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Topic: Northwestern Iranian languages

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	INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES - LoveToKnow Article on INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As the language of the Midland is derived from the old dialect of which Sanskrit is the polished form, it is approximately true to say that it is derived from that form of speech, and its fiative vocabulary (allowing for phonetic development) may be said to be the same as that of Sanskrit.
		In such cases all memory of the passive meaning of the participle is lost by the ~astern languages, and it, together with the appropriate pronominal suffixes, becomes in appearance and in practical use an ordinary past tense conjugated as in Latin or in Sanskrit.
		In the other languages of the Outer Band, the memory of the passive nature of the participle is retained, although the conjugation is as synthetic as in the East, and the subject has to be put into the agent case.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IN/INDO_ARYAN_LANGUAGES.htm (5095 words)

	Indian Languages
		Hindi and English are the coofficial national languages of India, and both tongues are used as lingua francas in the various linguistic regions.
		It referred to the mixed Western Hindi-Urdu language that developed in the camps and marketplaces around Delhi, was spread throughout India from the 16th to 18th century, and functioned as a lingua franca among the different language groups.) Bengali is spoken in Bangla and by almost the entire population of Bangladesh.
		Languages belonging to the Indo-Iranian group (a branch of the Indo-European language family), such as Bengali, Hindi-Urdu, Gujarâti, Persian, and Punjabi, are prevalent in northern and central India and most of Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.
	faisal4u.s5.com /related_links/indian_languages.html (1278 words)

	Slavonic languages
		The myriad differences between the dialects and languages in phonetics, grammar, and above all vocabulary may cause misunderstandings even in the simplest of conversations; and the difficulties are greater in the language of journalism, technical usage, and belles lettres, even in the case of closely connected languages.
		The Slovak literary language was formed on the basis of a Central Slovak dialect in the middle of the 19th century.
		The comparatively early rise of the West Slavic (and the westernmost South Slavic) languages as separate literary vehicles was related to a variety of religious and political factors that resulted in the decline of the western variants of the Church Slavonic language.
	www.rkp-montreal.org /en/05slavoniclanguages.html (5789 words)

	Languages of the World
		Language family is the label often used for a conservative genetic classification, one that can be attested only when an abundance of cognates (related words) is available.
		The label language isolate is used for a language that is the only representative of a language family, as Basque or the extinct Sumerian language; the presumptive but unknown sister languages of isolates are dead and unrecorded.
		Dialects of two languages in the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European also are or were spoken in Europe: the Jassic dialect of Ossetic, an Iranian language, formerly spoken in Hungary; and the European dialects of Romany, which was spread by Gypsies throughout Europe and into America.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html (1332 words)

	Origin of the Indo-European languages: Part IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The languages of the former inhabitants of Europe, except the Basque (a non-Indo-European language), were displaced by the Indo-European dialects.
		Zend language is considered to be born from a Northern dialect with respect to the ancient Persian language, but both of them are really joined together and belong to the Western Iranian group.
		The language used in these texts, which are sometimes erroneously named Chaldean-Parsee, is a form of Parthian language which was not utilized in the official epigraphy (written in Aramaic or Greek languages).
	www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar /english/linguistics/origin4.html (2070 words)

	Caucasian Languages
		The indigenous languages of the Caucasus are known for their complex consonant systems (including ejectives and pharyngeals), complex morphology, and ergativity (identical case or other coding on subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects of transitives; distinct coding on subjects of transitives).
		At present and for all known history and known prehistory, languages with large numbers of speakers have both lowland and highland ranges and a generally elongate vertical distribution; these are economically advantageous and/or culturally prestigious languages that have spread uphill.
		Languages with small numbers of speakers, including several one-village languages, are mostly found in the highlands.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/nichols/nichols.html (1343 words)

	Anthropology (Languages)
		The other main regional languages are Turkish, Azari, Kurdish, Arabic and Lori; and there are dozens of other tongues throughout the 26 provinces, such as Gilaki, Baluchi and Turkmen.
		Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands; Western Armenian is spoken elsewhere.
		Language varieties in Suleimaniya, Iraq and Qazwin, Iran may be inherently intelligible with it.
	www.farhangsara.com /language.htm (1800 words)

	Iranian languages
		Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family.
		The Iranian language group is part of the larger Indo-Iranian language subfamily, and accounts for some of the oldest recorded Indo-European languages.
		Indo-Iranian languages originated around modern Afghanistan, and split into the Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Dardic, and Nuristani language groups as the speakers of proto-Indo-Iranian moved west, east, and south.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/iranian_languages (188 words)

	Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Iranian-Speaking Peoples of the Hindu Kush
		Munji—idGa, the language of the small Munji population in the upper Munjân Valley; The idGa dialect is spoken by Munji émigrés in Upper Chitral.
		Ikâmi—Sangleci, the language spoken around the village of Ikâm on the Âb-e Panj (upper Oxus) and in Zêbâk and the neighboring Sanglec Valley to the south.
		History: The Irânian languages stem from the speech of the northern Âryas, whose probable homelands were on the lower Volga and regions adjacent to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, north of their linguistic cousins, the early Indo-Âryas.
	users.sedona.net /~strand/Iranian/Iranians.html (1817 words)

	Zazaki - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Zazaki (Zazakî, Zazaish) or Dimli is a language closely related to the Farsi and Kurdish languages, spoken by the Zaza in eastern Anatolia (Turkey), an ethnic minority related to the Iranians and Kurds.
		The language differs from most Farsi dialects in that it contains archaic strains of Hurrian; it has this in common with the Languages Hawrami and Bayjalani, and these languages are put together in the Zaza-Gorani language group.
		As with many other languages in the region, the exact positioning of Zazaki in terms of language families is controversial; it parallels a similar controversy about the relationship of the various ethnic groups and is politically fraught.
	www.free-definition.com /Zazaki.html (243 words)

	Iranian languages -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article
		Iranian languages are probably spoken by more than 80 million people in southwestern and southern Asia.
		Nearly all the Modern Iranian languages have been written—if at all—in adaptations of the Arabic alphabet.
		Iranian languages are spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and scattered areas of the Caucasus Mountains.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9368164 (968 words)

	Iranian languages - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Numerous languages are spoken in Iran, yet all of them originate from the same linguistic roots.
		He then adds that Dari is the official language of the royal courts and the language of Khorasan and Balkh and eastern Iran; Parsi is the language of the Moobeds of Fars; Khuzi is the unofficial language of the royalty and comes from Khuzestan; and Seryani originates in Mesopotamia.
		It is agreed that the current Turkic form of the Azeri language supplanted and replaced Pahlavi in Azerbaijan before the Safavid dynasty, perhaps starting with the arrival of Seljukian Turks, and during a gradual course.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Iranian_languages (859 words)

	Kurds, Kurdistan and Kurdish Language: Indo-Iranian Language
		The chief towns of the region are Kermanshah (capital of Kermanshahan province, west Iran, a major city of Iranian Kurdistan), Sanandaj (capital of Kurdistan Iranian province), and Ilam (capital of Ilam province)(Iran); Irbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Kirkuk (Iraq); Divarbakir, Erzurum, and Van (Turkey); and Qamishle (Syria).
		South Kurmanji, or Sorani, is the language of a plurality of Kurds in Iraq.
		They speak an Indo-Iranian language that has evolved from the northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and they are predominantly Sunni Muslims, although there are some Shiites in Iran.
	www.nouruzi.itgo.com /kurd.html (1889 words)

	Analysis of Iranian Ethnic Composition
		Turkic tribes began migrating into northwestern Iran in the 11th century, gradually changing the ethnic composition of the region so that by the late 20th century East Azerbaijan Province was more than 90 percent Turkish.
		The Kurds, whose language has seen scant modification over the centuries, are a fierce nomadic people dwelling in the western mountains of Iran and in Iraq and Turkey.
		Iranians were able to a large extent preserve their heritage.
	www.geocities.com /babayadgar/ig.htm (2558 words)

	Languages Of Afghanistan
		Dari is taught in schools; radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics.
		In the two villages Farsi is the common language, and is rapidly replacing Mogholi.
		One of the two official languages taught in schools and used everywhere around the country.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/languages.html (1078 words)

	Ethnologue, Languages of the World
		Over 12,000 citations spanning 70 years of SIL International's language research in over 1,000 languages.
		Books about languages and cultures of the world for education, research, and reference.
		Computer resources including an extensive library for language researchers and software tools and fonts.
	www.ethnologue.com (74 words)

	Iranian & Persian Studies
		Students pursuing a graduate degree in Iranian and Persian Studies are required to meet the general graduate requirements for all students pursuing graduate degrees in the Department of Near Eastern Language and Civilizations.
		The Aga Khan Chair in Iranian is today one of two chairs in Old Iranian studies in the Americas and one of not many more than a handful in the world.
		For the general examination in Persian Language and Literature students are expected, in addition to having a general overview of Persian literature, to read extensively in the corpus of one author and to know the literature of one period in depth.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~nelc/iranian_persian.html (779 words)

	Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan
		Within the Indo-European linguistic family the Nuristâni languages form a third sub-group of the Indo-Iranian group, alongside the Iranian and Indo-Âryan sub-groups.
		Speakers of the precursors of the Nuristâni languages appear to have been on the outer edge of the wave of Âryan expansion that placed the Iranian-speaking peoples in their present locations.
		In the millennium since the Nuristânis entered Nuristân, those in northern Nuristân have assimilated processes from the neighboring Iranian languages across the Hindu Kush, while those in southern Nuristân have remained closer to the Indo-Âryan languages to the south (see the linguistic map).
	users.sedona.net /~strand/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html (2148 words)

	Ethnologue report for Iran
		Distinctive linguistic differences between the Azerbaijani of the former USSR (North) and Iranian Azerbaijani (South) in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loanwords.
		Other Northwestern dialects that have been described in the same area and which may be very closely related include those of Vonishun, Qohrud, Keshe, Zefre, Sedeh, Gaz, Kafran, Mahallat, So, Mejme, and Djaushaqan.
		Esfahan Province: Nayin and Anarak, 100 km east of Esfahan; Khuri is spoken in Khur (Khvor) and Mehrjan, 250 km northeast of Esfahan.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Iran (1874 words)

	Iranian Music Bibliography
		Bailey, H,W. The Persian Language: the legacy of Persia
		A general historical background of the Iranian culture and civilization, ths sources of Iranian history of music, the theory of music, and the rhythms.
		Describes the history and the nature of Persian poetry and language in the era of post Arab invasion in the region of the Sind and Pinjab.
	www.shayda.net /bibliography.html (3462 words)

	Search Tuna Report for kurds medes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Kurdish language is one of the northwestern Iranian languages Iranian languages article close to Persian Persian language article....
		The district of Mardistan, in historic Armenia, corresponds to Artaz, west of the modern Maku, Iranian Azerbaijan....
		These people are Iranian in origin and trace their roots as a people back at least as far as the Medes - who ruled parts of modern Iraq and Iran in the 9th - 6th centuries BC Eagleton concludes that the Kurds.....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/984.html (3010 words)

	Kurdology
		These authors argue that there are no linguistic constraints on the results of language interference; it is rather the sociolinguistic history of the speakers that primarily determines the linguistic outcome (p.35).
		In borrowing, by contrast, both languages are maintained throughout the period of interference; lexical items, especially items of nonbasic vocabulary, are invariably the first borrowed elements; more intensive contact may also lead to the borrowing of structural (i.e., phonological and syntactic) elements.
		Kurmanci) speakers in Amadiya at first preferred to send their children to schools where Arabic was the instruction language.(2) Moreover, it seems that in the 1980s, the opportunities for education in Kurdish were steadily declining as a result of attempts at arabization by the Baath government.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/Papers/Leezenberg93/sec1.html (3516 words)

	iranian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Indo-Iranian language family is comprised of languages spoken primarily in Iran, Afghanistan, some former Soviet republics, some areas of Iraq and Turkey, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.
		Sina Motallebi, Iranian journalist, writer and the blogger behind www.rooznegar.com was summoned by the Iranian authorities and subsequently arrested on ambiguous...
		The Indo-Aryan languages and the Iranian languages together constitute the Indo-Iranian language group, the easternmost major branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
	www.theindustryyellowpages.com /th/iranian.htm (2431 words)

	Kurdica: An Indo-European Language
		Kurdish, Ashkani (Parthian) Pahlavi, Baluchi and Mazandarani are from the western branch of the Northern group of Iranian languages, while Persian and middle Persian (Sassanid Pahlavi) belong to the south branch (see [Kalbasi83]).
		The reader of Ethnologue should be aware that although Ethnologue is an invaluable source of language statistics, but the authorities for its facts are mostly Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) Bible translators.
		Kalbasi, I. " Ergative in Iranian Languages and Dialects", Iranian Journal of Linguistics, Vol.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/iran-lang.html (1801 words)

	Languages of Iran
		Data accuracy estimate: B, C. The number of languages listed for Iran is 71.
		Of those, 69 are living languages and 2 are extinct.
		Half are settled in cities and villages, half are nomadic.
	iranscope.ghandchi.com /Anthology/Culture/LanguagesOfIran.htm (898 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Community
		Those interested to support the movie by adding their names please email full name and phone number to abbasatrvash@yahoo.com, during the week ending June 29, or if you like you may ask for a copy of the letter to be emailed to you.
		The American Iranian Council (AIC) is pleased to announce its next Congressional Roundtable on "The Iranian Presidential Elections and Its Implications for US-Iran Relations", co-sponsored by Representative Bob Ney (R-Ohio).
		Faraj Sarkuhi, the renowned Iranian writer and journalist on Sunday, June 17 at the Sayvery Hall of University of Washington.
	www.iranian.com /Community/2001/June (3438 words)

	Articles - Zazaki language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Zazaki (ZazakÃ®, Zazaish) or Dimli is a language closely related to the Persian and Kurdish languages, spoken by the Zaza in eastern Anatolia (Turkey), an ethnic minority related to the Iranians and Kurds.
		Linguists connect the word Dimli with the Daylamites in the Alborz Mountains near the shores of Caspian Sea in Iran and believe that the Zaza have migrated from Daylamestan towards the west.
		The language differs from most Persian dialects in that it contains archaic strains of Hurrian; it has this in common with the Languages Auramani and Bajalani, and these languages are put together in the Zaza-Gorani language group.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Zazaki (269 words)

	yourDictionary.com • Advisory Council of Experts
		"Noun phrase structure in the languages of the Mediterranean." Forthcoming in Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (with L. Gaeta).
		Glagol v aggliutinatovnom iazyke (The Verb in Agglutinative Languages) Moscow: Linguistic Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1992.
		Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology.
	www.yourdictionary.com /about/experts.html (1024 words)

	Donald Stilo - Publications
		Stilo, Donald, “Coordination in Three Western Iranian Languages: Vafsi, Persian and Gilaki,” [in] M. Haspelmath (ed.), Coordinating Constructions, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2004, 269-330.
		Stilo, Donald, “Iranian as Buffer Zone Between the Universal Typologies of Turkic and Semitic,” [in] Éva Ágnes Csató, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani (eds.), Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, London: RoutledgeCourzon, 2004, 35-63.
		"Survey of Turkic Languages," in "The Regions of the Middle East: Unity and Diversity," Summer Institute of the New York University-Princeton University Joint Center for Near Eastern Studies, June, 1984.
	email.eva.mpg.de /~stilo/Publications.html (749 words)

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