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Topic: Norwegian heavy water sabotage

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Norwegian heavy water sabotage
		The Norwegian heavy water sabotage was a series of actions taken by Norwegian saboteurs during World War II to prevent the German nuclear energy project from acquiring heavy water which could be used to produce nuclear weapons.
		Between 1942 and 1944 a sequence of sabotage actions by the Norwegian resistance movement, as well as Allied bombing, ensured the destruction of the plant and the loss of the heavy water produced.
		A heavy water moderated nuclear reactor could be used to do nuclear fission research, and, ultimately, to breed plutonium from which a bomb could be constructed.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage (2505 words)

	Deuterium Summary
		Heavy water was first separated from ordinary water in 1932 by G N Lewis, a chemist at the University of California.
		Heavy water is modestly toxic in eukaryotic animals, with 25% substitution of the body water causing cell division problems and sterility, and 50% substitution causing death by cytotoxic syndrome (bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal lining failure).
		The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in rainwater (so-called meteoric water) are enriched as a function of the environmental temperature of the region in which the precipitation falls (and thus enrichment is related to mean latitude).
	www.bookrags.com /Deuterium (3121 words)

	1 Nuclear Place - Nuclear Energy Books for Sale
		Heavy water (deuterium oxide) played a sinister role in the race for nuclear energy during the Second World War.
		It concentrates on the circumstances whereby Norway became the pre-eminent producer of heavy water, and on the scientific role the rare isotope of hydrogren played in the wartime efforts by the Axis and Allied powers alike.
		Instead of a purely technical treatise on heavy water, the book may better be described as a social history of the subject.
	www.1nuclearplace.com /Nuclear-Energy-Books.htm (552 words)

	The Heroes of Telemark - Hydro
		The barrels of heavy water that were rolled out were sent to Germany, where they were used to control nuclear fission.
		Norwegians in London assisted in the plans to sabotage the heavy water unit at the Vemork power plant at Rjukan, and photographs and sketches of the plant were sent to London by Norwegian contacts at the facility, in particular Jomar Brun, manager of the heavy water unit.
		The heavy water cargo was closely guarded at all times, but the boat that was to transport the shipment stood unwatched the night before.
	www.hydro.com /en/about/history/1929_1945/1943_2.html (1423 words)

	Hitechcreations Inc. - Special Events
		An act of sabotage which became famous and possibly had an effect on the outcome of the war, was the attack on the heavy water plant at Vemark, in Telemark county.
		Here, Norwegian soldiers, trained in the UK, were sent into action near the small town of Rjukan, where Norsk Hydro produced heavy water, a liquid chemical, which the Germans needed for the development of an atomic bomb.
		Heavy water which was en route to Germany was also destroyed, at the cost of many Norwegian civilian lives.
	events.hitechcreations.com /snapshots/snapshot.php?snapshot_id=16 (255 words)

	Heavy water Summary
		Heavy water should not be confused with hard water or tritiated water.
		Had pure heavy water been used in the water cooler, even indefinitely, it is unlikely that the incident would ever have been detected, since no employees would be expected to get more than 25% of their daily drinking water from such a source.
		Heavy water production reactors can be designed to turn uranium into bomb-usable plutonium without requiring enrichment facilities (although this is not the only route for using natural uranium, see below).
	www.bookrags.com /Heavy_water (3354 words)

	::The Norwegian Resistance::
		Heavy water was vital in the atomic energy programme Germany was attempting to exploit.
		The destruction of the heavy water factory at Rjukan in March 1943 and the sinking of a ferry boat transporting about 1,300 lbs of heavy water in February 1944 had serious implications for the Nazi's atomic research programme.
		The actual attack on the heavy water factory at Rjukan was carried out by Norwegian commandoes, but a lot of the intelligence data they used came from Milorg.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /norwegian_resistance.htm (454 words)

	NOVA \| Hitler's Sunken Secret \| See the Spy Messages (non-Flash) \| PBS
		Skinnarland's boss in London was Leif Tronstad, chief of intelligence, espionage, and sabotage for the Norwegian Resistance effort and, as it happens, codesigner of the original high-concentration plant at Vemork.
		Nielsen believes the amount of useful heavy water the Germans would be able to secure from the Norwegian stocks is not worth the inevitable reprisals on locals.
		Beyond assurances from Norwegians who swore they saw the loading of heavy water into barrels at the plant, confirmation was impossible, however, as the barrels now lay at the bottom of Lake Tinn.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/hydro/mess-nf.html (506 words)

	deuterium
		O, are of importance in hydrology, in determining the origins and travels of Earth's waters.
		The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen are enriched in warmer fresh rainwater (so-called meteoric water) according to the mean temperature of the region in which the precipitation falls (and thus are related to latitude).
		The relative enrichment increase of the heavy isotopes in rain compared with ocean water, as plotted against temperature, fall predicably along a graphical line called the global meteoric water line (GMWL), allowing samples of rainwater to be identified as such, along with general information about the climate in which they originate.
	www.sfcrowsnest.com /scifinder/a/Deuterium.php (1408 words)

	Mountains & Fjords - Touring in Norway on a Motorcycle with Beachs Motorcycle Adventures
		Salt water in the fjords, fresh water in the abundant lakes, rivers and waterfalls, heavy water in the kraftwerk (powerplant) at Vermork.
		Norwegians give it two thumbs down, though, as it doesn't tell the true story behind the sabotage of the Nazi heavy-water plant before the bad guys could make enough to build the A bomb.
		This land is great for motorcycling, but it truly belongs to the Volvo — the Norwegian national speed limit is 80 kph or a bloodcurdling 50 mph, though I noticed a daring 90 kph or 56 mph posted on one multi-lane road outside Kristiansand.
	www.beachs-mca.com /articles/rider/mt-fjord.htm (1658 words)

	Norway: Heroes of Telemark
		Their objective was to destroy the heavy water production facilities critical to the Nazi atomic bomb project.
		Heavy water production was just an unusual byproduct, unique to this particular facility.
		In fact, it was the only plant in the world capable of producing the quantities of heavy water sought by the Nazis.
	www.pafko.com /trips/norway/n10 (352 words)

	Norway Info - Articles - Skiing and the Creation of a Norwegian Identity
		The Norwegian polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen's crossing of Greenland in 1888 caused a sensation in Europe and the United States.
		Heavy water was crucial for the invention of atomic weapons and a supply of heavy water could have put an atomic bomb in the hands of Nazi Germany.
		Thus the heavy water plant at Rjukan was considered a critical target.
	www.cyberclip.com /Katrine/NorwayInfo/Articles/Skiing.html (1951 words)

	Norwegian war hero visits D.C. (Norway - the official site in the United States)
		Norwegian war hero visits D.C. In March, he came to the U.S. to tell his story to embassy workers, Norwegian-Americans, historians, researchers and intelligence workers.
		In 1943, he was one of nine men who successfully sabotaged the Vemork heavy water manufacturing facility in Norway, delivering a serious blow to the German nuclear program.
		As a local of Rjukan, where Hydro's heavy water manufacturing facility was located, Helberg was returning to his childhood's kingdom when picked for what seemed a mission impossible.
	www.norway.org /News/archive/1998/199803hero.htm (1516 words)

	Rjukan
		This building also contained the Norwegian heavy water plant which was being used by the Germans to provide heavy water for their experimentation in the development of the Atomic/Hydrogen bomb.
		This heavy water factory was instrumental to the German scientists in their plans for building an atomic bomb.
		The first and only large shipment of heavy water to head for Germany was sabotaged and the ship was blown up in a Norwegian fjord before it left Norway.
	www.390th.org /warstories/Rjukan.htm (731 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Heavy water was only produced at Rjukan, and after the occupation of Norway, the heavy water production was set to full speed, among other things, with a new production method.
		The remains of the heavy water, about 40 barrels, were to be transported by train.
		The heavy water sabotage is considered one of the longest and most successful secret operations of the Second World War.
	www.planetmedalofhonor.com /rjukanproject/history/history.html (703 words)

	Eye Weekly - The further adventures of whale-saver Paul Watson - 07.28.94
		The Norwegian shadowed him for a while, then ordered him to surrender, even though he was still outside their 12-mile limit.
		That having failed, the Norwegian officer told Watson to order his people out of the engine room, since the warship was going to shoot for the engine room.
		The Norwegian commander was relieved of his command afterward, for failing to stop Watson "at all cost." I have since heard that he was reinstated, which means mass confusion at the top of Norwegian command.
	www.eye.net /eye/issue/issue_07.28.94/NEWS/env0728.php (798 words)

	Proposed selling of Albion River 1/22/02 Turtle Time Farm <ttfarm@mcn
		In a further sign that water may one day be more valuable than oil, an Alaska company is seeking permission to draw water from two Northern California rivers, pump it onto massive transport bags, and tow it to San Diego with tugboats.
		Water tugging, he said, will grow increasingly economical as Southern California grows and its water supplies dwindle because of environmental regulations and reduced exports from the Colorado River.
		Water would be pumped to the offshore station and into the oceangoing bags.
	www.albionnation.org /WaterBarge.htm (7122 words)

	Nitride Silicon Wafers
		Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance of one atom in 6500 of hydrogen.
		The world's leading producer of deuterium is Canada, in the form of heavy water as neutron moderator for the operation of the CANDU reactor.
		Deuterium is useful in nuclear fusion reactions, especially in combination with tritium, because of the large reaction rate (or cross section) and high energy yield of the D-T reaction.
	www.nitridesiliconwafers.com (593 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The combined forces of the Norwegian underground and the British effected one of the most damaging sabotage operations of the war - the destruction of the Norsk Hydroelectric Company plant, which produced heavy water, a key element in the German effort to produce an atomic bomb.
		Records showed that Norwegian Police who rounded up Jews for deportation had they complained about a Nazi decision to exempt Jews who were married to non-Jews.
		Norwegian SS units wearing German uniforms fought on the northern front and later had been evacuated.
	home.earthlink.net /~maxcoa/Hybrid/2003/Nov2003/quisling.html (783 words)

	Knut Haukelid -- WWII Freedom Fighter
		He was the leader of a sabotage team of Norwegians who first snuck into the German Heavy Water Plant at Rjukan and blew it up thus setting back German endeavours to produce a product vital to the development of an atomic bomb.
		In the Spring of 1984, on the 40th anniversary of the sabotage action against the heavy water plant at Vemork, the survivors of the Company Linge group who participated in the action were honored at a reception at the residence of the American Ambassador, Mark Evans Austad.
		The Norwegian homeguard is armed and operative within a very short time and will secure the mobilization of the Army reserve in a given case.
	www.lawzone.com /half-nor/haukelid.htm (785 words)

	The Story of the Atom Bomb
		When forced to hurdle some retarding agent such as graphite or heavy water fast neutrons collide with it and lose some of their energy, which may slow down their speed to a pace no greater than 1 mile per second.
		The pile is cooled by water, which at the Hanford plant came from the Columbia River in volumes estimated to be big enough to supply a large city.
		The water which left the factories was constantly analyzed for radioactive material, and the dust of the air was checked by another instrument, called "sneezy." Factory stacks were built high enough to insure adequate dispersion of gases, dust, and vapors.
	www.3rd1000.com /nuclear/cruc18.htm (10037 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vemork was at the centre of one of the most important acts of sabotage during the Second World War, when Norwegian saboteurs stopped the Germans developing a nuclear bomb from the heavy water that was produced here.
		The exhibition "Atomkappløpet" (the nuclear race) gives an exciting and extremely informative presentation of the four heavy water sabotage acts and the Allies’ efforts to build a nuclear bomb.
		You can watch a documentary called "If Hitler had the bomb" in the cinema, which is about the acts of sabotage in the quest to destroy the heavy-water plant.
	www.rjukan-turistkontor.no /uk/attraksjoner/industrimuseet.asp (185 words)

	Baghdad Blackout Caused by Sabotage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Insurgents sabotaged power lines Friday, plunging the Iraqi capital into darkness and cutting off water supplies on the eve of a landmark vote on a constitution that would define democracy in Iraq.
		Water also ran out in homes in some parts of the capital and water pressure waned.
		But the sabotage signaled the insurgents were looking to mar the referendum even amid a heavy country-wide clampdown by U.S. and Iraqi forces.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2005/10/14/international/i130359D47.DTL (1238 words)

	Sigrid Gurie: Norwegian American Actress
		He was to become a leader of the Norwegian underground during World War II and is given major credit for blocking the Germans from producing and shipping "heavy water," essential to their objective of developing the atomic bomb.
		While Norwegians, from Leif Ericson to Sally Ride, have been known as "discoverers," Sigrid Gurie was a "discoveree"; film magnate Sam Goldwyn took credit for discovering her.
		Sigrid Gurie was in Norway for a little role in the first heavy water picture that was made just after WWII, but the scenes were clipped out so she never became an actress in Norway.
	www.lawzone.com /half-nor/gurie.htm (872 words)

	Amazon.com: Blood and Water: Sabotaging Hitler's Bomb: Books: Dan Kurzman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Blood and Water: Sabotaging Hitler's Bomb follows the two-year clandestine mission conducted by the British and Norwegian commandos who braved rugged, high-mountain terrain to defuse a situation that could have changed the course of the war.
		When the Germans decided to move their heavy water plant to Germany, it was for reasons of convenience.
		A small team of Norwegians was sent into their own country to sabatoge a factory that was producing heavy water, a key ingredient in the atomic research.
	www.amazon.com /Blood-Water-Sabotaging-Hitlers-Bomb/dp/0805032061 (1760 words)

	sabotage - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Sabotage (f), sabotage, sabotage (de), sabotage (m) : AllWords.com Multi-Lingual Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include sabotage: counter sabotage, bureau of sabotage, melting close + sabotage, norwegian heavy water sabotage, radiological sabotage, more...
		Words similar to sabotage: counteract, countermine, sabotaged, sabotaging, subvert, undermine, weaken, ruin, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=sabotage&ls=a (286 words)

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