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Topic: Nostratic languages

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	Nostratic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nostratic, a hypothetical ancestral language, purportedly served as the root language from which a large number of the language families of Europe, Asia, and Africa may have descended.
		Bomhard considers that the Nostratic urheimat was the mesolithic or pre-neolithic epipaleolithic Middle East.
		The second possibility as a culture associated with the Nostratic family is the Zarzian (12,400-8,500 BCE) culture of the Zagros mountains, stretching northwards into Kobistan in the Caucasus and eastwards into Iran.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nostratic (2154 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Nostratic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As a term, "Nostratic" is difficult to pin down, as its proponents are unable to agree on the set of language families they believe should be included.
		In order to understand the idea of Nostratic languages, a quick precis of the concepts behind the discovery, methods of investigation, and application of the Indo-European family of languages is needed.
		It is known that unrelated languages in close geographical proximity can trade vocabulary, syntax, and other features, and it is suggested that the present-day "family" structure of languages may be an aberration.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/no/Nostratic (1393 words)

	Nostratic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Words for concepts and objects that were not familiar to these people would receive essentially random names after the time when the languages began to split; only things they knew would produce phono-semantic sets in their successor languages.
		Many languages, though not all, have been shown to be related to other languages, forming large families similar to Indo-European.
		Some linguists also object to the assumption that languages must ultimately all stem from one reconstructable root.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nostratic_languages (2154 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Indo-European languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites.
		Some linguists propose that Indo-European languages are part of a hypothetical Nostratic language superfamily, and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families, such as South Caucasian languages, Altaic languages, Uralic languages, Dravidian languages, Afro-Asiatic languages.
		The western languages generally use /s/ as a plural marker, though it is silent in spoken French, while the eastern languages use vowels.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Indo-European_languages (3366 words)

	Informat.io on Nostratic Languages
		Nostratic, a hypothetical extinct language, purportedly served as the root language from which a large number of the language families of Europe, Asia, and Africa may have descended.
		This would then allow that one language to evolve into a family (in fact, some have argued that Indo-European languages have spread as far as they have because of the war-making advantages that the domestication of the horse gave to one small group of Proto-Indo-European speakers).
		In favor of Nostratics, note that scientific innovations usually begin with a few individuals and that the academic establishment resists until the case for them proves overwhelming (this argument can generically "validate" all pseudo-science).
	www.quaest.io /?title=nostratic-languages (2342 words)

	Nostratic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nostratic is a highly controversial language "super-family" or "macrofamily" that putatively links many Eurasian language families.
		At first, the Celtic languages were not recognized as belonging to the Indo-European language family, while Armenian was not added until the 1880s (until then, it had been thought to be an aberrant dialect of Iranian), and Lycian and Lydian were not definitively recognized as Indo-European languages until the middle of the twentieth century.
		This is an example of what some linguists find suspect about the Nostratic hypothesis: a single proto-form is being suggested as the ancestor of words meaning 'barley', 'wheat', 'pebbles', and 'seeds'.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/n/no/nostratic_language.html (1396 words)

	Nostratic language - Wikipedia
		In 1931, the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen proposed "Nostratian", a proto-language for the proto-languages of the Indo-European, Uralic, Afro-Asiatic, and Eskimo-Aleut language families.
		Another blow against Nostratic is that the more recent technique of comparing grammatical structures, as opposed to words, suggests that the Nostratic candidates are not related.
		Claims that the words reconstructed for Proto-Nostratic point to a pre-agricultural society in the Middle East (as one might expect for a language pre-dating Proto-Indo-European) have been dismissed as wishful thinking exacerbated by that very expectation shaping the results.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nostratic (915 words)

	Everything about Altaic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria.
		The Ryukyuan languages are spoken in the islands of Okinawa Prefecture.
	wikimiki.org /en/Altaic+languages (9675 words)

	On The Classification Of Indic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Evolution of language is a result of complex temporal and spatial processes where, if one could aggregate the processes, one may speak in terms of parent traits and the resultant descendent traits.
		But language family representation that does not consider the previous history of interactions cannot be reliable; even in the case of an isolated population it is too simplistic.
		But since a language is defined by the interaction and behavior of diverse speakers across space and time, the actual inheritance in the daughter language is a chance phenomenon.
	subhashkak.voiceofdharma.com /articles/indic.htm (2871 words)

	Research describes human origins debate before Darwin (Jan 23, 1999)
		The role of Nostratic - a hypothetical language first thought to have been uttered more than 12,000 years ago - in the development of human language has raged for more than a century in the fields of linguistics, archeology, anthropology and classics.
		Central to the controversy is the question of which language families might belong in the Nostratic group, and how scientists have derived their arguments.
		Nostratic: Sifting the Evidence grew out of a conference on Nostratic that Salmons and Joseph organized in 1993.
	www.news.wisc.edu /537.html (400 words)

	PRE-NOSTRATIC "PRONOUNS"
		But the derived languages were, in the absence of the formal category of pronouns in Pre-Nostratic, free to employ a wide range of nouns from Pre-Nostratic as pronouns (and pronominal case-endings) which, with time, were organized by them into a formal syntactic categories.
		From the many stems that are employed by various IE languages to serve as third person bases (se, so, to, a/ol-, an, au-, e-, y-, apo-, ib/p-, de/o-, eno-, etc.), it is obvious that nouns with many special nuances came to be employed, which were later redefined as simple third person pronominal bases.
		It is a general principle of language evolution that consonants which are elided lengthen contiguous vowels (with the exception of the glottal stop).
	www.mega.nu:8080 /protolanguage/PERSPRO1.htm (2813 words)

	A Polish Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Baltic languages (Lithuanian, Latvian, Old Prussian†) most closely approximate the Slavic languages, and this is considered proof of their distant relationship, although some scholars attribute their similarities mainly to their reciprocal influences in their similarity.
		There also exists a view, maybe more justifiable, that the Khoisan languages can be opposed to all the other languages of the world, and the Zinj languages have more common with languages of Australia and south-eastern Asia than with Afro-Asiatic (see here and here).
		There are theories that all known languages in the world are the descendants of one proto-language which was in use about 100 thousand years ago.
	grzegorj.w.interia.pl /gram/isoen/afil.html (1201 words)

	The Dead media Project:Working Notes:42.4
		We have no record of the entity we call "protolanguage," which is the theoretical state of language between the grunting and gestures of apes, and the human world of syntax and grammar.
		Let us consider the imaginary language "Nostratic," which is said to be the ancestral language stock of the Indo- European family of languages.
		A human language is a giant memory system, an intricate creation of millions of people, over thousands of years.
	www.deadmedia.org /notes/42/424.html (2960 words)

	Ukraine and Ukrainian Education & Research at BRAMA
		The table-dictionaries follow this structure: words of the same language are placed in vertical columns; the words which relate to the same isogloss are found in horizontal lines.
		If all the languages have the appropriate words for the same isogloss (all square are full), then this isogloss belongs to a common lexical stock of the language family.
		Their late languages as a part of the three previos great language families have been researched on the level two.
	www.brama.com /education/stetsiukethnoabs.html (1224 words)

	The Nostratic linguistic macrofamily
		Both scholars came to the conclusion that the data at their disposal bore witness to the existence of a language macrofamily, whose members are Semitic (a branch of Afro-Asiatic), Kartvelian (South Caucasian), Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic; later acquaintance with the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by Th.
		In 1964 A. Dolgopolsky and V. Illych-Svitych were introduced to one another by V. Dybo, who had been aware for some time of their results, but had kept them in secret for the "purity of the experiment." Since that time both linguists worked in close contact until the untimely death of V. Illich-Svitych in 1967.
		One does not need to reconstruct any more than six laryngeals and nine dental fricatives/affricates in Nostratic, since the much larger numbers obtained in previous studies were justified only by the inclusion of the Afro-Asiatic data (the Laryngeal Theory in IE is not shared by many Moscow scholars).
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/nostratic.html (964 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Social Sciences: Linguistics: Languages: Natural
		Language Families - Maps of the various language families, with background reference material, based on Encyclopaedia Britannica material.
		Languages on the Web - 30,000 selected links to as many as 400 different languages, plus the first internet library of multilingual parallel texts.
		The World's Top Twenty Spoken Languages - Estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions) on the basis of the number of mother-tongue (first-language) speakers and population estimates for those countries where the language has official status.
	dmoz.org /Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural (619 words)

	Genetic Distance and Language Affinities
		While this was a thrilling prospect for understanding the early history of languages and the initial dispersal of the human species across the world, some think it is too speculative and questionable for us to have great confidence in the results.
		A 1999 correspondent informed me that Nostratic is (or should be) viewed as the parent rather than the derivative of Euasiatic.
		Some of the oldest attested languages in the world, from the oldest civilizations, are in the family of the Afroasiatic languages.
	www.friesian.com /trees.htm (3758 words)

	NOSTRATIC OR VOSTRATIC
		Westerners may tell that a Uralic official language is already in use in the EU, Finnish.
		But, although authentic Nostratics (meaning Indo-Europeans) tend to classify me as a Nostratic, some tricks of Basque seem quite familiar to me. The remaining part of this work will be dedicated to such characteristics.
		The polysynthetic languages are "even more synthetic than the synthetic ones", and in them the structure of words is "complicated".
	www.rmki.kfki.hu /~lukacs/LAKA.htm (5235 words)

	index
		An essence of the method of research consists in the construction of a grafical model (scheme) of cognate languages interrelation.
		This model is constructed on a postulate of the reverse-proportional dependence between quantity of common words in pairs of related languages and that distance on which areas of formation this languages from common ancestor language were found in that previous time.
		A count of the quantity of common words in language pairs has been done on the basis of an "isogloss" table-dictionary which had been created for each researched language family.
	www.geocities.com /valentyn_ua (228 words)

	LINGUIST List 2.712: Chinese and Dravidian
		Madhav Deshpande (it's good to hear from an old friend) asks about the origin of the Dravidian reftroflexes according to the Nostratic theory of Illich-Svitych, suggesting that there is a possible difficulty involved, since other Nostratic languages do not appear to have retroflexes.
		First, I think this is a false problem, for the fact that Indo-Aryan languages have retroflexes whereas most of the rest of IE does not is not considered a problem for the "Indo-European theory".
		In the case of the laterals and nasals, he appears to have believed that the Dravidian contrasts correspond to Nostratic ones (which are also reflected in Uralic) between different different laterals and nasals (whose phonetic features are identified with less precision).
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/2/2-712.html (430 words)

	Nostratic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bomhard, Allan R. "The Nostratic Macrofamily (with special reference to Indo-European)" Word 43: 61-83.
		Bomhard, Allan R. The Nostratic macrofamily: a study in distant linguistic relationship.
		Griffen, Toby B. "Nostratic and Germano-European." General Linguistics 29, iii (1989): 139-49.
	ebbs.english.vt.edu /hel/hel.nostratic.html (143 words)

	Top20Languages.com - Online Directory for Languages.
		Language and linguistics resources for Asian languages including Japanese hiragana with vocabulary, a Korean linguistics glossary, Mandarin Chinese and Old English with romanization and transliteration.
		List-servers for a wide variety of language studies, from Nostratic to Spanish and Tolkien.
		Estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions) on the basis of the number of mother-tongue (first-language) speakers and population estimates for those countries where the language has official status.
	www.top20languages.com (1041 words)

	The Indo-European language family - www.ezboard.com
		Some, not all european languages are derived from Latin.
		Sanskrit is merely the oldest of the known classical Indo-European languages.
		Both these language families, and a few others such as Hamito-Semitic, Kartvelian, Finno-Ugrik and a few other languages are descended form a very very very ancient language called
	p076.ezboard.com /fdesivoicefrm63.showMessage?topicID=133.topic (665 words)

	Officers of Instruction and Research:
		One hundred twenty faculty members have been recruited, most of them part-time, from the research institutes under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Moscow's finest universities.
		Many of them are at the top of their respective fields; About 60 lecturers and over twenty second language teachers are currently giving classes at JUM.
		Director, Division of Hebrew Language Instruction, Rothberg School for Overseas Students, Dept. of Hebrew Language, HUJ.
	www.jum.ru /faculty.htm (2789 words)

	Bibliographic Database
		This bibliography comprises explorations of the hypothesis that the Indo-European languages are genetically related to several other families of languages, including Uralic, Caucasian, and/or Afro-Asiatic.
		On the Compatibility of the Nostratic Theory with Data Obtained from the Study of the Turkic Languages
		The Dilemmas of Proto-Turkic Reconstruction and the Nostratic Thesis
	content.csa.com /biblio/LLB000442.html (838 words)

	Links to Medieval Language Resources
		The Early History of the Indo-European Languages (Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov) - 1990 Scientific American article on Nostratic
		Ilyich-Svytich Dictionary of Nostratic Roots (Miguel Carrasquer Vidal)
		The Lord's Prayer in several Germanic languages (Cathy Ball)
	pages.towson.edu /duncan/mll/mlllinks.html (446 words)

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