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Topic: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

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	NPT Treaty
		Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realised.
		This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification.
		This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments.
	www.un.org /events/npt2005/npttreaty.html (1462 words)

	Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Are We Ignoring Our Future?
		As nuclear weapons spread from country to country, it becomes increasingly likely that they will be used by a terrorist group or by one nation against another.
		Nuclear weapons are still a central element of the Bush defense policy.
		As a result, the Nonproliferation Treaty conference is hampered by the Bush administration refusal to acknowledge its obligations under the treaty or the 13 Points leading to disarmament that were agreed upon at the 2000 review conference.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views05/0519-26.htm (688 words)

	NPT Text
		Article VI Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
		This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositories of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification.
		Duly certified copes of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depository Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.
	www.reachingcriticalwill.org /legal/npt/npttext.html (1492 words)

	Nuclear Nonproliferation
		Complete nuclear disarmament was incorporated in the treaty as a desirable goal, but it was recognized this would be a long-term ideal, and could not be allowed to impede more achievable benefits.
		Nuclear weapons confer a political prestige that is difficult to resist [Smith, Cha].
		Nuclear technology offers both benefits and threats to human life, requires world wide cooperation to control it, and presents idealistic long term goals that must be tempered by pragmatic considerations.
	www.csa.com /discoveryguides/prolif/overview.php (3442 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty at a Glance
		The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which entered into force in March 1970, seeks to inhibit the spread of nuclear weapons.
		To verify these commitments and ensure that nuclear materials are not being diverted for weapons purposes, Article III tasks the International Atomic Energy Agency with the inspection of the non-nuclear-weapon states' nuclear facilities.
		The remainder of the treaty deals with its administration, providing for a review conference every five years and a decision after 25 years on whether the treaty should be extended.
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/nptfact.asp (546 words)

	Iran and the violation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
		The NPT obligates parties to “undertake to accept safeguards” under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) “for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfillment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty,” which are to prevent the use of nuclear technology to construct weapons.
		These safeguards “shall be implemented in a manner designed to comply with Article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of the Parties.
		While “Iran’s response” is dismissed, Iran is correct that “a suspension would abrogate its rights under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.” Furthermore, Iran has “surrendered” none of its rights by claiming its rights under the treaty and refusing to acquiesce to requests and demands that prejudice those same rights in violation of the very same treaty.
	onlinejournal.com /artman/publish/article_1496.shtml (899 words)

	No More Nuclear Hypocrisy: Defending the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
		The essence of the deal was that the non-nuclear nations would forswear development of nuclear weapons, while the nuclear powers agreed to negotiate the elimination of their nuclear arsenals and to provide the nuclear "have-nots" with nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
		India and Pakistan had joined the nuclear club, in part rationalizing their decisions with rhetoric about the moral imperatives of equality and the refusal of nuclear powers to fulfill their Article VI commitments.
		The idea is to negotiate a nuclear weapons elimination treaty (drafts already exist) which would apply to all its signatories, leaving those who refuse to sign exposed as immoral nuclear terrorists and under pressure to join the treaty.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views05/0226-22.htm (1267 words)

	Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty [NPT]
		The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also referred to as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), obligates the five acknowledged nuclear-weapon states (the United States, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, France, and China) not to transfer nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices, or their technology to any non-nuclear-weapon state.
		Under these agreements, all nuclear materials in peaceful civil facilities under the jurisdiction of the state must be declared to the IAEA, whose inspectors have routine access to the facilities for periodic monitoring and inspections.
		The Treaty was opened for signature on 01 July 1968, and signed on that date by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and 59 other countries.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/npt (653 words)

	PC(USA) - Presbyterian Peacemaking Program - Support the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference
		Under the treaty, the five NWS commit to pursue general and complete disarmament, while the NNWS agree to forgo developing or acquiring nuclear weapons.
		North Korea announced in 2003 that it was withdrawing from the treaty.
		The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty has been a cornerstone of the international effort to limit the spread of nuclear weapons and to seek their elimination.
	pcusa.org /peacemaking/nonproliferate.htm (620 words)

	Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since very few of the nuclear weapons states and states using nuclear reactions for energy generation are willing to completely abandon possession of nuclear fuel, the third pillar of the NPT provides other states with the possibility to do the same, but under conditions intended to make it difficult to develop nuclear weapons.
		However, the treaty gives every state the inalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, and as the commercially popular light water reactor nuclear power station designs use enriched uranium fuel, it follows that states must be allowed to enrich uranium or purchase it on an international market.
		These countries argue that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty (3660 words)

	Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
		The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.
		The Treaty promotes co-operation in the field of peaceful nuclear technology and equal access to this technology for all States parties, while safeguards prevent the diversion of fissile material for weapons use.
		The provisions of the Treaty, particularly article VIII, paragraph 3, envisage a review of the operation of the Treaty every five years, a provision which was reaffirmed by the States parties at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference.
	www.un.org /Depts/dda/WMD/treaty (449 words)

	NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY
		Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientific information for, and to contribute alone or in cooperation with other States to, the further development of the applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes,
		Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall be able to obtain such benefits, pursuant to a special international agreement or agreements, through an appropriate international body with adequate representation of non-nuclear-weapon States.
		Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realized.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/npt/text/npt2.htm (1442 words)

	Zenit News Agency - The World Seen From Rome
		A so-called peace based on nuclear weapons cannot be the type of peace that we seek for the 21st century.
		The threat of terrorist attacks using nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction ought to galvanize the community of nations to ensure that the NPT, the cornerstone of the nonproliferation regime, is strengthened.
		Mr Chairman, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty has over the years helped limit proliferation and create a spirit of cooperation in the common aspiration to avoid a catastrophic nuclear conflagration.
	www.zenit.org /english/visualizza.phtml?sid=34881 (940 words)

	USATODAY.com - U.N. begins Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty talks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The monthlong conference to review the 1970 treaty — the cornerstone of global efforts to control the spread of nuclear weapons — has been bogged down for nearly three weeks in diplomatic wrangling, first over an agenda and then over allocating agenda items to three main committees.
		Under the pact, nations without nuclear weapons pledge not to pursue them in exchange for a commitment by five nuclear-weapons states — the United States, Russia, Britain, France and China — to negotiate nuclear disarmament.
		The treaty guarantees countries that renounce nuclear weapons access to nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-05-19-un-nuclear-treaty_x.htm (651 words)

	Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: A Crisis of Compliance
		The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) is at the center of the international community’s broader efforts to preserve and promote peace and security by preventing the spread of nuclear weapons.
		The NPT incorporates an important understanding: parties to the Treaty should be able to obtain the benefits that peaceful nuclear energy and research can bring to mankind, but they may do so only if they comply with the provisions of the Treaty designed to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		Each non-nuclear-weapon state that is Party to the Treaty is required to conclude a safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), covering all nuclear material within its territory, or under its jurisdiction, or control anywhere.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/rls/38058.htm (557 words)

	The Hypocrisiy of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty \| Mashada Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Countries who sign the treaty agree to abide by the terms and conditions which include provisions to prohibit any country who did not have in their possesion Nuclear Weapons before 1968 to desist from any attempt to acquire the same.
		Nuclear proliferation., not 100% the deal was just wack for the people who signed it to have caught it.
		And talking about all this nuclear crap, do you have an idea how many nukes graduate yearly from the us colleges, and why, their program is growing, grown and nobody can challenge it and its wise for others to follow suit.
	www.mashada.com /forums/index/show_topic/22/115657/index.php (3853 words)

	Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty - Council on Foreign Relations
		It appears that you are using either an older, classic Web browser or a hand-held device that allows you to view our content but may not work with every feature of our site.
		"The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is one of the great success stories of arms control.
		The NPT is an indispensable tool in preventing the spread of nuclear weapons." Signed on July 1, 1968; entered into force March 5, 1970.
	www.cfr.org /publication/8437/nuclear_nonproliferation_treaty.html (240 words)

	ASIL Insights:Iran and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
		As has been well documented,[1] the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) some time ago lost confidence that Iran’s nuclear program is being carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes as required by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), to which Iran is a non-nuclear weapon state party.
		Iran became a party to the NPT in 1970, and concluded a safeguards agreement with the IAEA in 1974.
		The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties says that “Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith,”[7] a requirement that could be applied to a withdrawal provision in a treaty as well as to its more substantive provisions.
	www.asil.org /insights/2006/05/insights060530.html (1049 words)

	CNS - Nonproliferation Treaty Resources
		Published jointly by the Mountbatten Centre for International Studies and the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, the NPT Briefing Book is a perennial source of information on the evolution of the nuclear nonproliferation regime, its relevant treaties and agreements, and documentation of all the latest developments leading up to the 2005 Review Conference.
		This report describes key government proposals in 14 areas relating to the global nuclear nonproliferation system and analyzes the positions of major states and blocs on the proposals.
		Simpson argues that the current crisis in the NPT regime is the result of both U.S. nuclear and nonproliferation policies and changes in the international nuclear arms control environment since the end of the Cold War.
	cns.miis.edu /research/npt (2472 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Meeting Sputters
		After four sterile weeks, the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) review conference ended May 27 as it began, with competing agendas, widespread distrust, and no consensus on next steps for stopping the spread of or eliminating nuclear weapons.
		He cautioned that, if this trend continues, the future of the treaty could be cast into doubt.
		Specifically, the non-nuclear-weapon states protest the Bush administration’s exploration of new and modified types of nuclear weapons, opposition to the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), and withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2005_07-08/NPT.asp (1016 words)

	Assessing "Rights" Under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A primary contributing factor to nuclear proliferation in the case of North Korea is that North Korea has decided to circumvent the NPT and the international nonproliferation regime in its entirety.
		The overriding purpose of this treaty is to halt the acquisition of nuclear weapons by nonweapon states.
		Spring that there is in the treaty what I call in my paper a dynamic tension between the prohibitions on the one hand intended to protect the world against the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the provisions of Article IV which recognize a right of some sort to participate in the benefits of nuclear energy.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/intlrel/hfa26333.000/hfa26333_0.htm (14865 words)

	Publications: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
		Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
		The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objectives are to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to foster the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving general and complete disarmament.
		The Treaty establishes a safeguards system under the responsibility of the IAEA, which also plays a central role under the Treaty in areas of technology transfer for peaceful purposes.
	www.iaea.org /Publications/Documents/Treaties/npt.html (145 words)

	USATODAY.com - Nuclear non-proliferation treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Countries that have nuclear weapons will not help other countries obtain or develop them.
		Countries without nuclear weapons will allow the International Atomic Energy Agency to oversee their nuclear facilities.
		Cuba is a member of a treaty establishing a nuclear-free zone in Latin America.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2003-01-10-nuclear-treaty-facts_x.htm (138 words)

	The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Commitments Act
		We at Irregular Times are bringing you the text of this proposed legislation because we believe that the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Commitments Act is especially worthy of attention.
		The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Commitments Act, also known as H. Res 373, was introduced to the floor of the House of Representatives on July 20, 2005.
		Recognizing the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and calling on the President to engage in nonproliferation strategies designed to eliminate these weapons of mass destruction from United States and worldwide arsenals.
	www.irregulartimes.com /hres373.html (1769 words)

	The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency : Non-Proliferation Treaty
		The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was concluded in 1968 and entered into force on March 5, 1970.
		Following the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995, the previous review conference, held in 2000, reached a landmark agreement on a programme of action for nuclear disarmament known (somewhat erroniously, since it comprises at least 18 principles, measures and steps) as the Thirteen Steps.
		Multilateral Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Expert Group Report submitted to the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, published February 22, 2005.
	www.acronym.org.uk /npt/index.htm (1661 words)

	Nuclear Proliferation Treaty talks 'deadlocked' \| csmonitor.com
		At the review conference five years ago, the nuclear-weapon states made an 'uniquivocal undertaking to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals.' This goal is all the more important in a world in which terrorists seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction.
		Bush has refused to support a test-ban treaty, threw out the anti-ballistic missile treaty with Russia, and is still dragging his feet on negotiating a global treaty to end the production of fissile material for bombs.
		The US is investigating new types of nuclear weapons to attack deeply-buried targets; China is busy modernizing its nuclear arsenal to make it more mobile; and Russia and China have both altered their nuclear doctrines in ways which might make the use of nuclear arms more likely.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0502/dailyUpdate.html (1021 words)

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