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Topic: Nosocomial infection

	eMedicine - Hospital-Acquired Infections : Article by Quoc V Nguyen
		Infections that occur after the patient's discharge from the hospital can be considered to have a nosocomial origin if the organisms were acquired during the hospital stay.
		Nosocomial infections are estimated to occur in 5% of all acute-care hospitalizations; the incidence rate is 5 infections per 1,000 patient-days.
		Nosocomial infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1619.htm (2263 words)

	Nosocomial infection Summary
		A nosocomial infection is an infection that is acquired in a hospital.
		Nosocomial infections are those which are a result of treatment in a hospital or hospital-like setting, but secondary to the patient's original condition.
		Infections tend to be endemic as opposed to epidemic, either coming from another person in the hospital (cross-infection), from an inanimate object recently contaminated by a human source (environmental infection) or may be caused by a patient’s own flora (endogenous infection).
	www.bookrags.com /Nosocomial_infection (0 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nosocomial infection
		Nosocomial infections are those which are a result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare service unit, but secondary to the patient's original condition.
		Nosocomial infections are even more alarming in the 21st century as antibiotic resistance spreads.
		Nosocomial infections contributed to 88,000 deaths in the U.S. in 1995.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nosocomial_infection (1334 words)

	CDC - The Impact of Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infections
		Infections acquired in the hospital are an important cause of death, especially those involving the bloodstream or lung (2).
		Estimates of nosocomial bloodstream infections from the SCOPE database indicate that 70% occur in patients with central venous catheters (12).
		Assuming 200,000 total nosocomial bloodstream infections of which 35% are attributable to central venous catheters and assuming that 45% could be prevented with a catheter bonded with minocycline and rifampin, the number of lives saved according to varying attributable mortality rate estimates would be 4,745 to 9,450 (Table 2).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol7no2/wenzel.htm (1890 words)

	Nosocomial Infections, Hospital-Acquired Illness, E. coli
		The most common type of nosocomial infections are surgical wound infections, respiratory infections, genitourinary infections, as well as gastrointestinal infections.
		Nosocomial infections are not just limited to bacteria; certain fungi such as Candida albicans and aspergillus, as well as, viruses such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus and influenza have also been implicated in a number of hospital acquired infections.
		Nosocomial infections are often caused by breaches of infection control practices and procedures, unclean and non-sterile environmental surfaces, and/or ill hospital staff.
	www.ehagroup.com /nosocomial (398 words)

	Nosocomial Infection Surveillance, 1984
		Nosocomial infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality, prolong the hospital stay of affected patients, and increase direct patient-care costs (1-5).
		Infections of the urinary tract, of surgical wounds, and of the lower respiratory tract accounted for almost three-fourths of the infections in all three hospital categories (Table 4).
		Of the 84% of infections in which a pathogen was identified, 86% were caused by aerobic bacteria, 2% by anaerobic bacteria, and 8% by fungi.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001772.htm (3413 words)

	Nosocomial Infection Update
		Modern infection control is grounded in the work of Ignaz Semmelweis, who in the 1840s demonstrated the importance of hand hygiene for controlling transmission of infection in hospitals.
		The nosocomial infection rate has remained remarkably stable (approximately five to six hospital-acquired infections per 100 admissions); however, because of progressively shorter inpatient stays over the last 20 years, the rate of nosocomial infections per 1,000 patient days has actually increased 36%, from 7.2 in 1975 to 9.8 in 1995 (Table 1).
		Nosocomial infections typically affect patients who are immunocompromised because of age, underlying diseases, or medical or surgical treatments.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol4no3/weinstein.htm (2437 words)

	Nosocomial infection - Information from Reference.com
		Nosocomial infections are infections which are a result of treatment in a hospital
		Nosocomial transmission of varicella- zoster infection among personnel and...
		Infections acquired during a hospital stay are called nosocomial infections.
	dictionary.reference.com /search?q=Nosocomial%20infection (224 words)

	Nosocomial Infections Information on Healthline
		A nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infection is a new infection that develops in a patient during hospitalization.
		Surgical-wound infection follows interference with the skin barrier, and is associated with the intensity of bacterial contamination of the wound at surgery.
		Nosocomial pneumonia occurs most frequently in intensive-care-unit patients with endotracheal intubation on mechanical ventilation—the endotracheal tube bypasses normal defenses of the upper airway.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/nosocomial-infections (727 words)

	Nosocomial Infections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nosocomial bloodstream infections are a leading cause of death in Argentina, United States and in other Central American countries.
		Infections that occur after the patient's discharge from the hospital are also considered to be nosocomial in origin if the organisms were acquired during the hospital stay.
		The incidence of nosocomial infection or hospital-acquired infections is about 5-10% in most developed nations, while in India, one in four patients admitted into hospital acquire a nosocomial infection.
	www.sunmed.org /nosocomial.html (1726 words)

	[Nosocomial infection: clinical aspects]
		Nosocomial infections develop within a hospital or are produced by microorganisms acquired during hospitalization.
		The emergence of other nosocomial infections, caused by bacteria (tuberculosis), virus (HIV, hepatitis B and C virus, cytomegalovirus...), Aspergillus species or Pneumocystis carinii appears to be recent in origin and is of importance to immunocompromised hosts, other patients and hospital personnel.
		Nosocomial infections and their social and economic impacts require for their prevention vigorous organized hospital-wide surveillance and control programs.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1994/feb/M9420579.html (375 words)

	Issue 28 - January 22, 2003: Infection control related sentinel events \| Joint Commission (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Infections are also a complication of care in other settings including long term care facilities, clinics and dialysis centers.
		One of the panel's goals is to support organizations' patient safety efforts by lowering nosocomial infection rates throughout the organization and in targeted specific vulnerable populations such as surgical, intensive care and immunosuppressed patients.
		NNIS definition of nosocomial infection—a localized or systemic condition 1) that results from adverse reaction to the presence of an infectious agent(s) or its toxin(s), and 2) that was not present or incubating at the time of admission to the hospital.
	www.jointcommission.org /SentinelEvents/SentinelEventAlert/sea_28.htm (857 words)

	USATODAY.com - 'Gideon's Crossing' prescribes better disease control (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Instead of healing their patients, they were inadvertently contaminating them with a nosocomial infection — an illness contracted during a hospital stay.
		According to a report from the Medical College of Virginia, nosocomial infections are the eighth leading cause of death in the United States.
		Nosocomial infections are particularly tragic because they prey on hospitalized patients whose health has been compromised by a primary illness or weakened by a surgical procedure.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/spotlight/2001-03-21-dane-infections.htm (1069 words)

	Nosocomial Infections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nosocomial infections are influenced by the microbes' intrinsic virulence as well as its ability to colonize and survive within institutions.
		Nosocomial LRIs are the most dangerous of nosocomial infections with a case fatality rate of 30%.
		Nosocomial blood stream infections are usually caused by gram-positive organisms including coagulase positive staphylococcus, staphylococcus aureus and enterococci.
	complab.nymc.edu /Curriculum/ComPrevMed/NosocomialInfections.htm (1142 words)

	A nosocomail infection or hospital-acquired infection can be defined as: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One study estimates that bloodstream nosocomial infections are the eighth leading cause of death, assuming a nosocomial infection rate of 5%, of which 10% are bloodstream infections, and an attributable mortality rate of 15%.
		While the infection control committee is intimately involved with infection control within patient and employee populations it also reports to other administration within the hospital to allow for transparency within the proceedings and to use the expertise of others within the hospital administration.
		Nosocomial infections continue to be a burden to the American healthcare system through increased risks to patients and employees.
	www.case.edu /med/epidbio/mphp439/Hospital_Acquired_Infections.htm (5835 words)

	ISID Publications : Guide to Infection Control
		Although estimates of the proportion of preventable nosocomial infections vary, it may be as high as 20% in developed countries and as high as 40% or more in developing countries.
		Outbreaks of foodborne infection continue to be a problem in healthcare settings, but they are preventable if all food handlers are trained to understand the sources and transmission routes of food-related pathogens and practice the basic principles of food hygiene from preparation to final serving of meals.
		Nosocomial pneumonia occures in 0.4 to 1.1% of hospitalized patients.
	www.isid.org /publications/guide_infection_contr.shtml (2158 words)

	Guideline for Infection Control in Hospital Personnel
		If susceptible personnel contract a serious infection that is potentially transmissible or are exposed to an illness that leads to a period during which infection may be spread, the hospital's responsibility to prevent the spread of infection to patients and other personnel may sometimes require that these persons be excluded from direct patient contact.
		Nosocomial hepatitis A occurs infrequently and is associated with 2 unusual circumstances: l) the source of infection is a patient hospitalized for other reasons whose hepatitis is not apparent, and 2) the patient is fecally incontinent.
		Although infection occurs less commonly in adults and may be limited to mild respiratory illness, personnel with pediatric patient contact may be involved in transmission of pertussis to patients (75,76).
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/p0000446/p0000446.asp (15342 words)

	[No title]
		Infection must be distinguished from \ul colonization\ulnone, which is the\line persistence of organisms on skin, in body tissues, or in body fluids but\line\b without\b0 a clinically adverse effect, and \ul inflammation\ulnone, which is a condition\line that results from tissue response to injury or stimulation by noninfectious\line agents (i.e.
		Endogenous infections are those caused by microorganisms\line already part of the host flora ("normal flora" of the skin, nose, oral cavity,\line gastrointestinal tract, etc.) while exogenous infections are those caused by\line microorganisms obtained from animate or inanimate sources within the\line hospital.
		infection that is acquired in the hospital and becomes evident after\line hospital discharge\line\line 2.
	caring4you.net /Nosocomial.doc (639 words)

	Nosocomial bloodstream infection and clinical sepsis - Research Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The overall BSI infection rate was 19.8 episodes per 1,000 central-line days (confidence interval [CI] 95%, 16.1 to 23.6); the rate fell to 5.8 (CI 3.8 to 7.8) when only microbiologically documented episodes were considered.
		Nosocomial infections were defined according to CDC criteria (17), except that asymptomatic bacteriuria was not considered an infection (19).
		Infection rates were expressed as the total number of episodes per 1,000 ICU patient days, or the number of episodes associated with a central line per 1,000 central-line days.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_1_10/ai_112409752 (786 words)

	Protecting ICU Patients From Nosocomial Infections: Practical
		Nosocomial infections continue to complicate the clinical course of critically ill patients and, consequently, to create substantial economic and human costs.
		The prevalence of nosocomial infections is 5 to 10 times greater in ICU patients than in patients on general units, and use of mechanical ventilation, urinary catheters, and intravascular devices (all routine in the ICU) are major factors contributing to this disparity.
		Factors common to ICU patients that contribute to the risk of nosocomial infections include acuity of illness, response to physiological and psychological stressors, age and associated comorbidity, indiscriminate use of antibiotics promoting the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms, drug therapies for stress ulcer, sleep deprivation, protein-energy malnutrition, and understaffing.
	www.aacn.org /AACN/jrnlccn.nsf/GetArticle/CoverTitle181?OpenDocument (6609 words)

	Infection Control Manual, Introduction
		Nosocomial pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that develops during a patient's hospitalization and is neither present nor incubating at the time of admission.
		Viral pneumonia infections are frequently not diagnosed because of the difficulty and time involved in isolating viruses or using serology to confirm a diagnosis, even with advanced laboratory techniques.
		Most viral nosocomial respiratory tract infections, in contrast to those caused by bacteria, do not occur predominately in high-risk, debilitated patients, although viral infections may be particularly severe in these persons.
	info.med.yale.edu /ynhh/infection/guidelines/intro15.html (1290 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Nosocomial infection in a newborn intensive care unit (NICU), South Korea
		Therefore, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections are an important and critical issue related to high morbidity and mortality in high risk neonates [1,2].
		However studies on the epidemiology of the nosocomial infections among neonates in South Korea were very few, studies on neonatal infections have been focused on the sepsis and even hospital acquired infection and community acquired infections were not differentiated in those studies [19,20].
		Factors associated with the development of nosocomial infection were birth weight, gestational age and Apgar score at 1 min or 5 min (Table 6).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2334/6/103 (3323 words)

	SB 1279 - Truly Agreed To and Finally Passed Bill Text
		The department of health may promulgate rules providing for collection of data and publication of nosocomial infection incidence rates for other types of health facilities determined to be sources of infections; except that, physicians' offices shall be exempt from reporting and disclosure of infection incidence rates.
		Infection control officers as defined in federal regulation and other hospital and ambulatory surgical center employees shall be protected against retaliation by the hospital or ambulatory surgical center for reporting infection control concerns pursuant to section 197.285 and shall be entitled to the full benefits of that section.
		Such infection control officers shall report any interference in the performance of their duties by their supervisors to the hospital or ambulatory surgical center compliance officer established by and empowered to act pursuant to section 197.285.
	www.senate.mo.gov /04info/billtext/tat/sb1279.htm (3757 words)

	CDC - Nosocomial Infection with Vancomycin-dependent Enterococci
		Potential risk factors for nosocomial infection were compared in the 3 patients and 10 randomly selected patients with nosocomial infection caused by VRE and 10 at-risk, concurrently hospitalized patients not infected by enterococci.
		The prevalence of nosocomial infection or colonization with VDE can only be determined by the use of media containing vancomycin when processing cultures from patients at risk for VDE infection, namely those who have had prolonged exposure to vancomycin or third-generation cephalosporins, especially if they are already known to be colonized or infected by VRE.
		His research interests are in nosocomial infections, in particular, emerging nosocomial pathogens such as SARS and multidrug-resistant bacteria.
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/EID/vol10no7/03-0993.htm (1876 words)

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