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Topic: Nuclear Suppliers Group

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	GAO-03-43, Nonproliferation: Strategy Needed to Strengthen Multilateral Export Control Regimes
		The Australia Group, the MTCR, and the Nuclear Suppliers Group focus on trade related to WMD and their delivery systems and are referred to as WMD regimes; the Wassenaar Arrangement focuses on trade in conventional weapons and related dual-use items.
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group was established in 1975 after India--a nonnuclear weapons state--tested a nuclear explosive device in 1974 and was strengthened after the1991 Gulf War and revelations of Iraq’s efforts to develop weapons of mass destruction.
		The Australia Group was established in 1985 as a response to the use of chemical weapons in the Iran-Iraq War, and the MTCR was established in 1987 in response to missile developments in the 1970s and 1980s.
	www.gao.gov /htext/d0343.html (14080 words)

	Nuclear Suppliers Group - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials.
		It was founded in 1975 in response to the Indian nuclear test of the previous year.
		Because of the series of meetings in London, in the past the NSG was referred to as the London Group or Club, or the London Suppliers Group.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group (451 words)

	The Nuclear Suppliers Group
		After the explosion of a nuclear device by India in 1974, officially referred to as a peaceful nuclear explosion, a group of nuclear suppliers decided that the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Zangger Committee had deficiencies in membership and coverage that could undermine the objective of nuclear non-proliferation.
		Suppliers should authorize transfers of identified items or related technology only when they are satisfied that the transfers would not contribute to the proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
		Suppliers should not be satisfied with an assurance from recipients if they have information or evidence which leads them to believe that there is a risk that a transfer will contribute to nuclear weapons proliferation.
	cbw.sipri.se /cbw/nsg.htm (636 words)

	Nuclear Suppliers Group
		The NSG Dual-Use Guidelines prohibit the transfer of controlled items for use in a non-nuclear weapon state in a nuclear explosive activity or an unsafeguarded nuclear fuel-cycle activity, or when there is an unacceptable risk of diversion to such an activity.
		The primary purpose was to ensure that suppliers uniformly applied a comprehensive set of guidelines to ensure that nuclear cooperation did not contribute to proliferation, and to involve a key non-NPT supplier, France.
		NSG members encourage all countries to adhere to the NSG Guidelines as the basis for responsible nuclear export policy.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/nsg (703 words)

	- Nuclear Suppliers Group - Documents
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of two sets of guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear related exports.
		In 1990 nuclear supplier states recognized that the nonproliferation regime was threatened by activities like those of Iraq, which carried out a covert and illegal nuclear weapons programme based on imported technologies many of which were not subject to export controls.
		In December 2002, in response to the threat of nuclear terrorism, the NSG agreed to strengthen its Guidelines in an attempt to prevent and counter the threat of diversion of nuclear exports to nuclear terrorism.
	www.sipri.org /contents/expcon/NSG_documents.html (245 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: No Consensus on Nuclear Supply Rules
		Broad agreement exists among the world’s nuclear suppliers that additional measures are needed to guard against their nuclear exports being diverted illicitly to build nuclear weapons, but they failed to reach consensus on appropriate changes at two key recent meetings.
		The group, which met June 23-24 in Oslo, Norway, aims to coordinate nuclear export policies to prevent countries from exploiting peaceful nuclear cooperation as a pathway to nuclear weapons.
		Suppliers further supported the principle that exports designed specifically for nuclear use should be suspended for countries found in noncompliance with their IAEA safeguards.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2005_09/NoConsensusNukeSupply.asp (911 words)

	I T AL Y
		The NSG Guidelines are thus consistent with, and complement, the various international legally binding instruments in the field of nuclear non-proliferation.
		By bringing together a large group of suppliers and recipients of nuclear material and equipment to exchange information, the seminar was able to clari~ a number of misconceptions and misunderstandings about how export controls function.
		Transparency in nuclear related export controls should be promoted among all interested states in order to allow all the parties to the Treaty to participate in the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
	www.basicint.org /nuclear/NPT/1999prepcom/99Cluster3_NSG.htm (550 words)

	The Hindu : Opinion / Interviews : Coming to terms with nuclear regime change
		If the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) does not agree to a country-specific exception, then the rule of consensus, which is part of the system when it comes to nuclear commerce, would be broken.
		So if the rules of nuclear commerce are to be changed to accommodate the new world in which we live, they ought to be changed in accordance with principles that apply to everyone.
		If one engages in nuclear commerce with country X, then the facilities and equipment should be safeguarded for the duration, not temporarily, so that X doesn't move those into a military programme later.
	www.hindu.com /2006/01/28/stories/2006012803961100.htm (1782 words)

	S Africa to back India in nuclear suppliers group - World Affairs Board
		The NSG is a group of 45 countries working to curb the transfer and re-export of materials, equipment, technology and software that may facilitate nuclear weapons development.
		NSG member-countries have, so far, desisted from supplying uranium or technology to India since it is not a signatory of the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
		In fact, the NSG itself was formed in 1975, in response to India’s nuclear test the previous year.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /showthread.php?p=274276#post274276 (453 words)

	Africa News : South Africa to chair Nuclear Supplier Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		South Africa was on Thursday unanimously confirmed as the next chair of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, for the period 2007-2008.
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group was established in 1975 and is composed of 45 countries across the world considered as suppliers of nuclear items.
		The objectives of the Nuclear Suppliers Group are to ensure that nuclear transfers of items for peaceful purposes are not diverted to unsafe and unguarded nuclear activities or nuclear weapons.
	www.keralanext.com /news/?id=875721 (160 words)

	INFCIRC/539 - Communication Received from the Permanent Mission of Australia on Behalf of the Member States of the ...
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries which seeks to contribute to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of two sets of guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear related exports.
		In 1994 the NSG also strengthened its retransfer provisions to require government-to-government assurances to support the stipulation that a *suppliers consent be obtained for the re-transfer of trigger list items from any state which does not require fullscope safeguards as a condition of supply**.
		NSG members understand the reasons for these concerns but state emphatically that the objectives of the NSG have consistently been to fulfil their obligations as suppliers to support nuclear non-proliferation and, in doing so, to facilitate peaceful nuclear cooperation.
	www.iaea.org /Publications/Documents/Infcircs/1997/inf539.shtml (4119 words)

	Fredsakademiet: Freds- og sikkerhedspolitisk Leksion N 77 : the Nuclear Suppliers Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Following the 1974 nuclear explosion by India, the United States proposed the formation of a Nuclear Suppliers Group.
		The NSG grew from seven to 15 countries by early 1978 when its guidelines and control list were published.
		Although suppliers consulted regularly on a bilateral basis, the NSG did not meet throughout the 1980s.
	www.fredsakademiet.dk /ordbog/nord/n77.htm (494 words)

	Nuclear Export Controls: The Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Zangger Committee - Global Issues - Australian Department ...
		Shortly after the entry into force of the NPT in 1970, multilateral consultations on nuclear export controls led to the establishment of two separate mechanisms for dealing with nuclear exports: the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
		The NSG was created following the explosion in 1974 of a nuclear device by a non-nuclear weapons state, which demonstrated that nuclear technology transferred for peaceful purposes could be misused.
		It is an informal voluntary grouping that aims to harmonise implementation of controls on export of sensitive nuclear and dual use equipment, materials and technologies to prevent diversion to non-peaceful use and to strengthen the arrangements of the Zangger Committee.
	www.dfat.gov.au /security/nuclear_export_controls.html (601 words)

	Nuclear Export States Agree On Measures To Prevent Proliferation
		The informal group of countries that export nuclear materials and technology and that are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty agreed on procedures to halt "nuclear transfers to countries that are non-compliant with their safeguards agreements".
		The NSG, which includes major exporters such as Britain, France, Russia and the United States, also determined that countries dealing with nuclear material should come up with fall-back safeguards in case the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was unable to continue ensuring safe use in recipient states.
		The group additionally insisted that effective export controls in recipient states should be "a criterion of supply for nuclear material, equipment and technology".
	www.spacedaily.com /news/nuclear-blackmarket-05zf.html (412 words)

	SAPRA INDIA: Nuclear Weapons And Related Issues: Pakistan''s Nuclear Ambitions
		As a reaction to Indian nuclear test of 1974, Canada announced a new nuclear policy restricting support only to states which were either signatory to NPT or accepted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear complexes.
		Having failed to procure a second nuclear reactor form western vendors, who abided by the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) regulations, Pakistan struck a deal with China, a novice in the nuclear power technology, for the purchase of a Chinese home-made reactor of unproven design.
		CHASNUPP, supplied to Pakistan on a turn-key basis, is a 300 MWe Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) based on the Qinshan-1 reactor, which is often described in Pakistan and China as an indigenous Chinese reactor.
	www.subcontinent.com /sapra/research/nuclear/nuclear20001117a.html (1659 words)

	[No title]
		The NSG, which met for the first time in 1975, was set up to consider ways of adapting conditions of supply for nuclear material, including the application of IAEA safeguards, so that nuclear co-operation could be pursued without contributing to the risk of nuclear proliferation.
		The purpose of the NSG is to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons through export controls on materials, equipment, and technology which may be used for the development of nuclear weapons.
		After a series of meetings of the group between 1975 and 1978, guidelines for the transfer of nuclear material, equipment, and technology were agreed.
	www.dti.gov.uk /europeandtrade/non-proliferation/nuclear/nuclear-suppliers-group/page24733.html (386 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Group reaffirmed the importance of demanding comprehensive IAEA safeguards as the condition of supply, enhancing the physical protection of nuclear materials and nuclear facilities and preventing the illicit trade in nuclear materials.
		The Group has instructed its Chairman to continue the dialogue with nuclear-advanced non-member countries that are potential nuclear suppliers (China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mexico and Pakistan) and to extend it to Israel with a view to strengthening the international nonproliferation regime.
		The Group mandated the Chair to continue the dialogue with the non-NSG countries that have developed nuclear programs and are potential nuclear suppliers (China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan and extend to Israel) for the purpose of strengthening the global non-proliferation regime, in particular through the enhancement of the application of export controls.
	www.uga.edu /cits/documents/html/xcnews11.htm (4076 words)

	- Nuclear Suppliers Group - Guidelines
		The NSG Guidelines aim to ensure that nuclear trade for peaceful purposes does not contribute to the proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
		The first set of NSG Guidelines (document: 4.6Mb, PDF format) governs the export of items that are especially designed or prepared for nuclear use.
		The second set of NSG Guidelines (document: 96Kb PDF format) governs the export of nuclear related dual-use items and technologies that can make a major contribution to an unsafeguarded nuclear fuel cycle or nuclear explosive activity, but which have non-nuclear uses as well, for example in industry.
	www.sipri.org /contents/expcon/nsg_guidelines.html (204 words)

	U.S. Faults Russian Nuclear Fuel Shipment (washingtonpost.com)
		Russia has shipped nuclear fuel to the Tarapur power reactors in India in violation of its obligations as a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the United States said yesterday.
		The statement said that as a member of the 39-nation supply group, Russia is committed not to cooperate with the nuclear program of any country where the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) does not supervise comprehensive safeguards on all the country's nuclear facilities.
		The statement said that at a meeting in December, an overwhelming majority of the members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group said they were concerned about Russian plans to ship the nuclear fuel to India.
	www.nci.org /t/tarapur-wp21701.htm (266 words)

	China joins Nuclear Suppliers Group(28/05/04)
		The annual conference of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) agreed in Gothenburg, Sweden on May 28 to accept C hina as a member of the organization, a source with the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense told Xinhua.
		China's NSG accession not only enhances the universality and effectiveness of the international nuclear non-proliferation mechanism, but is helpful for the construction of global non-proliferation systems, said Zhang.
		Under current circumstances, the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction is conducive to the international and regional peace and security as well as the common interest of the international community, Zhang said.
	www.china-embassy.org /eng/xw/t122871.htm (402 words)

	U.S. defends China nuclear group support - Military Photos
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), established in 1976, controls exports of equipment and materials that can be used to make nuclear weapons.
		NSG guidelines require members to withhold certain nuclear transfers "when there is an unacceptable risk of diversion to such (nuclear weapons) activity."
		So far, nine of the 40 NSG countries -- including the United States and Russia -- have endorsed China's membership and a decision may be made at a board meeting this month, Wolf said in written testimony.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=12941 (809 words)

	Nuclear Suppliers Group pays first visit here - Haaretz - Israel News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The NSG is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of guidelines for exports of nuclear and nuclear-related materials.
		The NSG was established in 1974 and comprises 44 member countries, including the United States, Russia, China, the EU, Turkey and South Africa.
		The NSG guidelines restrict trade in nuclear materials and equipment, as well as dual-purpose items that are intended for civilian use, but can also be used to produce nuclear arms.
	www.haaretz.com /hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=554535 (569 words)

	The Hindu : International : Pakistan opens talks with Nuclear Suppliers Group
		A two-member delegation of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) met the Foreign Secretary, Riaz Mohammad Khan, and exchanged views on a range of subjects.
		The group aims to prevent nuclear exports for commercial and peaceful purposes from being used to make weapons.
		Questions like seeking the membership of the group would come later." As things stand Pakistan cannot be a member of the Group as it is not a party to the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
	www.hindu.com /2005/04/12/stories/2005041204401300.htm (400 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Suppliers Weigh Indian Nuclear Cooperation
		New Delhi exploded a nuclear device in 1974, employing materials and technologies acquired for peaceful purposes, and conducted a further series of nuclear tests in May 1998.
		NSG members, whose meetings are confidential, coordinate their nuclear export controls to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.
		NSG members urged the United States to share the timetable once it is completed.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2005_11/NOV-Suppliers.asp (737 words)

	South Africa elected Chairperson of the Nuclear Suppliers Group
		Vienna- South Africa was today, Thursday 12 October 2006 unanimously confirmed as the next Chairperson of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, for the period 2007-2008 at the Consultative meeting of the Group held in Vienna, Austria.
		South Africa welcomes the confidence placed in it by the full membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group as a recognition of the country's non-proliferation and disarmament credentials.
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group, currently chaired by Brazil, inevitably deals with the dual- use items that can be used for either peaceful or non-peaceful purposes.
	www.dfa.gov.za /docs/2006/nuclear1013.htm (226 words)

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