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Topic: Norwalk virus group

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	FAQ: Norwalk and Noroviruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Norwalk virus is a common cause of vomiting and diarreal illness each winter and has often been referred to as "stomach flu" or "Winter Vomiting Disease".
		Norwalk virus causes viral gastroenteritis, which is also known as acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, food poisoning, food infection, stomach flu, and winter vomiting disease.
		Norwalk and Noroviruses are transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route.
	microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca /faq/norwalkfaq.shtml (1016 words)

	Pasco: Norwalk virus to blame in outbreak
		But the virus appears to have stopped spreading, Yacht said, after residents were asked to stay in their rooms and social activities were canceled.
		Norwalk virus is not a large concern, and in most cases, symptoms last only a day or two.
		Norwalk is one of the most common gastrointestinal viruses and spreads easily in places where people are in close, prolonged contact.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/05/27/news_pf/Pasco/Norwalk_virus_to_blam.shtml (464 words)

	Norwalk Virus -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		''Norwalk virus'' is the prototype virus of the genus norovirus of the family ''Caliciviridae''.
		Norwalk gastroenteritis is transmitted by the fecal-oral route via contaminated water and foods.
		In 1972 an intestinal virus outbreak at a primary school led to the discovery of a new virus type, known as the Norwalk virus.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/105/norwalk-virus.html (1757 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book - The Norwalk virus family
		Norwalk virus is the prototype of a family of unclassified small round structured viruses (SRSVs) which may be related to the caliciviruses.
		The genome of Norwalk virus has been cloned and development of gene probes and PCR amplification techniques to detect the virus in clinical specimens and possibly in food are under way.
		Foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk virus are often related to consumption of raw shellfish.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap34.html (1342 words)

	Norwalk Virus
		Norwalk virus is a very common source of non-bacterial diarrhea and vomiting in humans.
		Norwalk viruses are often associated with outbreaks in nursing homes, homes for the aged and other adult institutions due to the close proximity of the residents.
		The virus is passed in stool and in vomit.
	www.parkview.ps.yrdsb.edu.on.ca /NorwalkVirus.htm (300 words)

	Norwalk Virus (Norovirus); FAQ
		Recent high profile outbreaks of norwalk virus (norovirus/winter vomiting virus) in several UK hospitals and amongst the passengers and crew of a number of luxury US cruise liners have brought this virus in to the headlines.
		The norwalk virus, named after the original strain "norwalk virus," which caused an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a school in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1968, and a group of Norwalk-like viruses are among several common micro-organisms that can cause diarrhoea, stomach pain and vomiting for 24 to 48 hours, according to the CDC.
		The main symptoms of norwalk virus infection are diarrhoea; stomach pain and vomiting for 24 to 48 hours.
	www.accepta.com /Industry_Water_Treatment/Norwalk_virus_Norovirus.asp (596 words)

	Norwalk-like Viral Gastroenteritis Outbreak, Fort Bliss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Since the sequencing of the Norwalk virus genome, the members of the Norwalk virus group have been divided into two genotypes, with the Norwalk virus representing the prototypical virus of the G-2 genotype.
		Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses have been identified in 42-60% of viral food- and water-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks since the prototypical Norwalk virus was first visualized by immune electron microscopy in 1972.
		Contaminated cake frosting was identified as a cause of a large Norwalk viral AGE outbreak in Minnesota in 1982.
	amsa.army.mil /1Msmr/1998/v04_n07_Article1.htm (1119 words)

	Norwalk Virus
		Binding of Norwalk virus-like particles to ABH histo-blood group antigens is blocked by antisera from infected human volunteers or experimentally vaccinated mice.
		BACKGROUND and AIMS: Norwalk Virus (NV) is a member of the Caliciviridae family, which causes acute epidemic gastroenteritis in humans of all ages and its cellular receptors have not yet been characterized.
		Norwalk virus infection and disease is associated with ABO histo-blood group type.
	www.thedoctorsdoctor.com /diseases/norwalk_virus.htm (2758 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Rotavirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in children and can also occur in adults exposed to children with the virus.
		Norwalk virus causes group-related or institutional diarrhea with peak frequency during the winter.
		By the age of 3 most children have acquired antibodies to the virus.
	www.utmedicalcenter.org /encyclopedia?file=000252.htm (334 words)

	Norwalk and Norwalk-like Virus Infection
		Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses cause stomach and intestinal illness which often occurs in outbreaks.
		Most people are susceptible to the virus since there is no vaccine to prevent it and previous infections do not provide long-term immunity in most cases.
		The incubation period (time between contracting the virus and having the first symptom) is usually 24-48 hours with a range of 4-77 hours.
	ottawa.ca /residents/health/conditions/cd/norwalk_en.html (583 words)

	eMedicine - Norwalk Virus : Article Excerpt by: Todd Wills, MD
		Background: Noroviruses are a group of single-stranded RNA viruses in the family Caliciviridae that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans.
		Norwalk virus is the prototypical strain in the genus.
		The virus initially was labeled as a small, round, structured virus, and it was named after the city in which the outbreak occurred.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/norwalk-virus.htm (630 words)

	Norwalk Viruses Widespread
		Norwalk virus caused an outbreak of illnesses in Norwalk, Ohio in the 1970’s, and each subsequent related outbreak has been termed “Norwalk-like.” The viruses are second only to the common cold in the occurrence of viral illnesses in the US.
		The Norwalk and Norwalk-like family of viruses are representative of a larger group of viruses called the caliciviruses.
		Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses are transmitted when people consume food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/1031002212.html (869 words)

	Home Page Afghanology.com
		The symptoms were consistent with Norwalk virus, but the method of contraction isn’t like the typical Norwalk virus.
		This group of viruses are DNA-containing and appear similar to Parvoviruses and hepatitis A. These viruses appear to be extremely hardy; their infectivity persists after exposure to acid, ether, and heat (60 degree Celsius 30 min).
		It is conceivable, despite its short incubation period and duration, the present outbreak of the virus in Afghanistan is a continuum of the Britain outbreak in January, which infected hundreds of patients and staff at hospitals in Britain.
	www.afghanology.com /VirusNorwalk.html (392 words)

	WILX \| Norwalk Virus Strikes Again
		Investigators say the virus was not related to mass food or water contamination, and they say it spread quickly because the nursing home residents were living in such close quarters.
		The Norwalk virus infection is an intestinal illness that often occurs in outbreaks.
		Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses are increasingly being recognized as leading causes of food borne disease in the United States.
	www.wilx.com /news/headlines/172892.html (295 words)

	Norwalk virus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Norwalk virus is classified as a member of the Caliciviridae.
		Norwalk virus is most likely transmitted via the fecal-oral route; however, it has also been detected in vomitus.
		The explosive nature of outbreaks associated with the Norwalk virus group often suggests a common source of infection, such as water or food.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MEdEd/mech/cases/case20/norwalk.htm (540 words)

	The Big Picture Book of Viruses - Caliciviruses
		Norwalk virus (NV) is a major cause of epidemic acute and mild gastroenteritis, or diarrhea, in older children and adults.
		The long-term objective of his research group is to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the biological activities in the life cycles of medically important viruses, in order to develop anti-viral strategies.
		The virus particles of Norwalk and other SRSVs (Small Round Structured Viruses) exhibit a characteristic appearance that is distinct from the featureless appearance of poliovirus.
	www.virology.net /Big_Virology/BVRNAcalici.html (689 words)

	[No title]
		The Norwalk virus, which caused an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Norwalk, Ohio, was identified as a "small round-structured virus" in 1972, but it was not until sequencing of the genome in 1991 that it was identified as a member of the calicivirus family.
		Hepatitis E virus was also recognized as a calicivirus in 1991 after sequencing of its genome.
		Acquired immunity to the Norwalk virus is usually poor; patients reinfected twice in 2 years became sick during the second infection.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/calici/calici.html (692 words)

	NCRR Reporter October 2003 - Research Highlights: Escaping the Norwalk Virus
		The findings suggest that H type-1 is the cellular receptor that binds Norwalk virus and allows it to enter cells.
		In earlier studies, the French scientists had evaluated norovirus infection in rabbit cells and shown that blood group antigens similar to H type-1 are required for viral docking, and possibly entry, to the cells.
		Since Norwalk virus accounts for only about five percent of norovirus outbreaks each year, finding signs of acquired immunity suggests either that people can develop long-term immunity to Norwalk virus, or that infection with a related norovirus confers protective immunity for more than one viral strain.
	www.ncrr.nih.gov /newspub/oct03rpt/stories2.asp (1328 words)

	Open Reading Frame 1 of the Norwalk-Like Virus Camberwell: Completion of Sequence and Expression in Mammalian Cells -- ...
		A repeated sequence was observed in the Camberwell virus genome corresponding to nt 1 to 22 at the 5' end and at nt 5081 to
		Detection of Norwalk virus in stool specimens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive oligoprobes.
		A conserved sequence motif at the 5' terminus of the Southampton virus genome is characteristic of the Caliciviridae.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/12/10531 (3427 words)

	Expression and Self-Assembly of Grimsby Virus: Antigenic Distinction from Norwalk and Mexico Viruses -- Hale et al. 6 ...
		Comparison of the reactivities of baculovirus-expressed recombinant Norwalk virus capsid antigen with those of the native Norwalk virus antigen in serologic assays and some epidemiologic observations.
		Molecular characterization and expression of the capsid protein of a Norwalk-like virus recovered from a Desert Shield troop with gastroenteritis.
		Epidemiological study of Norwalk virus infections in Japan and Southeast Asia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with Norwalk virus capsid protein produced by the baculovirus expression system.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/6/1/142 (3120 words)

	Study finds portion of population resistant to infectious Norwalk virus
		The Norwalk virus is highly infectious and transmitted through person-to-person contact, exposure to contaminated surfaces and ingestion of feces-contaminated food and water.
		In addition, individuals with group O blood were significantly more susceptible to the virus than those with group A or B blood types, the study indicates.
		The study’s authors encouraged future research involving volunteers susceptible to Norwalk virus, to conclusively demonstrate whether long-term protective immunity to the virus is possible.
	www.unc.edu /news/archives/may03/norwalk051403.html (668 words)

	eMedicine - Norwalk Virus : Article by Todd Wills, MD
		The virus is shed in vomitus and feces.
		The virus causes infection with a low inoculum exposure (100 viral particles) and is stable with freezing or temperatures of up to 140°F. Cruise ships are particularly vulnerable because of frequent changes in the passenger cohort, relative crowding, and the difficulty in performing decontamination during short periods at shore.
		Kaplan JE, Gary GW, Baron RC: Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1648.htm (1628 words)

	HEALTH PROGRAMS - NORWALK DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH - inspections, health care, Bridgeport
		The MOU is the agreement between the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture (DA/BA), City of Norwalk, Town of Darien and Town of Westport officials to manage the Conditionally Approved Areas.
		Rabies is a fatal disease of warm blooded mammals caused by a virus, most frequently spread through a bite from an infected animal.
		Norwalk residents having questions concerning dogs, cats and other domestic animals that may have been exposed to a suspected rabid animal should contact the Norwalk Animal Control Officer at (203) 838-9135 or the State Animal Control Division at (860) 713-2506.
	www.norwalkhealthdept.org /programs_laboratory.htm (446 words)

	Norwalk Virus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses are transmitted fecal-orally, although contact on environmental surfaces and even airborne transmission have been suggested as mechanisms for rapid spread within close and confined settings.
		Secondary transmission can be high at gatherings involving food and within families.
		Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.
	www.co.benton.or.us /health/public_health/comm_disease/norwalk.php (246 words)

	Norovirus
		Expression of recombinant capsid proteins of chitta virus, a genogroup II Norwalk virus, and development of an ELISA to detect the viral antigen.
		Lambden, P.R., Liu, B. and Clarke, I.N. A conserved sequence motif at the 5' terminus of the Southampton virus genome is characteristic of the Caliciviridae.
		Molecular characterization and expression of the capsid protein of a Norwalk-like virus recovered from a Desert Sheild troop with gastroenteritis.
	www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk /virus/Caliciviridae/norovirus/Norwalk.htm (1941 words)

	Molecular Surveillance of Enterovirus and Norwalk-Like Virus in Oysters Relocated to a Municipal-Sewage-Impacted Gulf ...
		The observation that virus was absent in shellfish
		Detection and analysis of a small round-structured virus strain in oysters implicated in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis.Appl.
		Detection of Norwalk-like virus in shellfish implicated in illness.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/12/7130 (4164 words)

	Incidence of Norwalk virus climbs 15 times in less than a decade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Cases of the stomach bug known as the Norwalk virus jumped an astounding 15-fold in Canada in the past seven years.
		Since the virus spreads from hand to mouth, it can be picked up from shaking hands, touching contaminated surfaces or eating contaminated food.
		Dehydration from the virus can be serious in the very old and very young, but most people recover after a few days.
	www.cbc.ca /story/science/national/2005/01/26/Norovirus050126.html (1326 words)

	Norwalk
		Travelers are using a variety of transportation modes to get to Alaska and to destinations throughout the state, increasing the number of persons they contact and facilitating person-to-person spread of certain communicable diseases.
		Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are a group of viruses that causes outbreaks of gastroenteritis.
		Report vomiting or diarrhea illness involving 3% of the group, or 5 or more people, to the Section of Epidemiology by calling 1-800-269-8000 during week days or 1-800 478-0084 after hours.
	www.dec.state.ak.us /eh/fss/public/virus.htm (520 words)

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