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Topic: Note on Devanagari transliteration

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	Devanagari - Wikipedia
		Devanagari is a script used to write some Indian languages, inclucing Hindi, Sanskrit and Marathi, as well as Nepali.
		Devanagari is partly phonetic in the sense that a word written in it can only be pronounced in one way, but not all possible pronunciations can be written perfectly.
		Note: Unicode support is required to display these fonts, which may be found here (http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/fonts.html#devanagari).
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /de/Devanagari.html (261 words)

	Devanagari transliteration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many words and names transliterated from Devanagari end with the letter "a", to indicate the pronunciation in the original Sanskrit.
		In formal transliteration schemes, the standard Roman letters are used to indicate the dental form, and the retroflex form is indicated by special marks, or the use of other letters.
		Where the letter "h" appears after a plosive consonant in Devanagari transliteration, it always indicates aspiration, thus "ph" is pronounced as the p in "pit" (with a small puff of air released as it is said) never as the ph in "photo".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Note_on_Devanagari_transliteration (297 words)

	Devanāgarī - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ITRANS [1] is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanāgarī into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet.
		Note that the ancient Sanskrit grammarians have classified the vowel system as velars, retroflexes, palatals and plosives rather than as back, central and mid vowels.
		The normal "t" and "d" in IAST transliteration are the dental stops; and they occur much, much more frequently than the retroflex stops.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Devanagari (2876 words)

	introduction to indic scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A note on terminology: The names of letters and diacritics with a particular function (and location relative to the beginning of the code block) are largely standardised in Unicode across all the Indic code charts.
		For 60% of Devanagari conjuncts the consonants that lose the vowel typically lose their characteristic vertical bar (which is historically associated with the sound of the inherent vowel).
		Note that in some cases the diacritic may appear in a very different position visually than the position of the character it represents in the text stream.
	people.w3.org /rishida/scripts/indic-overview (6218 words)

	Devanagari Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The philosophy behind it being that when one meditates on the specific sounds of the Devanagari alphabet, the written forms appear spontaneously in the mind.
		The spelling of languages written in Devanagari is partly phonetic in the sense that a word written in it can only be pronounced in one way, but not all possible pronunciations can be written perfectly.
		Note: Unicode support is required to display these fonts, which may be found here.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/d/de/devanagari.html (372 words)

	Hindi - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Note again that English is the co-official (associate official) language of the Indian Union, and that each of the several states mentioned above may also have another co-official language (usually in Hindi-speaking states, it is Urdu).
		Note that all nasals, trills, flaps, approximants and lateral approximants in Hindi are regarded as voiced consonants, and that many linguists also call the aspirated voiced plosives as breathy voice or murmur stops.
		The Devanagari script represents the sounds of spoken Hindi very closely, so that a person who knows the Devanagari letters can sound out a written Hindī text comprehensibly, even without knowing what the words mean.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Hindi (7163 words)

	The Advaita Vedânta Home Page - Sanskrit Transliteration Key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Here is the key to the transliteration rules that I follow when I use a sam.skRta word in the middle of English text.
		This transliteration is by no means perfect, but it is meant for easy online representation in the international Roman alphabet.
		The transliteration scheme is used only for words that are specifically related to advaita vedAnta.
	www.advaita-vedanta.org /avhp/transliteration.html (388 words)

	Files with English Translation & Phonetic Transliteration of Sri Guru Granth Sahib
		Devanagari to English translation of all of Siri Guru Granth Sahib text in a sentence by sentence format.
		Devanagari to English translation of all of Siri Guru Granth Sahib text in a sentence by sentence format including phonetic transliteration in common English characters.
		The Gurmukhi text is in the first column, the phonetic transliteration text in the 2nd column and the English translation in the 3rd column.
	www.gurbanifiles.org /translations/index.htm (959 words)

	ITRANS Transliteration
		Instead, it is usually written in what is called a transliterated form, which means that the actual characters of a given word are converted into an Anglicised form using the Roman alphabet.
		T is pronounced as the 't' in tub but instead of having the tongue forward of the roof of the mouth, put it right up to the roof as you say it.
		Note that Americans seem to prefer to ignore this logical derivation and pronounce it as 'va' in 'van'.
	www.advaita.org.uk /sanskrit/itrans.htm (3219 words)

	ICU Userguide
		Note also that the global filter is enclosed in parentheses, rendering it inoperative in the reverse direction.
		Transliteration rules in Indic are reversible with the exception of the ZWJ and ZWNJ used to request explicit rendering effects.
		There are two particular instances where transliterations may produce unexpected results: (1) where a halant after a consonant is implied by the romanization (in such cases the vowel needs to be explicitly written out), and (2) with the transliteration of 'c'.
	icu.sourceforge.net /userguide/Transform.html (6961 words)

	Devanagari - Gurupedia
		The name Devanagari comes from the Sanskrit words Deva (god), and Nagari (city); together they mean, literally, the script of the "City of the Gods", where this city is the body of the individual.
		A syllable (akshara) is formed by the combination of zero or one consonants and one vowel.
		The ITRANS notation [1] is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanagari into English that is widely used on Usenet.
	www.gurupedia.com /d/de/devanagari.htm (557 words)

	Ancient Sanskrit Online
		He notes, for example, to the third line of I, 162, 3, in which the word purolâ´ç, mentioned above, appears to refer to a goat, that the line is "elliptical.
		Note: d becomes l (and dh lh) between vowels, as in the word purolâ´ç mentioned in the first section of the introduction.
		Note: there are great disparities in capability among personal computers in contemporary use.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/vedol-0-R.html (5646 words)

	Transliteration of Indic scripts: How to use ISO 15919 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Opening a printed copy of the international standard ISO 15919 Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters, available from National Standards Bodies, it might seem to be rather complicated because of the amount of information, the choices to be made for a transliteration, and the number of tables.
		This site also provides further information on the transliteration of Indic scripts, some of which is not given in ISO 15919 (such as the relation to Unicode).
		All Notes need to be used, but not all are referred to in the tables.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /stone-catend/trind.htm (289 words)

	Tamil:TamilScript - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		An overdot (see image) - equivalent to Devanagari sign virama - suppresses the inherent trailing a sound of the consonant sign - that is, it is a pure consonant.
		Tamil letters are also used to indicate the notes of Carnatic music.
		Sometimes referred to as the 'mother' note - all Ragas have this note.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Tamil:TamilScript (757 words)

	Recommended Fonts for Diacritics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		For Latin transliteration of Indic (Brahmi-based) scripts using diacritic Unicode fonts, the SALRC strongly urges compliance with the international standard ISO 15919: Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters.
		It is important to note that while the ISO document establishes a standard, it is not related to the Unicode Consortium.
		For more informal Latin transliteration of Indic scripts, such as in everyday email or instant messaging, where the use of diacritic fonts may be a hindrance or inconvenience, the SALRC highly recommends the ITRANS standard of 7-bit ASCII notation developed in 1991 by Avinash Chopde.
	home.uchicago.edu /~adheesh/fonts/diacriticfonts.html (795 words)

	Notes on Viewing and Creating Documents in Devanagari - HR Pota
		If someone sends you a document with Devanagari text in utf-8 encoding then it should be displayed correctly by Outlook Express or Notepad or MS Word or for that matter most microsoft programs.
		The good thing about transliteration mode is that it's easy to learn--it is just the way you would write Hindi or Sanskrit in Roman Script--and it can be used for all Indian languages in exactly the same way.
		See additional information about unicode devanagari at Alan Wood's Unicode Resources Test for Unicode support in Web browsers Devanagari, Devanagari writing, and Hindi translation of what is Unicode.
	www.ee.adfa.edu.au /staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/unicodenotes.html (2104 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Since a small number of words in the late pronunciation of Vedic carry the so called independent svarita on a short vowel one can argue that late Vedic was marginally a tonal language.
		Note however that in the metrically restored versions of the Rig Veda almost all of the syllables carrying an independent svarita must revert to a sequence of two syllables the first of which carries an anusvāra and the second a dependent svarita.
		Occasionally, in regions of India where Devanagari is not the script of the vernacular (as it is with Hindi or
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Sanskrit.html (2576 words)

	CTAN: directory: /tex-archive/language/devanagari/velthuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Note: We rarely add new files or remove files or change their locations.
		Be sure that the directory with the Velthuis Devanagari package is at the beginning of the TEXMF variable (teTeX, TeX Live) or selected in MikTeX options in the Roots tab as the first one.
		Note: this listing is regenerated periodically so there is a small chance that the directory has changed; to be sure, check the FTP listing.
	www.ctan.org /tex-archive/language/devanagari/velthuis?M=D (1152 words)

	Recommended Fonts for Hindi, Marathi, Nepali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Itranslator 2003: A free application developed for Windows 2000/XP by Omkarananda Ashram in Rishikesh, India, which acts as a Devanagari "preprocessor." The user inputs in the ITRANS transliteration format in one window while the text is simultaneously converted into Devanagari (using Sanskrit 2003) and Roman transliteration.
		Since it is originally developed for Sanskrit, the transliteration scheme is somewhat forced for Hindi, Marathi, and Nepali use.
		Note, however, that while future updates are planned, in Unipad version 1.10, for the South Asian Unicode blocks "Contextual forms of those letters are not supported, nominal glyphs are displayed instead."
	home.uchicago.edu /~adheesh/fonts/devanagarifonts.html (1233 words)

	Notes to Glossary of Sanskrit Terms in Sri Aurobindo's Works
		In the works of Sri Aurobindo, words are transliterated not only according to the standard system, but according to a freer system, in which diacritical marks are omitted and a more natural English equivalent to the Sanskrit letter is employed.
		There are no capital letters in the devanagari script, however in the glossary transliterated proper names have been capitalised.
		Note that Sanskrit words used in the definitions are shown in italics and are themselves defined in their own places.
	www.miraura.org /lit/skgl-note.html (580 words)

	[No title]
		Note: [Inserted notes indicate suggested dotted letter sort order ] [UCS IDs for these characters are shown again, in UCS order, i.e.
		The transliteration (TL) column shown here avoids ambiguity as there are no duplicate transliterations, although in the case of digraphs some multiple passing would be necessary to ensure full reversibility in transformation of text between ASCII characters and Thaana, to eliminate the possibity of digraphs being confused with the letters which comprise the digraphs.
		Information on dotted letters in Dhivehi (UCS 0798-07A5) has been hard to come by, so both the suggested ordering and transliteration information are very much a working hypothesis, which is why some transliteration suggestions for dotted letters also have alternatives in brackets, which represent earlier suggestions.
	www.open-std.org /JTC1/SC22/WG20/docs/n734.txt (563 words)

	Sanscrit - VedicWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In order to disambiguate vocalic l from retroflex l, vocalic l is sometimes transliterated with a ring below the letter, l̥; when this is done, vocalic r is also represented with a ring, r̥, for consistency.
		From the late Middle Ages, and especially in modern times, the Devanagari (meaning "as used in the city of the Gods") script has become the most widely used and associated with Sanskrit.
		Most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1912.
	www.vedicwiki.com /en/index.php?title=Sanscrit (2777 words)

	vitalcoaching.com - Devanagiri
		It is a close descendant of the Brāhmī script that has been traced back to 500 BC.
		Words are written together without spaces, so that the top bar is unbroken, although there are some exceptions to this rule.
		The "Unicode name" column contains the name given in the Unicode specification for the vowel, and the "IPA" column contains the International Phonetic Alphabet character(s) corresponding to the Devanagari vowel.
	vitalcoaching.com /spirit/sanskrit/devanagiri.htm (496 words)

	Pali - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It is most famous as the Liturgical language in which the scriptures of Theravada Buddhism (also known as the Pali Canon or in Pali the Tipitaka) were written down in Sri Lanka in the 1st century BCE in the Sinhalese script.
		Pali has been written in a variety of scripts, from Brahmi, Devanagari and other Indic scripts through to a romanised (western) form devised by T.
		The word Pali itself signifies "line" or "(canonical) text", and this name for the language seems to have its origins in commentarial traditions, wherein the "Pali" (in the sense of the line of original text quoted) was distinguished from the commentary or the vernacular following after it on the Manuscript page.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Pali (3622 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Hindi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the central government by 1965, with state governments being free to function in languages of their own choice.
		The following listing is taken from Tiwari ([1966] 2004); even he notes that the classification of the dialects under various branches and their classification as a dialect of Hindi or as an independent language depends upon the perception of the linguist.
		In the devanagari script used for Sanskrit, whenever a consonant in a word-ending position is without a virāma (ie, freely standing in the orthography: प as opposed to प्), the short neutral vowel schwa (/ə/) is automatically associated with it—this is of course true for the consonant when in any other position in the word.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Hindi (8589 words)

	txt_nagari
		The biggest reason is that the basic transliteration system was designed to reflect Urdu spelling and pronunciation.
		To avoid this problem, we disabled the conjunct-forms in Devanagari, so that there are now no conjuncts, which is bad but still the lesser of two evils.
		The only way to really fix the problem would be to type in, say, naqsh on the one hand (which should have a conjunct), and farayaadii and ta;hariir on the other hand (which shouldn't).
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/about/txt_nagari.html (708 words)

	SILConverters 2.2 (Microsoft Word/COM support for TECkit, CC, and ICU) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This can be useful for complex transliteration processes where a simple algorithmic process is not sufficient.
		Please note that the installation procedure for SILConverters is completely different from the old EncCnvtrs.
		Note that these transliterators can be daisy-chained together to transliterate between non-Latin scripts.
	scripts.sil.org /EncCnvtrs (2691 words)

	Linguistic Considerations in the Project
		These are encoded using character references of the form and#dddd; where dddd is the decimal value of the hexidecimal number given by the Unicode Standard 3.0 charts published by the Unicode Consortium.
		Note: Although it is possible to encode the hexadecimal value directly (using the and#xhhhh; format where hhhh is the hex value), this is not currently recommended, since some browsers do not support this.
		If the problem is with conjunct glyphs in Devanagari and other Indic scripts, you may be able to solve the problem by switching to the Microsoft Office XP operating system.
	www.lib.uwaterloo.ca /society/linguisticconsiderations.html (1076 words)

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