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	Notker - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon
		Notker learned how to fit the separate syllables of a Latin text to the tones of this jubilation; this poem was called the sequence (q.v.), formerly called the "jubilation".
		It is characteristic of Notker that at his dying request the poor were fed, and that he asked to be buried in the clothes which he was wearing in order that none might see the heavy chain with which he had been in the habit of mortifying his body.
		Among Notker's pupils, who extended the influence of the Liège schools to ever wider circles, may be mentioned Hubald, Gunther of Salzburg, Ruthard and Erlwin of Cambrai, Heimo of Verdun, Hesselo of Toul, and Adalbald of Utrecht.
	www.heiligenlexikon.de /CatholicEncyclopedia/Notker.html (1068 words)

	Notker of St Gall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Notker of St. Gall (familiarly known as Notker Balbulus, or Notker the Stammerer (Notker der Stotterer)); ca.
		He studied with Tuotilo, originator of tropes, at St. Gall's, from Iso and the Irishman Iso, and Moengall, teachers in the monastic school.
		Ekkehard IV, the biographer of the monks of St. Gall, lauds him as "delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine, a vessel of the Holy Spirit without equal in his time".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Notker_of_St_Gall (477 words)

	Notker of St Gall Summary
		In the foreword Notker tells us that his poems were inspired by a liturgical book containing similar poems that was brought to St. Gall in the 850s by a priest who had fled from the Abbey of Jumièges when it was destroyed during a Norman invasion and taken refuge at St. Gall.
		Notker Balbulus (the Stammerer), known also as Notker I and Notker Poeta, is not to be confused with Notker II, also called Notker Medicus or Physicus (the Doctor), who died in 975, or the illustrious Notker III, also called Notker Labeo (of the Lip) and Notker Teutonicus (the German), who died in 1022.
		Notker was born of a noble family in Elgg, Switzerland, not far from the monastery of Saint Gall, around 840.
	www.bookrags.com /Notker_of_St_Gall (1754 words)

	NOTKER BALBULUS. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		), c.840–912, German monk and scholar, abbot of St. Gall (from 890).
		Notker’s life of Charlemagne preserves much of the matter of the Charlemagne legend.
		While Notker was abbot of St. Gall patristic studies were encouraged and the library was enriched.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/no/NotkerBa.html (41 words)

	Werner Wunderlich: St Gall: Tradition, Topicality of its Cultural Memory, Media Culture
		In 1798, the town-republic of St Gall was obliged to renounce its sovereignty and became the capital of the Canton of Säntis, one of two founded in Eastern Switzerland by decree, the other being that of Linth.
		Nevertheless, St Gall's various landscapes and its political and administrative districts may functionally, i.e., from the points of view of its economy, public-transport system, settlement and civil-engineering policies, and tourism, be regarded as part of the region of Lake Constance: the old cultural region differentiated by its Alemmanic population and dialects from surrounding territories.
		Media culture in St Gall thus consists of a network of relationships of aesthetic and communicative, medial and social factors which can be literally read from the religious scriptures in general and from the Irish manuscripts in particular.
	www.kwa.unisg.ch /wunderlich/st_gallen.html (9859 words)

	Bl. Notker Balbulus
		Notker was the son of noble Swiss parents.
		Notker was probably the anonymous "Monk of St. Gall" who composed the book Gesta Caroli (The Deeds of Charles), a collection of folk stories about the Emperor Charlemagne.
		Notker the Stammerer was so much loved by the monks of his abbey that for a long time after his death, they could not speak of him without shedding tears.
	www.stthomasirondequoit.com /SaintsAlive/id373.htm (534 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Book 5 Chapter 16
		The conception of physical grace, as expressed when the older Notker of St. Gall called her "the most beautiful of all virgins," filled the thought of the Schoolmen and the peasant.
		Christ's tooth, which the monks of St. Medard professed to have in their possession, was attacked by Guibert of Nogent on the ground that when Christ rose from the dead he was in possession of all the parts of his body.
		Notker of St. Gall was the first to adapt such poems to sequences or melodies.
	www.godrules.net /library/history/history5ch16.htm (10804 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Monk of Saint Gall: The Life of Charlemagne, 883/4
		St. Pancras is one of the saints given by the persecution of the Emperor Diocletian to the calendar of the Church.
		Charles is known to have expressed regret either at the fact or the manner of the presentation of the imperial crown; and the Monk of St. Gall is not so wide of the point as usual in the account he gives of the causes of his hesitation.
		The Persians of the ninth century are by the Monk identified with the Persians of the period of Marathon and Salamis.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/basis/stgall-charlemagne.html (15415 words)

	MUSL 242: Notker "the Stammerer" on Sequences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Notker of St. Gall, familarly known as Notker Balbus, or Notker the Stammerer, was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of St. Gall.
		It is because of such memorization troubles that Notker of St. Gall decided to improve upon the technique of the sequence.
		However, his work is no less important by this revelation, because without Notker "the Stammerer's" representation and improvement of the sequence, one of the first teaching and memorization techniques in music may never have surfaced.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL242/notker.htm (680 words)

	Formularies
		The formularies are, of course, anything but models of good Latinity; with the exception of the Letters (Variæ) of Cassiodorus, and the St. Gall collection "Sub Salomone", they are written in careless or even barbarous Latin, though it is possible that their wretched "style" is intentional, so as to render them intelligible to the multitude.
		This is an important collection of fifty-five formulæ, drawn up after the fashion of the charters of Louis the Pious at the Abbey of St. Martin of Tours, between 828 and 832, The manuscript is written mainly in Tironian notes.
		It was certainly in official use by the Roman chancery from the ninth to the end of the eleventh century.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/f/formularies.html (3006 words)

	Monastery gardens and the St. Gall plan, from Europe's Middle Ages
		It was sent to the abbot of St. Gall in the year 900 as a model plan.
		Roses and lilies, at first condemned as heathenish flowers by the early Christians, soon became the symbol of Mary and the reward of martyrdom, and it was not long before an elaborate symbolism was attached to their colours and scents.
		The whole time of Charles the Great—and the St. Gall plan may be supposed to belong to it—was of great importance for horticulture.
	www.gardenvisit.com /got/6/2.htm (2227 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Ekkehard of St. Gall: Three Monks of St. Gall
		The lives of three monks who lived in the abbey of St. Gall at the end of the ninth century were chronicled by Ekkehard of St. Gall a century later.
		Notker was frail in body, though not in mind, a stammerer in voice but not in spirit; lofty in divine thoughts, patient in adversity, gentle in everything, strict in enforcing the discipline of our convent, yet somewhat timid in sudden and unexpected alarms, except in the assaults of demons, whom he always withstood manfully.
		But Notker, the gentlest of men, learned in his own person what insults meant: I will here cite but one example, wherefrom thou mayest judge the rest and know how great is Satan's presumption in such things.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/eckehard1.html (991 words)

	Notker Labeo - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Notker Labeo, c.950-1022, German monk, also known as TeŭtonĬcus.
		Notker translated into Old High German Boethius' Consolations of Philosophy, Capella's Marriage of Mercury and Philology, Pope Gregory I's Morals, and Aristotle's Categories.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Notker Labeo" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-notkerla.html (120 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Notker
		Bishop Notker, Provost of St. Gall and later first Prince-Bishop of Liège
		Notker Labeo was a monk in St. Gall and author, also named "the German" (Teutonicus) in recognition of his services to the language.
		Notker, nephew of Notker Physicus, who died on 15 December, 975.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Notker (298 words)

	Catholic History, THE SERAPH, April 1998, Vol XVIII No 8
		We have Martyrologies from Florus, Ado, Usuard, in France; from Rabanus and Notker of St. Gall, in Germany.
		Not so, St. Paul replies; three things must happen first _ an apostasy or defection must occur; the hindrance to the manifestation of Antichrist must be removed, and then Antichrist himself revealed.
		In contrast with these aberrations of fancy, St. Augustine in the West, and St. John Damascene in the East, preserve a marked moderation of tone in discussing this subject.
	friarsminor.org /xviii8-2.html (1506 words)

	The Monastery of St. Gall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Founded in 612, the monastery of St. Gall was named after the Irish saint, St. Gallus.
		In the year 937 A.D., when threatened by the Huns, much St. Gall's library's manuscripts were moved to the neighboring abbey of Riechneau.
		Notker is given credit for writing a biography of Charlemagne as well as the partial creation and promotion of the sequence in musical notation.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /Blair/Courses/MUSL242/stgall~1.htm (298 words)

	St. Tutilo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This became the famous monastery of St. Gall, one of the most influential monasteries of the Middle Ages and the center of music, art, and learning throughout that period.
		The Gregorian chant manuscripts from the monastery of St. Gall, many of them undoubtedly the work of St. Tutilo, are considered among the most authentic and were studied carefully when the monks of Solesmes were restoring the tradition of Gregorian chant to the Catholic Church.
		Proof of the Irish influence at St. Gall is a large collection of Irish manuscripts at the abbey dating from the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/TUTILO.htm (431 words)

	MUSL 242: Notker Balbulus and the Sequence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		840-912), a monk of the abbey of St. Gall in eastern Switzerland, was an author, a poet, a theorist, and a composer.
		Notker has proven to be a significant exhibition that the early medieval artist is not necessarily anonymous.
		According to Crocker, Notker's book is the most substantial piece of evidence for sequences as well as almost any other category of medieval chant.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL242/notkers.htm (1019 words)

	History of Gregorian Chant
		In the introduction to a collection of his sequences, Notker Balbalus (the Stammerer, 840-912), a monk of the St Gall monastery in Switzerland, tells the story of a French monk who sought refuge at St Gall in 862, following the Norman sacking of his monastery at Jumieges, in Normandy.
		Notker noticed that the monk’s antiphonary (chant book) showed new words fitted to melodies that St Gall sang on a single syllable.
		Like St Francis, Gueranger seems to have had a special calling to restore ruins, for the other great work of his life was to revive Gregorian chant.
	www.maternalheart.org /library/chant_history.htm (4175 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Notker
		He is probabIy identical with a "Notker notarius", who enjoyed great consideration at the court of Otto I on account of his skill in medicine, and whose knowledge of medical books is celebrated by Ekkehard.
		We have no documentary information concerning him until his appointment as Abbot of St. Gall (971).
		(St. Gall, 1877) cxxiii, cxlvii; BURGENER, Helvetia Sancta, II (Einsiedeln, 1860), ; 132 sq.; SIRET, Dict.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11125b.htm (1263 words)

	Notker of St Gall - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Notker of St Gall
		Swiss monk and musician at the monastery of St Gall.
		He wrote on musical notation, the organ, and the performance of plainsong.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Notker+of+St+Gall (98 words)

	Jewish music
		Many of the phrases introduced in the hazzanut generally, closely resemble the musical expression of the sequences which developed in the Catholic Plain-Song after the example set by the school famous as that of Notker Balbulus, at St. Gall, in the early tenth century.
		The earlier formal melodies still more often are paralleled in the festal intonations of the monastic precentors of the eleventh to the fifteenth century, even as the later synagogal hymns everywhere approximate greatly to the secular music of their day.
		The traditional penitential intonation transcribed in the article Ne'ilah with the piyyut "Darkeka" closely reproduces the music of a parallel species of medieval Latin verse, the metrical sequence "Missus Gabriel de Clis" by Adam of St. Victor (c.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/je/Jewish_music.html (1774 words)

	hss_bonds_hisofmusic_1\|Chapter 1: Plainchant and Secular Monoph\|Primary Evidence\|Words, Music, and Memory
		In one of the earliest accounts of such a trope, Notker of St. Gall (ca.
		Notker was a monk who worked at the Benedictine abbey of St. Gall in what is now eastern Switzerland.
		In your own words, summarize Notker's description of how and why he came to add words to melismas, and his teacher Iso's response.
	wps.prenhall.com /hss_bonds_hisofmusic_1/0,7832,731111-,00.utf8.html (527 words)

	Notker - Toseeka Search Results
		Various monks of St. Gall who bore this name...
		Between 881-887 Notker dedicated a collection of such verses to Bishop Liutward...
		Notker learned how to fit the separate syllables of a Latin text to the tones of...
	www.toseeka.com /subject/Notker (339 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Reading in Medieval St. Gall
		An analysis of medieval teaching methods through the surviving manuscripts of the scholar Notker of St. Gall.
		The teaching methods used in the medieval Abbey of St. Gall survive in the translations and commentaries of the monk, scholar and teacher Notker Labeo (ca.
		Notker's pedagogic method, although deeply rooted in classical and monastic traditions, demonstrates revolutionary innovations that include providing translations in the pupils' native German, supplying structural commentary in the form of simplified word order and punctuation, and furnishing special markers that helped readers to perform texts out loud.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=0521803446 (227 words)

	Irish Music from the 6th to the 9th Century
		Although music was the great feature of St. Gall's, literature was by no means neglected--in fact, to the Irish scribes of St. Gall's we owe the preservation of priceless manuscripts of the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries.
		Sigerson in his Bards of the Gael and Gall, gives us a charming translation of "The Blackbird's Song," written in Irish by an Irish monk of St. Gall's about the year 855, and published by Nigra in 1872.
		Notker Balbulus, the author of this valuable book of hymns, about the year 870, shed undying lustre on the music school of St. Gall's, but he is best known to students of liturgy as the inventor of Sequences.
	www.libraryireland.com /IrishMusic/II-2.php (697 words)

	Millennium of Music
		In this concert, the singers of Sequentia and Dialogos join together to present aspects of these contrasts, these musical and vocal conflicts transmitted to us by singers of the Middle Ages.
		Surviving texts by such personalities as Paul the Deacon (a southerner) or Notker of St. Gall (a northerner) often refer to the differences between attitudes towards singing liturgical chant.
		Domine, exaudi orationem meam, tractus uit St. Gallen
	www.millenniumofmusic.com /playlists/playlist_05-01.php (613 words)

	Amazon.com: "Notker Labeo": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In St. Gall at the turn of the millennium, Notker Labeo 81 Gernot Wieland, "The Glossed Manuscript: Classbook or Library Book?" Anglo-Saxon England 14 (1985), p.
		VON ANNA A. GROTANS In seinem Brief an den Bischof Hugo von Sitten rechtfertigt Notker Labeo seine alt- hochdeutschen bersetzungen damit, da er den Schlern in St....
		We know from Notker Labeo's account of his work as teacher and translator that at St Gall in the same period students were prepared for...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Notker-Labeo (429 words)

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