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Topic: Norwegian rat

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	Brown Rat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rats weighing over a kilogram are exceptional, and stories of rats as big as cats are exaggerations, or misidentifications of other rodents such as the Coypu and Muskrat.
		It is often said that there are as many rats in cities as people, but this varies from area to area depending on climate, etc. It is probable that New York City (with a severe winter climate), for instance, has only 250,000 rats, not eight million.
		Brown Rats in cities tend not to wander extensively, often staying within 20 meters (65 ft) of their nest if a suitable concentrated food supply is available, but they will range more widely where food availability is lower.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brown_Rat (963 words)

	[No title]
		However, the relationship between man and rat is integral to the history of modern man. Wild rats were host to a number of fatal diseases such as bubonic plague, and typhus, which were responsible for the death of millions of Europeans during the fourteenth century.
		Data from rat and human muscle indicates that the in vitro oxidation of TCA intermediates, and the activities of key aerobic enzymes such as succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as capillary density are increased as a result of training in both species.
		Extensive research in the rat indicates that the effect of exercise in managing blood glucose levels is due to both the acute effects of exercise on glucose transport, and the chronic effects of exercise training on the number of available glucose transporters as well as stabilizing the response of glucoregulatory hormones.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Rat_model/Rat.doc (4055 words)

	Brown Rat
		A female brown rat is ready to breed when she is 11 weeks old and weighs four ounces.
		The fl rat, or ship rat, is rarer and can produce almost as many litters as the brown rat, but its females are not ready to breed until they are four months old.
		The fl rat, a brown rat relative, is thought to have been responsible for transmitting bubonic plague in fourteenth-century Europe.
	www.wonderclub.com /Wildlife/mammals/brown_rat.html (782 words)

	Compiled by
		The common laboratory rat, an albinistic strain of Norwegian rat is used in many phases of biological research, including the study of diets, diseases, and genetics in man.
		The rat should always be handled by grasping the body utilizing the thumb and little finger under the pectoral girdles and using the forefinger to gently restrain the head.
		The rat is widely used because of its suitability for a wide variety of experimental designs, its docility and ease of handling and care, its short gestation period, wide dietary preferences, intelligence and availability.
	www.fauvet.fau.edu /oacm/VetData/Handouts/RatHO.htm (2085 words)

	Scientists Unveil Rat's Genetic Blueprint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The announcement that scientists had completed a draft sequence (90 percent) of the rat genome was made at a press conference in Washington, D.C. Science achieved one of the holy grails of research in February 2001, with the completion of the draft sequence of the human genome.
		While scientists found no specific "rat" gene, they did discover that certain sequences of DNA were repeated throughout the rodent's genome -- genes specific to the rat's superior sense of smell, its improved ability to fight environmental toxins, and other characteristics "that explain the specifics of rat biology," according to Gibbs.
		Although the draft sequencing of the rat genome covers only 90 percent of the rat's genetic makeup, scientists are confident they have mapped the vast majority of the rodent's most important genetic material.
	www.healthcentral.com /newsdetail/408/518184.html (938 words)

	New Zealand History - the Mauryans
		We know that the Polynesian rat (Maori "kiore") does not swim (unlike the Norwegian rat) and had to be intentionally carried on, or slip aboard, any seafaring vessel.
		The discovery of fossilised rat remains that have been carbon dated to as far back as 160 BC, +/- 130 years ("Nature" Nov 1966 issue, Dr Richard Holdaway, a specialist in animal fossils) is then, of interest, and raises more questions than satisfactory answers.
		The rat remains were found in Predator Cave, at the top of the South Island, as the regurgitated balls of Laughing Owl deposits - that is, the Owls fed on the rats and regurgitated the bones on to the cave floor.
	www.zealand.org.nz /alternat2.htm (422 words)

	GISP
		Rats are undoubtedly the world’s most widespread invasive alien mammals, with the greatest economic impact.
		Both rat species are omnivorous, and eat a wide range of foodstuffs, including seeds and seedlings, fruits and berries, eggs and small animals.
		Rats also cause a variety of socio-economic impacts by eating crops and stored grain, contaminating food stocks with their waste, chewing through power cables and spreading diseases.
	www.gisp.org /casestudies/showcasestudy.asp?id=86 (661 words)

	NORWEGIAN RAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most well-known and common rats, and also one of the largest.
		Traditionally the dominant rodent of Europe and thought to have originated in northern China, the Brown Rat has spread to all continents, and is a common pest wherever humans live, particularly in urban areas and degraded environments.
		The Brown Rat is a true omnivore and will consume almost anything, but prefers grains, and eats up to a third of bodyweight a day.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/NORWEGIAN+RAT (578 words)

	Epinions.com - Got Rats?
		The domestic fancy rat is otherwise known as a Norwegian Rat.
		Rats are fairly clean animals, and spend as much time grooming themselves each day as a cat spends grooming itself.
		Rats are highly social animals and crave love and attention from their own kind as well as from humans.
	www.epinions.com /content_2870059140 (1234 words)

	Welcome to the Sligo S.P.C.A.
		Rats make excellent children's pets as they are docile, clean and intelligent, they love to be handled and are easily trained to come when called and they love nothing better than to travel about inside their owners sleeve or on his shoulder.
		Rats love to dig, so the redundant base can be filled with sand or wood shavings and used as a digging pit when your rat has 'out of cage' play.
		Rats are by nature scavengers, they are not at all fussy about what they eat, but it is important to provide them with a balanced diet.
	www.sspca.net /rat.htm (1760 words)

	Black Rat
		The fl rat is nocturnal by nature, especially in the wild, but in well hidden, dark corners of barns and warehouses it may be active at all hours.
		Although rats are considered to be dirty and unhygienic, frequenting sewers and other insanitary places, the fl rat is cleaner in it's eating habits than the brown, and spends much time grooming it's fur, tail and paws (see below).
		The diseases are the same as for the brown rat, with the exception that the fl rat carries the flea which carries the bubonic plague.
	www.the-piedpiper.co.uk /th1b.htm (566 words)

	ProAgri - Rats and mice undermine your farming operation
		Mice and rats are such prolific breeders that their original numbers can be restored within a few months if only part of the population had been eradicated.
		Rats and mice find the grain bait a most tempting titbit, and if it is offered in the right way at the right place, you may as well start celebrating your victory over the rodent menace.
		The gerbille is a little smaller than the ordinary rat and it has well-developed hind legs that enable it to jump fair distances.
	www.proagri.co.za /pebble.asp?relid=508 (1095 words)

	Rats in the ranks, and the streets, but Sydney's spared a plague - smh.com.au
		There are claims Sydney is experiencing its worst rat infestation in 30 years, with significantly higher than normal rat numbers being reported across the city.
		But the last time the rat population reached such levels in Sydney was in the early 1970s, when rats had grown resistant to the "rodenticide" used to control their numbers, Mr Lamond said.
		The more common Sydney rat, the "roof" or "fl" rat (the other is the Norwegian rat), needs a lot of moisture in its diet and was unlikely to survive if water was scarce, so the drought was not the cause, he said.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/02/28/1046407748459.html (538 words)

	Comet Pest Control Services
		Rats are omniverous, but prefer to eat cereals wherever possible.
		When we think of rats and disease our first thoughts are usually of the plague but this is no longer an hazard.
		Rats do however, still carry very serious diseases which can be potentially fatal to humans and other animals i.e.
	www.cometpc.btinternet.co.uk /btpage4.htm (506 words)

	Oh, rats! 100 fancy ones vie for best of show (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Rats can mate after just three or four months, and female rats go into estrus every three to four days, so a line of rats can easily go through 10 generations in a few years.
		Baby rats are born blind, pink and wrinkly, in litters that average from eight to 12 kittens.
		Rats are very low key about winning, and so are most of their owners.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /lifestyle/94061_ratshow04.shtml (1065 words)

	Introduction to the Rat Race: a guide to the care of companion rats, including the ship rat (Rattus rattus)
		Coming soon : chart of fancy rat colour-genes (I've been saying that for about two years - which is how long I've been waiting for a certain somebody to provide the list of white-spotting genes she promised me, and which I need to complete the genetics section); authentic ship rat noises (maybe).
		The Norway Rat isn't from Norway; depending on the local climate the Field Rat also lives in houses and the House Rat in fields; both rats go on ships; and although fl coats are much commoner in Rattus rattus than in Rattus norvegicus both rats come in a wide range of colours.
		This is the normal pet and laboratory rat: the domesticated form of the Brown, Common or Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus.
	members.madasafish.com /~cj_whitehound/Rats_Nest/Introduction.htm (856 words)

	ratskillrats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		She rats in the morning, she rats at night - out in the field, or being the heroine, protecting her layer hens from these low-life varmints.
		She loves to rat while Rex is out cutting the field.
		Molly flushed the rat out from under the stone step and into the coop where Spud Buddy was anxiously awaiting the kill.
	poochville.homestead.com /ratskillrats.html (320 words)

	Rats: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The domestic or fancy rat is descended from the Brown Rat (also known as the Norwegian Rat) and is thought to have originated from Asia moving into Europe in 1553 and then onto the US in 1775.
		In the late 1800s rats were bred in captivity for scientific research into nutrition, intelligence and disease and it was noted in the laboratories that the rat was highly suited as a pet due to its intelligence and tameness.
		However, the keeping of rats as pets declined in later years due to the introduction of more "appealing" pets such as the hamster but the popularity of the rat as a pet is once again rising.
	www.petwebsite.com /rats/rat_history.htm (277 words)

	cooltech.iafrica.com \| coolscience Rat genome unravelled
		The Norwegian brown rat is well-placed to fulfil that role, because it is already widely used for testing prototype vaccines and drugs before these treatments are cautiously tried out on apes or monkeys.
		The rat is also cheap and abundant and, unlike primates, does not rouse moral objections as a test animal.
		Because of this legacy, almost all human genes that are associated with diseases have counterparts in the rat genome, and as many 90 percent of rat genes have a human counterpart.
	cooltech.iafrica.com /science/313507.htm (753 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One variety, the Wood Rat, resides primarily in upstate New York and is on the endangered species list.
		The Wood Rat doesn't bother anybody, in fact, it doesn't even like people and hides under rocks, according to a friend of mine who knows a lot about rats.
		The most common rat is the Norwegian Rat, which came over on the boat from Norway.
	www.wshu.org /essays/mitchell/04.asp (443 words)

	Rat Tails - Definitions
		If your rat has red lice, use me in a small edible portion (about the size of a grain of uncooked rice) to get rid of those nasty little red bugs.
		Seriously though, she just thought it sounded cool, but she was well aware that in all actuality I am a Rattus Norvegicus, or Norwegian rat, and that I had nothing to do with the carrying of or spreading of the Black Plague.
		Rats must, so their rat name is not forgotten, maintain these behaviors lest someone be confused and think they hold the actual rites to the land.
	www.ratballs.com /RatTails/Definitions.html (1318 words)

	History of the Rat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The most common, Black and Brown rats, are thought to have originated from Asia and managed to stow away in merchant ships and other means of transport, which carried them across the world.
		It is thought that the Black Rat reached Europe in the 4th Century and caused outbreaks of the Plague in the 6th and 7th Centuries.
		However, the rats were merely the hosts of the fleas that actually spread the disease.
	www.gerrigerbil.com /languages/suk/49.htm (125 words)

	Coccidia of the World
		Praomys natalensis) (Multimammate rat - Muridae), Mus musculus (House mouse - Muridae), Mystromys albicaudatus (White-tailed rat - Muridae), Otomys irroratus (Vlei rat - Muridae), Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian rat - Muridae), and Rhabdomys pumilio (Striped mouse - Muridae).
		Doran, D.J. and Jahn, T.L. Observations on Eimeria mohavensis sp.nov. from the kangaroo rat Dipodomys nohavensis.
		Porter, A. Morphology and affinities of entozoa and endophyta of the naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber.
	biology.unm.edu /biology/coccidia/rodents4.html (2963 words)

	Norway Rat, one of the most common rats encountered around the world
		Identification of the Norway rat, should you have a desire to do so, is simple.
		Breeding periods for the Norway rat are normally in the spring and fall of the year, decreasing
		Rats, like mice, are social animals and live in colonies.
	www.no-pest.com /NorwayRat.htm (331 words)

	Campbell Island rat eradication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Norway rats are the largest of the three rat species found in New Zealand and the densities recorded on Campbell are among the highest in the world.
		Norway rats are believed to have made it to the island soon after its discovery in 1810 on one of the many sealing boats that visited the island.
		Once rats are removed it is planned to reintroduce Campbell Island Teal from a population that is currently being held in captivity and from Whenua Hou (Codfish Island) where 24 birds have been released so that they can acclimatise to living in the wild.
	www.70south.com /news/993037767/index_html (1715 words)

	X-Pest - Pest Control Services, Cork, Ireland.
		Unfortunately, the Irish rat population is increasing, and between 50% and 60% of rats carry and excrete the organism Leptospira Ictero-Haemorrhagiae in their urine.
		Rat baits are available in block form or in handy sachets to be placed near signs of infestation.
		Rats are suspicious of changes in the environment or new foods, for this reason it may take a couple of days for traps or poison baits to take.
	homepage.eircom.net /~xpest/rats.html (814 words)

	CAMPBELL ISLAND
		The plan was to eradicate completely the 11,300 hectare island of the Norwegian Rat which had been accidentally introduced shortly after the islands discovery in 1810.
		The rats have decimated the wildlife of the island with at least three landbirds made extinct and several seabirds now no longer found on the main island.
		All of that may be wasted if any rats escape the teams efforts and manage to survive and bread another generation of Campbell Island Norwegian Rat.
	www.newzeal.com /theme/antarctic/NZ/Campbell/CampbellRat.htm (611 words)

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