking in everything from their language and theology, to their laws and philosophy.
	www.theology.edu /summ3.htm (7203 words)

	Evertype: The Alphabets of Europe
		The exclusion of such languages from this report is not intended to imply any bias whatsoever against such “immigrant” languages or their speakers.
		For each language, first the name of the language is given in English, followed by the original name of the language in its natural spelling, with a transliteration into Latin letters in parentheses where the original language does not use the Latin script.
		In some cases, especially in the case of the “lesser-used” languages, this information may have been inferred from the preferred quotation marks used by a “dominant” language in the area in which the “lesser-used” language is found.
	www.evertype.com /alphabets (3504 words)

	UWA Handbooks 2005 - Semitic Languages and Linguistics 325 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Content : The Semitic language family is of great interest for historical and typological linguists, as well as of general cultural interest.
		Semitic languages have been the vehicle for most of the literary heritage of two of the three great monotheistic religions, Judaism and Islam, and a substantial part of that of the third, Christianity.
		This unit provides an introduction to the structure and history of Semitic languages with special emphasis on the classical forms of the Northwest Semitic languages, Hebrew and Aramaic.
	handbooks-2005.weboffice.uwa.edu.au /units/151/151.325 (296 words)

	amharic language translation, language of ethiopia, semitic language, Amharic የአማርኛ ...
		Amharic (አማርኛ) is a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia.
		It is also the official or working language of several of the states within the federal system, including Amhara and the multi-ethnic Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples region.
		Outside Ethiopia, Amharic is the language of some 2.7 million emigrants (notably in Egypt, Israel and Sweden), and is spoken in Eritrea by Eritrean deportees from Ethiopia.
	www.ethiotrans.com /amharic2.htm (898 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library Semitic, pt. 1
		You have reached the first page on Semitic languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		updated 12-18-2001 Aramaic (Afro-Asiatic) is a sub-branch of the Northern West Semitic sub-branch of the West Semitic sub-branch of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages.
		It is written with the Hebrew alphabet, and was the language of the country of Palestine at the time of Christ.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/semite1h.htm (1301 words)

	SEMITIC LANGUAGES
		The area of Semitic languages is actually much larger than the area most people associate with the term "Semitic".
		While the term itself covers a geographical area from the Sinai to Iraq, and from Syria to Yemen, Semitic languages stretch all the way along the southern Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, into Mali and along the coast of the Red Sea all the way to Somalia in Africa.
		Semitic languages are also spoken in Malta and on some islands in the Indian Ocean.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/SEMITIC+LANGUAGES (469 words)

	Hebrew Grad Program
		The Department of Hebrew and Semitic Studies teaches Hebrew as a classical and living language and provides the opportunity to study the literature and thought of the cultures based on that language, including biblical Israel, Second Temple Judaism, rabbinic and medieval Judaism, and modern Israel.
		It is structured to bring the student a high level of competence in Biblical language, texts, and literature and to provide a strong foundation for these studies through courses in other Northwest Semitic languages.
		The MA in Hebrew Bible focuses on the literature and language of the Hebrew Bible within its Northwest Semitic context.
	hebrew.wisc.edu /GRADPRO-05-06.html (2372 words)

	Semitics
		Library holdings reflect their interests: the languages and thought of the Bible and the ancient Near East and the languages, literatures and history of the Christian Near East.
		CUA was founded as a graduate center for instruction and research, and the Semitics department in the School of Arts and Sciences has remained primarily a graduate department.
		Ancient languages of the Near East, with an emphasis on those regularly taught and studied in the Semitics department and the Institute of Christian Oriental Research.
	libraries.cua.edu /semicoll/colldev.html (988 words)

	Hebrew Lesson One
		The Northwest Semitic languages are subdivided into the Canaanite and Aramaic branches, with Hebrew falling under the Canaanite branch.
		As with many Semitic languages, the vowels were not originally indicated by the writing system (both Modern Hebrew and Arabic write only the consonents).
		Vowel pronunciation was understood from a knowledge of the language and context.
	www.theology.edu /hebrew/hb01.htm (319 words)

	IBSS - Languages - Aramaic
		Aramaic is still a spoken language in small areas of Syria, turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
		Aramaic belongs to the same family of languages as Hebrew called Northwest Semitic languages.
		This was the official administrative language of the Persian empire (4th-6th centuries BC).
	www.bibleandscience.com /languages/aramaic.htm (454 words)

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