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	Novarupta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Novarupta, meaning "new eruption", is a volcano located on the Alaska Peninsula in the Katmai area, about 290 miles southwest of Anchorage.
		The 1912 Novarupta eruption was the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.
		Magma from underneath the Mount Katmai area was drained away to Novarupta, resulting in a collapsed 3 x 4 km caldera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Novarupta (248 words)

	Wikipedia: Novarupta
		Novarupta is a volcano, located on the Alaskan peninsula, about 290 miles southwest of Anchorage.
		Novarupta sits below Mount Katmai, which collapsed as a result of material being expelled from the volcano.
		Pyroclastic ash flow from the eruption formed what was named the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes by Robert Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/n/no/novarupta.html (191 words)

	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6-June 8, 1912.
		Following the eruption there were thousands of fumaroles venting steam from the ash.
		Novarupta generated as many of 14 major earthquakes, with magnitudes between M6 and M7 (release of this much energy is virtually unprecedented during volcanic eruptions), and over 100 earthquakes greater than M5.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Valley_of_Ten_Thousand_Smokes (378 words)

	Novarupta: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A volcano is a geological landform (usually a mountain) where magma (rock of the earths interior made molten or liquid by high pressure and temperature) erupts...
		The 1912 Novarupta eruption[For more, click on this link] was the largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century.
		Katmai national park and preserve is a united states national park in alaska, notable for the valley of ten thousand smokes and for its brown bears....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/no/novarupta.htm (1049 words)

	Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska?
		The ash fall from the cataclysmic 1912 eruption of Novarupta (large gray shaded area) dwarfs that produced by recent eruptions of Augustine (blue area), Redoubt (orange area), and Spurr (yellow area) Volcanoes.
		Novarupta's eruption had removed so much molten rock (magma) from beneath Mount Katmai that it caused a cubic mile of Katmai's summit to collapse.
		As with Novarupta, however, the greatest hazard posed by eruptions of most Alaskan volcanoes is airborne ash&emdash;even minor amounts of ash can cause the engines of jet aircraft to suddenly fail in flight, create health problems, close roads and airports, disrupt utilities, and contaminate water supplies for hundreds of miles downwind.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/fs075-98 (1620 words)

	Novarupta: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Novarupta is a volcano (volcano: A mountain formed by volcanic material), located on the Alaska Peninsula (Alaska Peninsula: A peninsula in southwestern Alaska (a continuation of the Aleutian Islands)) in the Katmai (Katmai: the pentium iii is an x86 (more precisely, an i686) architecture microprocessor by...
		The 1912 Novarupta eruption (1912 Novarupta eruption: more facts about this subject) was the largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century.
		Novarupta's 1912 eruption has been rated a 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (Volcanic Explosivity Index: the volcanic explosivity index (vei) was devised by chris newhall of the u.s....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/novarupta (538 words)

	Novarupta - Activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Its surface is often rough and blocky as a result of fragmentation of the cooler, outer crust during growth of the dome.
		Timing of the emplacement of the Novarupta dome is poorly known; its extrusion followed the last major tephra fall and was complete at the time of discovery on 31 July 1916.
		During a typical caldera-forming eruption, the magma chamber is partially emptied and large amounts of ash and pyroclastic debris are extruded.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /volcanoes/activity.php?eruptionid=456 (2018 words)

	NGS-No8.
		Novarupta from the plateau east of Falling Mountain.
		A block of lava on the plug of Novarupta showing the ropey flutings clue to flowage of the more fluid bands of lava after the block had broken off.
		One of the deep drainage gullies on the slope between Novarupta and the Geneased Hill.
	www.lib.uaa.alaska.edu /archives/CollectionsInv/KtoN/NGSKAT-Pt8.wpd.html (2981 words)

	NGS No3.
		Novarupta and the peaks of Katmai seen from Baked Mountain.
		A profusion of steaming fissures on the mountainside opposite Novarupta.
		Penetrating a mass of fumaroles in the vicinity of Novarupta.
	lib.uaa.alaska.edu /archives/CollectionsInv/KtoN/NGSKAT-Pt3.wpd.html (3503 words)

	Katmai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Magma was erupted from Novarupta and not from Mt. Katmai, despite the fact that a caldera formed at Katmai.
		Beyond the caldera are the multiple peaks of Trident Volcano; Mount Mageik volcano is the snow and ice-covered cone on the skyline.
		Aerial view of 80-m (260 ft)-high Novarupta, a blocky rhyolite lava dome that marks the vent for the 1912 eruption that created the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g111/Volcanoes/Katmai/katmai.htm (536 words)

	The Sudden Disappearance of Mount Katmai, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Novarupta, Latin for ³new vent,² today resembles a crumb cake of gray rock about 1,200 feet in diameter and 150 feet high.
		As we sat at ground zero on one of the world¹s great eruptions, Eichelberger explained his hypothesis that the great eruption of 1912 was similar to an artesian well, with molten rock flowing from a chamber beneath Mount Katmai 10 kilometers westward to the eruption vent at Novarupta.
		The flow of magma, or molten rock, toward Novarupta may have been triggered by what Eichelberger calls a ³dike² of another type of magma that rose from below to pierce and drain the foundation of Mount Katmai.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF15/1551.html (653 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Novarupta \| Summary
		Novarupta, the least topographically prominent volcano in the Katmai area, was formed during a major eruption in 1912.
		At the end of the eruption a small, 65-m-high, 400-m-wide lava dome grew to an elevation of 841 m within the source vent of the VTTS ashflow, a 2-km-wide area of subsidence NW of Trident volcano.
		The NE side of the Falling Mountain lava dome of the Trident volcanic cluster, as well as Broken Mountain and Baked Mountain, was removed by collapse of the Novarupta depression, which is marked by radial and scalloped arcuate fractures.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1102-18- (194 words)

	Katmai Volcano, Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The ignimbrite vent is marked by a 2-km- wide backfilled depression, near the middle of which is nested the 500-m-wide vent of the post-ignimbrite plinian dacite eruptions.
		A blocky rhyolite lava dome (Novarupta) subsequently plugged the inner vent.
		Linear fractures between Novarupta and Trident strike perpendicular to the volcanic front, raising the possibility that some or all of the 1912 magma was transferred to the 1912 vent from reservoir components beneath Trident; these, in turn, may have withdrawn magma from beneath Mount Katmai, permitting its collapse.
	users.bendnet.com /bjensen/volcano/alaskacanada/alaska-katmai.html (192 words)

	CVO Website - Katmai Volcano - 1912 Eruption
		Novarupta, Alaska, 1912: Largest eruption of the 20th century; produced 21 cubic kilometers (5 cubic miles) of volcanic material, which is equivalent to 230 years of eruption at Kilauea, Hawaii.
		Novarupta was the source of the world's most voluminous 20th-century eruption, the most extensive historic ignimbrite, and of the only Quaternary high-silica rhyolite on the Alaska Peninsula.
		The ignimbrite vent is marked by a 2-kilometer-wide backfilled depression, near the middle of which is nested the 500-meter-wide vent of the post-ignimbrite plinian dacite eruptions.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Alaska/description_1912_eruption_novarupta.html (1805 words)

	Katmai National Park & Preserve - Nature & Science
		In June 1912, Mount Katmai and Novarupta Volcano erupted with tremendous force and ejected enormous amounts of ash and pumice.
		As the ejecta was expelled through Novarupta, the top of Katmai collapsed, forming a large caldera.
		This ash fell over a large area downwind from Katmai and Novarupta, accumulating on level ground to depths of 3 to 4 feet at Katmai Bay, 3 feet at Kaflia Bay and 6 to 12 inches at Kodiak on Kodiak Island.
	www.nps.gov /katm/pphtml/subenvironmentalfactors13.html (954 words)

	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska
		The 1912 Novarupta eruption was the largest eruption anywhere in the world in the 20th century, as an estimated 15 cubic kilometers of bubble-free magma (resulting in over 30 cubic kilometers of pumice and ash) was explosively erupted during 60 hours beginning on June 6.
		This entire 120-square-kilometer sheet was deposited during the 1912 eruption from the Novarupta vent 11 miles (17.7 km) away.
		Novarupta Dome, a 60-m-high dome of rhyolite, plugs the 500-m-wide inner vent, source of the 1912 Plinian deposits.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /~meltzner/alaska98 (1591 words)

	Two eruptions bordering the Pacific plate: one huge, one small but ongoing
		Pyroclastic flows-dense clouds of hot ash, pumice, and gas that move at hurricane speeds-filled in the lowland northwest of Novarupta to an average depth of 90 m (300 feet).
		Workers during the 1950s, and later USGS geologists, showed that Novarupta was the actual site of eruption and that the Katmai collapse was secondary to the main event.
		USGS volcanologists are currently monitoring another eruption at the edge of the Pacific plate--- Anatahan, in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, which began erupting on May 10.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/2003/03_06_05.html (895 words)

	Millennium Ark: Hot News
		KENAI - Ninety-four years ago in what is now Katmai National Park and Preserve, Novarupta Volcano exploded, launching an estimated 21 cubic miles of material into the atmosphere over a three-day period, and burying the surrounding landscape with an ash flow 100 to 700 feet deep.
		Scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey say the chance of another cataclysmic event on Novarupta's scale occurring in any given year is small, but over time a virtual certainty.
		Ten peaks in southern Alaska are considered capable of such destruction, and ash surveys show at least seven deposits of comparable size dumped within 500 miles of Anchorage in the last 4,000 years.
	www.millennium-ark.net /NEWS/06_Earth_Changes/060103.AK.vol.blowup.html (1046 words)

	Novarupta: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Novarupta is a volcano (A mountain formed by volcanic material)
		The 1912 Novarupta eruption[for more info, click this link] was the largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century, Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		Novarupta's 1912 eruption has been rated a 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (The volcanic explosivity index (vei) was devised by chris newhall of the u.s....)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/novarupta (1032 words)

	Valley of 10,000 Smokes Tour, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The June 1912 eruption of Novarupta Volcano altered the Katmai area dramatically.
		Severe earthquakes rocked the area for a week before Novarupta exploded with cataclysmic force.
		Enormous quantities of hot, glowing pumice and ash were ejected from Novarupta and nearby fissures.
	www.katmailand.com /lodging/brooks-valley-smokes.html (644 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		Established in 1918 as a national monument, it was later expanded and was designated a park and preserve in 1980.
		Katmai and Novarupta volcanoes and the Valley of the Ten Thousand Smokes are located in this region, which is the site of one of the greatest volcanic eruptions in history, that of Novarupta in 1912.
		As lava beneath Mt. Katmai drained W to Novarupta, its top collapsed, forming a crater 8 mi (12.8 km) in circumference and 3,700 ft (1,128 m) deep, in which a lake has formed.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:katmaina (242 words)

	Katmai Trip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Less well-known, and rarely visited, is the scene of the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, the explosive eruption of Novarupta volcano and the associated collapse of Mt. Katmai in 1912.
		The summer of 1912 was the coolest of the last hundred years as a result of Novarupta's stratospheric loading.
		The goal of the expedition was to better appreciate the complex processes associated with explosive volcanic eruptions common to convergent margins around the world.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /~niemi/katmai/katmai.html (432 words)

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