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Topic: Nuclear artillery

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	Are Suitcase Bombs Possible?
		The W-54 nuclear package is certainly light enough by itself to be used in a "suitcase bomb" but the closest equivalent to such a device that US has ever deployed was a man-carried version called the Mk-54 SADM (Small Atomic Demolition Munition).
		Minimizing nuclear weapon diameters has been a subject of intense interest for developing nuclear artillery shells, since the largest field artillery is typically the 208 mm (8.2 inch) caliber, with 155 mm (6.1 inches) artillery being the workhorse.
		Nuclear artillery shell designs with diameters as small as 105 mm have been studied.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /News/DoSuitcaseNukesExist.html (1660 words)

	Artillery Summary
		Artillery could no longer be deployed in the battle line, the large crews and stocks of ammunition were vulnerable to rifle fire, but had to either become smaller, lighter, more mobile and stay with the troops or get much further away.
		Modern artillery is distinguished by its large caliber, firing an explosive shell or rocket, and being of such a size and weight as to require a specialized mount for firing and transport.
		The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the battleship, bristling with guns of up to 18 inches (45 cm), but the advent of air-power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete.
	www.bookrags.com /Artillery (4291 words)

	NUCLEAR WEAPONS: TACTICAL
		The MK-9 artillery shell was propelled a distance of seven miles, culminating in a 15 kt.
		However, under present conditions, using even the smallest nuclear weapon is considered a "threshhold decision" and is under the control of the highest national authorities, not local commanders, in all nuclear nations.
		The development of tactical nuclear weapons by the United States in the early 1950's was a consequence of the success of U.S. nuclear weapons designers in creating miniature nuclear explosive devices.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_nuclear_tactical.php (1308 words)

	Post-World War II. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Only 8 years after Hiroshima, nuclear artillery shells were invented, and 3 years later these shells were small enough to be fired from a 155 millimeter howitzer.
		Nuclear bombs that in the 1950s, weighed many tons became smaller so that they could be placed under the wings of fighter aircraft.
		Nuclear missiles mounted on nuclear powered submarines capable of staying submerged for months were developed and deployed by the 1960s.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr001f.htm (1148 words)

	[No title]
		Normally a battery engaging in nuclear fires would be upwind of the target so that any fallout would not drift back on the battery position.
		Nuclear shells have multiple fuzes to ensure that at least one functions at the right moment so that it airbursts high enough to prevent fallout.
		This applies to the firing units as well, although given the generally low yields of nuclear shells its extremly difficult to envisage circumstances where the firers would be anywhere near the hazard area.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/22-204.aspx (917 words)

	Nuclear artillery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nuclear artillery shell is a limited-yield nuclear weapon delivered by cannon artillery.
		The first artillery test was on May 25, 1953 at the Nevada Test Site.
		Only one type of artillery round other than the W-48 was produced in large numbers, the W-33 for use in a 203 mm shell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_artillery (871 words)

	W79 Artillery-Fired Atomic Projectile (AFAP)
		Nuclear artillery shells were part of the US arsenal from the mid-1950s until 1992.
		In January 1975, Livermore was assigned the task of developing a new nuclear artillery shell warhead, the W79, for the Army’s 8- inch howitzers.
		Nuclear artillery shells were part of the U. arsenal from the mid- 1950s until 1992.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/systems/w79.htm (484 words)

	Nautilus Institute: FOIA Documents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		To test the readiness of the 7th Infantry Division in Korea to use nuclear artillery, various command post and field training exercises were conducted, and subsequent training programs implemented.
		These documents reveal that the US Army was exploring whether it could reliably and efficiently lower the operational assignment of nuclear weapons from the Brigade to Division level in order to "facilitate the timely utilization of this type of fire [nuclear weapons]" to respond to a North Korean attack or threat.
		It is beyond the purview of CG, Eighth Army, to assign nuclear weapons at this timeThis headquarters has been conducting bi-weekly allegro code exercises to assist subordinate commands in training their personnel in nuclear weapons messages.
	www.nautilus.org /archives/foia/Quarterly.html (601 words)

	Nuclear Weapons - China Nuclear Forces
		One of the objectives of the final series of Chinese nuclear tests was to miniaturize China's nuclear warheads, dropping their weight from 2200 kgs to 700 kgs in order to accommodate the next generation of solid-fueled missile systems.
		In 1988 Chinese specialists tested a 1-5 KT nuclear device with an enhanced radiation yield, advancing the country's development of a very low yield neutron weapon and laying the foundation for the creation of nuclear artillery.
		China is seeking to increase the credibility of its nuclear retaliatory capability by dispersing and concealing its nuclear forces in difficult terrain, improving their mobility, and hardening its missile silos.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/china/nuke/index.html (1839 words)

	U.S. nuclear weapons in Europe, 1954-2004 \| thebulletin.org
		Greece may have decided that continuing to fund the nuclear mission, with no clear danger to the East, was not worth the cost.
		The United States withdrew nuclear weapons from some bases in Germany, Italy, and Turkey in the mid-1990s, but instead of removing the weapons from those countries, they were consolidated to larger bases where the weapons are earmarked for use by the host nation.
		Nuclear Notebook is prepared by Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen of the Natural Resources Defense Council.
	www.thebulletin.org /article_nn.php?art_ofn=nd04norris (1180 words)

	Nuclear Chronology
		Despite an agreement to keep the nuclear weapons of the USSR under a centralized command, the move raises concerns in the West over the possibility of nuclear proliferation in a chaotic political atmosphere.
		DOE announces plans to downsize the nuclear weapons complex by reducing the missions of the Y-12, Pantex, and Kansas City facilities and by shrinking the workforce of the entire weapons complex by 10-15%.
		After visiting Russian nuclear facilities, CINCSTRAT announces that “the Russians have a program which is ensuring the safe, secure processes involved regarding nuclear weapons,” and that the two countries have agreed to begin brief exchanges of personnel to better monitor each other’s nuclear security arrangements in operation.
	www.acq.osd.mil /ncbdp/nm/nuclearchronology6.html (3491 words)

	the nuclear information project: withdrawal of US nuclear weapons from South Korea
		The Presidential Nuclear Initiative, announced on September 27, 1991, led to a withdrawal of all nuclear weapons from South Korea.
		The initiative was a result of President George H. Bush's unilateral disarmament initiative in September 1991, which withdrew tactical nuclear weapons from all overseas locations, except air bombs from half a dozen NATO countries in Europe.
		As the nuclear artillery projectiles began leaving Kunsan Air Base south of Seoul, the Washington Post reported on 12 October that the U.S. had decided to leave the B61 bombs behind for the time being.
	www.nukestrat.com /korea/withdrawal.htm (1148 words)

	Stephen J. Hadley, Policy Considerations In Using Nuclear Weapons, 8 Duke J. of Comp. & Int'l L. 23 (1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The second serious misconception in the recent public debate is that reliance on nuclear weapons as part of the U.S. national defense strategy is "irresponsible" and "immoral." This suggestion is misguided because from the beginning, the purpose of nuclear weapons was to deter war and prevent loss of life.
		First, to say that a security policy based on nuclear weapons was "irresponsible" and "immoral" from the outset is to accuse the United States government of pursuing a policy that was irresponsible and immoral.
		Even if all nuclear weapons were destroyed today, the possibility of their reappearing in a crisis will cast a shadow over the national security policy of every nation, and over international politics.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/djcil/articles/djcil8p23.htm (2188 words)

	NATO nuclear weapons in western Europe \| thebulletin.org
		The remaining 1,280 nuclear weapons are kept in U.S. custody for use by the armed services of the seven NATO nations listed here, under the Programs of Cooperation (POCs).
		The first nuclear weapons introduced on the continent were probably 15-kiloton 280-millimeter artillery shells.
		In the 1950s and 1960s, more than a dozen types of nuclear weapons were introduced into Europe, including surface-to-surface missiles, a score of aircraft types, several calibers of artillery, air defense missiles, and atomic land mines.
	www.thebulletin.org /article_nn.php?art_ofn=oct90norris (684 words)

	Tactical Nuclear Weapons - CDI Russia Weekly #230
		It took the tragedy of the nuclear submarine Kursk to confirm that the sub didn't carry any nuclear warheads, not on its torpedoes, nor on Granit cruise missiles.
		Voices are heard in Congress about lax security at Russian nuclear sites, the possibility of their seizure by terrorists and emergence of a threat of nuclear collapse, and the need to impose an international, or, more properly, American control over these facilities.
		But then again, Washington's rejection of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and Congress' commitment of massive funding to the maintenance of the Nevada test bed in the peak condition both mean that America's posture on tactical nuclear weapons is not as straightforward as some politicians' statements suggest.
	www.cdi.org /russia/230-9.cfm (1042 words)

	NATO Handbook: NATO's Nuclear Forces in the New Security Environment
		Its nuclear forces are no longer targeted against any country, and the circumstances in which their use might have to be contemplated are considered to be extremely remote.
		Strategic nuclear weapons are normally defined as weapons of "intercontinental" range (over 5 500 kilometres), but in some contexts these may also include intermediate-range ballistic missiles of lower ranges.
		The term "sub-strategic" nuclear weapons has been used in NATO documents since 1989 with reference to intermediate and short-range nuclear weapons and now refers primarily to air-delivered weapons for NATO's dual-capable aircraft and to a small number of United Kingdom Trident warheads in a sub-strategic role (other sub-strategic nuclear weapons having been withdrawn from Europe).
	www.nato.int /docu/handbook/2001/hb0206.htm (886 words)

	[No title]
		Shortly after the 1973 war, Israel allegedly fielded considerable nuclear artillery consisting of American 175 mm and 203 mm self-propelled artillery pieces, capable of firing nuclear shells.
		Instead, according to the diplomats who have seen it, the proposal suggests that Iran be allowed to acquire fuel and then transfer the used fuel to another country for disposal, precluding Iran from using it for weapons.
		The myth perpetuated throughout the nuclear era that thermonuclear levels of destruction in cities are available only to advanced, rich nuclear powers is seriously misleading.
	www.lycos.com /info/nuclear--nuclear-weapons.html?page=2 (598 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: Tactical Nuclear Weapons:
		Nuclear warheads for anti-aircraft missiles would be removed from army units and some destroyed.
		The same protection extends to the new members of NATO alongside formal undertakings that there will be no deployment of nuclear weapons on their soil, no storage vaults constructed for these weapons, no provision of nuclear capable aircraft or training of aircrew and no Programmes of Cooperation with these countries.
		All five recognised nuclear weapon states would stand strictly by their undertaking not to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapons states, unless such a state attacked them in alliance with a nuclear weapon state.
	www.acronym.org.uk /dd/dd77/77hb.htm (5268 words)

	Nuclear Weapons - China Nuclear Forces
		The PRC’s nuclear weapons intelligence collection efforts began after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, when the PRC assessed its weaknesses in physics and the deteriorating status of its nuclear weapons programs.
		Based on what is known about PRC nuclear testing practices, combined with data on PRC warhead yield and on PRC missile development, it is clear that the purpose of the 1992 to 1996 test series was to develop small, light warheads for the PRC’s new nuclear forces.
		This series of PRC nuclear weapons test explosions from 1992 to 1996 began a debate in the US Government about whether the PRC’s designs for its new generation of nuclear warheads were in fact based on stolen U.S. classified information.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/china/nuke.htm (1671 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: China: Nuclear Capabilities
		According to various reports, the missile was fired by a nuclear submarine off the coast of the port city Qingdao, and landed in a Chinese desert several thousand kilometers away.
		Chinese nuclear forces are thought to be under the control of the Central Military Commission (CMC), which is led by current Chinese Communist Party General Secretary and PRC State President Hu Jintao.
		China is believed to store most of its nuclear warheads and bombs separate from its delivery vehicles, and the warheads and bombs are only mated with the missiles or aircraft during launch preparations.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/China/Nuclear/5569_5636.html (2686 words)

	Arms Control Association: : Deeper Nuclear Cuts Unlikely for Now
		A senior Bush administration official has labeled recent Russian statements on additional nuclear arms talks between the two sides as illtimed and insincere, suggesting that prospects are slim for any new agreement on U.S. and Russian nuclear stockpile cuts during President George W. Bush’s second term.
		The Kremlin in 1991 and 1992 pledged to eliminate nuclear mines, artillery shells, and tactical missiles, as well as centrally store other types of tactical nuclear weapons on its territory.
		Ivanov’s allusion to U.S. nuclear weapons assigned to NATO followed recent Belgian and German lawmakers’ calls for the 26-member alliance to review its nuclear policies, including where warheads are based.
	www.armscontrol.org /ACT/2005_07-08/US_Russian_NuclearReductions.asp (449 words)

	Rebuffing Bonn's Unilateral Attempt to Torpedo NATO Policy
		By agreeing to help defend West Germany with nuclear weapons, the U.S. risks the survival of its troops in Europe and ultimately millions of American civilians subject to Soviet nuclear retaliation.
		In recent months, the West German government, led on this issue by Foreign Minister Genscher, has mounted a frontal assault on the NATO nuclear modernization plan, first refusing a firm decision on modernizing NATO's short-range nuclear forces and now advocating negotiations that could eliminate a follow-on to the Lance missile and nuclear artillery as well.
		Genscher and other West German officials justify their position by claiming that nuclear artillery and short-range missiles "single out" Germany since they would explode primarily on German territory, East or West.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Europe/EM232.cfm (912 words)

	Damn Interesting » Atomic Annie and Her Nuclear Projectile
		Annie was a 280 millimeter portable artillery piece, able to fire her 800 pound shells a distance of about seven miles.
		The nuclear explosion essentially inherits the shell's forward momentum, which sweeps across the landscape causing extensive drag damage in addition to the typical destruction.
		Twenty of these artillery cannons were manufactured in the early 1950s as well as eighty of its artillery warheads, but it was later replaced by smaller, lower-yield alternatives.
	www.damninteresting.com /?p=213 (2288 words)

	UNILATERAL INITIATIVES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The United States will withdraw all of its nuclear artillery shells and all nuclear warheads for its short range ballistic missiles to the United States.
		The President is calling on the Soviets to withdraw, dismantle and destroy all of their ground-launched theater nuclear weapons, including the nuclear warheads for their short range ballistic missiles, nuclear air defense missiles, nuclear artillery shells, and nuclear land mines.
		The President is proposing that we begin discussions with the Soviet Union to explore cooperation on nuclear command and control, warhead security and safety, and safe an environmentally responsible storage, transportation, dismantling and destruction.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/factshee/wmd/nuclear/unilat/sandy.htm (527 words)

	Artillery Extreme
		The firing of GRABLE from a 280 mm cannon, marked the first time an atomic artillery shell was fired and detonated.
		The Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, and the Army Chief of Staff, along with 96 Congressional observers, viewed the detonation from an area 11 kilometers west of ground zero.
		XX-12 GRABLE was fired on May 25, 1953
	www.jumpingpixels.com /nuclearartillery.html (61 words)

	The Atomic Cannon - Grable Shot - vce.com
		he Atomic Cannon, at 280 mm, was the largest nuclear capable mobile artillery piece manufactured by the United States.
		On May 25, 1953, a 280 mm cannon fired an atomic projectile a distance of 7 miles at the Nevada Test Site.
		The shell, fired from the Army's new 280 mm artillery gun, burst with precision accuracy over the designated target area where railroad cars, trees, bridges and other equipment had been located.
	www.vce.com /grable.html (277 words)

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