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Topic: Nuclear control rod

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	Nuclear
		Nuclear bunker buster Bunker-busting nuclear weapons are a proposed type of bunkers buried deep in the ground usually un...
		Nuclear disarmament Nuclear disarmament is the proposed undeployment and dismantling of nuclear weapons particularly tho...
		Nuclear pore Nuclear pores are large nuclear envelope of an animal cell.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/nuclear.html (1746 words)

	TRIGA® Products
		The TRIGA® Control Rod Drive for research reactors is an electrically driven linear drive mechanism to position and control movement of the reactor control rods and control blades.
		The upper portion of this barrel is ventilated to permit unrestricted rod movement in water, whereas the lower portion has graded vent holes to restrict movement and to provide a damping action when the electromagnet is deenergized and the control rod is released from the drive.
		Rod up/down motion is controlled from the control console, by energizing the magnet and stepping motor, which rotates the pinion gear shaft in turn raising the magnet draw tube.
	triga.ga.com /control_rod.html (355 words)

	Three Mile Island - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The accident unfolded over the course of five tense days, as a number of agencies at the federal, state, and local level attempted to diagnose the problem (the full details of the accident were not discovered until much later), and decide whether or not the on-going accident required a full evacuation of the population.
		It also furthered a serious decline in the public popularity of nuclear power, exemplifying for many the worst fears of nuclear technology, and until the Chernobyl accident seven years later was considered the world's worst civilian nuclear accident.
		In the film, a nuclear accident almost happens while Fonda's character and her cameraman are at a plant doing a series on nuclear energy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Three_Mile_Island (2287 words)

	NRC Generic Letter 93-04: Rod Control System Failure and Widthdrawal of Rod Control Cluster Assemblies, 10 Cfr 50.54(f)
		When the rod control system is in the automatic mode of operation, a rod movement demand is generated automatically in response to changes in turbine load and changes in the average reactor coolant temperature.
		When the rod control system is in the manual mode of operation, a rod movement demand is generated only in response to operator manipulation of the IN-HOLD- OUT switch, given no failures in the demand circuit.
		Although the reactor protection system is independent of the rod control system logic and, therefore, the scram function is not compromised, there remains a concern that a previously unanticipated single-failure mechanism may exist in the control system that can initiate or aggravate reactivity excursions and result in fuel failure.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/gen-letters/1993/gl93004.html (1690 words)

	Nuclear control rod -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This in turn affects the heat of the reactor, the amount of steam generated, and hence the (A physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons) electricity produced.
		Originally the control rods hung above the reactor, suspended by a rope.
		At some point the title of the person assigned this duty was given as SCRAM, or Safety Control Rod Ax Man. This term continues in use today as the phrase "scram" to describe a shutting down of a reactor by dropping the control rods.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear_control_rod.htm (125 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Nuclear Industry Issues \| Chernobyl \| RBMK Control Rod Redesign
		When the control rod is in its uppermost position, the rider is in the control rod cooling tube within the fuelled region of the core.
		When the reactor is "poisoned" with Xenon and with partially inserted control rods, the major part of the power is produced within the lower region of the core.
		This means that when the rod started to move down from its uppermost position, the rider removed water from the lower part, causing an increase in reactivity and hence in power.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/chernobyl/rbmkrod.htm (268 words)

	Top closure for control rod drive for nuclear reactor - Patent 4076144
		Control rod drives for nucelar reactors typically include a tubular housing which communicates internally with and is upstanding from the reactor vessel and which must normally be kept tightly sealed, although provision for access to the interior must be made, as well as provision for venting air and other gases from the top.
		The overall object of the present invention is to provide an improved top closure for control rod drives which provides reliable, uniform sealing but is quickly removable and replaceable, which incorporates improved venting means, and which is substitutable on existing standard commercial control rod drives without modifying other parts of the apparatus.
		Control rod drives constructed in accordance with such patent are now in service and in commercial production, and the fact that the design and construction thereof have been proved satisfactory militates against unnecessary changes thereof in view of the importance of safety considerations in such apparatus.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4076144.html (1112 words)

	FRONTLINE: nuclear reaction: fission and reprocessing
		The key to generating a steady output of energy is controlling the nuclear fission inside a reactor core.
		Nuclear engineers and technicians precisely control the amount of fission taking place by inserting control rods (upper left) into the fuel assembly (red box).
		When control rods are lifted from the fuel assembly, neutrons (from the natural decay of uranium) bounce around and bombard other uranium atoms, causing them to split.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/interact/getclose.html (208 words)

	Encyclopedia: Holmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide.
		Since it can absorb nuclear fission-bred neutrons, the element is also used in nuclear control rods.
		A nuclear control rod is removed from or inserted into the core of a nuclear reactor in order to increase or decrease the number of neutrons which will split further uranium atoms.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Holmium (3548 words)

	ipedia.com: Three Mile Island Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the key figure in the development of nuclear power plants and a close confidant of the president, the original report was so critical of the nuclear power industry's safety lapses that if it had been released, all nuclear plants in the U.S. would probably be forced to close.
		In the movie, she was doing a series on nuclear energy and while she and her cameraman are at the plant, an accident almost happens, and she attempts to raise awareness of how unsafe the plant was.
		During one scene, she was talking with a nuclear safety expert who said that a meltdown could force an area "the size of Pennsylvania" to be evacuated.
	www.ipedia.com /three_mile_island.html (1306 words)

	Nuclear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nuclear power plants use reactors made from uranium, plutonium, and other elements with unstable bonds, to make steam that drives a turbine in an electric generator.
		While initially nuclear power seemed to be an answer to the problems of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, many people feel that costs far outweigh the benefits.
		Nuclear power is becoming less appealing as increasing numbers of citizens are wary of its hazards.
	cr.middlebury.edu /es/altenergylife/nuclear.htm (1152 words)

	Rod Movement Test Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In response to the nuclear industry's need, AMS has developed a compliment of rod control system testing services for PWRs, including measurement of the drop times of the control and shutdown rods, measurement of the timing and sequencing of CRDMs, and slave cycler testing.
		The CRDM tests involve monitoring the stationary gripper current, movable gripper current, and lift coil current of a group of control and shutdown rods as they are moved in and out of the reactor.
		The test is performed by connecting the test equipment to the applicable test points while plant operations personnel initiate a request for rod withdrawal for a group or bank of rods (depending on the number of slave cyclers being tested concurrently) that were controlled by the selected slave cycler(s).
	www.ams-corp.com /services/rod_drop.html (398 words)

	Nuclear engineering other topics - control rod material
		Control rods come in all shapes, sizes and flavors to fit the needs and requirements of the different reactor designs.
		Cruciform control rod which looks more like a blade, and is made by (GE), who is the supplier of Boiling water reactors, these blades are inserted from the bottom of the reactor.
		Control rods for PWR are made in a cluster assembly, the cluster have about 15 rods in each fuel assembly.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=99164&page=1 (1045 words)

	Chp3: Instability in Nuclear Reactors, "Comments on Nuclear Power"
		An assembly of thin sheets of aluminum bearing the nuclear fuel was immersed in a pool of water, the surface of the water being open to the atmosphere.
		Partially removing a control rod is expected to increase the reactivity, causing the power to rise to a new level.
		The effects of the nuclear factors, reactivity, delayed neutrons and temperature coefficients, are described by a non-linear second-order differential equation.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/CoNP/3instability.html (3252 words)

	TIMELINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nuclear power was to play a key role in this reduction, but several nuclear power plants were closed following allegations of safety violations and cover-ups.
		Davis-Besse Nuclear Plant are of "high safety significance." Under the NRC 4-color classification process, such a finding falls into the "red" category, mandating strong actions by NRC to correct the problem.
		Nuclear is not to be included among the "flexible mechanisms" for reaching emissions targets.
	www.eia.doe.gov /cneaf/nuclear/page/nuctimeline.html (7164 words)

	Software Control of Nuclear Systems
		The overall control of the plant will improve, with "adaptive tuning, drift-free operation, and nonlinear compensation." Also, with the speed at which data is processed, the near real-time control will also be enhanced.
		Lastly, the process of developing a digital control system is a mammoth task, and for one utility to undertake a project of this scope would mean a large investment in both money and man-hours.
		One option that is open to nuclear plants across the country is to replace their inefficient and worn analog control systems with digital Instrumentation and Control systems, taking full advantage of technology for today and the future.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/ne161/rtse/softcon.html (2048 words)

	Control Rod Effectiveness
		Not all reactors have different control rods to serve the purposes mentioned above.
		The effectiveness of a control rod depends largely upon the value of the ratio of the neutron flux
		at the location of the rod to the average  neutron flux in the reactor.
	www.tpub.com /content/doe/h1019v2/css/h1019v2_74.htm (281 words)

	Report doubts future of wind power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nuclear plants are slightly different, but then again, nuclear plants only qualify as "conventional" relative to wind and solar plants.
		I mentioned nuclear plants because that's where my experience is. I was dealing with this as a sidetrack issue that even base unit plants can control their output to meet the varying grid load and stability requirements.
		You can adjust the control rods, you can adjust the orientation of the fuel rod bundles, or you can move fuel rod bundles to and from the reserve poo, to the reactor pool.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1351403/posts (10234 words)

	L. Fletcher Prouty Mangles Details of Nuclear Accident
		In making the rods that are used to moderate the activity in a nuclear plant, you had to have carbon.
		But in the nuclear era, pure carbon had to be completely pure and all of what you might say was the rare earth content had to be extracted from the carbon.
		The control rods at Chernobyl had graphite tips and when they were inserted in an attempt to shut down the reactor, the graphite increased the activity!
	mcadams.posc.mu.edu /windscal.htm (760 words)

	China: Westinghouse leads the way into nuclear market
		U.S. nuclear exports to China are limited by the absence of a U.S.-China agreement for nuclear cooperation.
		China has therefore never been eligible for important U.S. nuclear exports such as reactor pressure vessels, control rod systems or primary coolant pumps, all of which are licensed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
		Beijing is not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), a 31-nation consortium that has agreed to control nuclear-related exports to proliferant countries.
	www.wisconsinproject.org /countries/china/china-westinghouse.html (625 words)

	Re: Why would weapons-grade plutonium cause a meltdown in a nuclear submarine?
		For example, a neutron that is absorbed by the structural steel or by a control rod is lost.
		By adjusting control rod positions the nuclear reactor could be operated safely with fuel made from weapons grade plutonium.
		Matter of fact, about 30% of the energy produced in a nuclear reactor comes from the fission of plutonium that is produced inside the reactor.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2000-01/948846494.Ph.r.html (385 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism
		In 1986, the Nuclear Control Institute, in cooperation with the Institute for Studies in International Terrorism of the State University of New York, convened the International Task Force on Prevention of Nuclear Terrorism, comprised of 26 nuclear scientists and industrialists, current and former government officials, and experts on terrorism from nine countries.
		The Task Force warned that the "probability of nuclear terrorism is increasing" because of a number of factors including "the growing incidence, sophistication and lethality of conventional forms of terrorism," as well as the vulnerability of nuclear power and research reactors to sabotage and of weapons-usable nuclear materials to theft.
		Nuclear Control Institute has long been a critic of the inability of IAEA inspections and other "safeguards" measures to detect large process losses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium or to ensure adequate protection against thefts of these materials in transit and in storage.
	www.nci.org /nci-nt.htm (5128 words)

	Reactor information
		The control and most of the measurement instrumentation are located in a console in the reactor control room adjacent to the reactor bay.
		The reactor power is controlled by the positioning of three boron-loaded control rods, which occupy three locations in the grid plates.
		The shim and the regulating rods are made of aluminum-clad boron carbide and are motor driven with maximum withdrawal rates of approximately 5 mm/sec.
	www.engg.ksu.edu /NEDEPT/reactor.html (2277 words)

	ANS : Publications : Journals : Nuclear Technology : Volume 145 : A Simple and Efficient Control Rod Cusping Model for ...
		In this paper, a new approach that utilizes the inverse of the spectral index obtained in the assembly calculation is used to estimate the flux distribution inside the partially rodded mesh.
		From the calculation results, oscillation in the differential worth of control rods (i.e., the cusping effect) is damped, and the proposed model can almost reproduce that obtained by the reference calculation.
		Consequently, the proposed control rod cusping model is an attractive method in three-dimensional pin-by-pin calculations.
	www.ans.org /pubs/journals/nt/va-145-1-11-17 (278 words)

	Irradiated Nuclear Cleanup Workers Denied Medical Care for More Than a Month
		The work, which was being carried out by SevRAO technicians, involved cutting up a nuclear reactor control rod—but not spent fuel—into three pieces with a blow torch to put it into a container, said the Gremikha source.
		However, during the first day of this procedure, the workers—who were working with insufficient radiation protection—were contaminated by radioactive gases that were generated when the heat of the blow torch was applied to the radioactive control rod and by gamma radiation that the rod was emitting.
		The work was delayed because of the accident on July 11th, and SevRAO workers returned on July 14th to fill the container into which they had put the sawed control rod with cement in order to reduce the radiation emanating from it.
	www.bellona.no /en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/31282.html (1563 words)

	Curtiss-Wright Corporation - The Spirit of Innovation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Through its Target Rock subsidiary, supplier of valves for nuclear applications to the US Navy and the commercial nuclear power industry, Curtiss-Wright entered the commercial fossil power market in 1980 for similar critical steam valve applications.
		At the end of the eighties, our Flow Control segment was heavily oriented toward the US Navy Nuclear Propulsion Programs while only a small portion of shipments were to the Commercial Nuclear, and, to a lesser extent, Fossil Power Industries.
		Flow Control - Beginning with the acquisition of Target Rock in 1961, this segment is well-known for its highly engineered, leakless valves for nuclear power generation applications.
	www.curtisswright.com /history (2902 words)

	MPR Associates, Inc. - Nuclear Engineering Services
		We have considerable first-hand experience in the design and analysis of nuclear power plant systems and components and are in the forefront of reactor development.
		This program is aimed at establishing the utility requirements for the next generation of commercial nuclear power plants, and includes the assimilation and evaluation of the lessons learned in the design, construction and performance of commercial nuclear plants over the past 30 years.
		As part of this work, we conducted control room walkdowns, reviewed normal and emergency plant operating procedures, and conducted experimental human factors research on alarms using an MPR designed alarm simulator.
	www.mpr.com /nuc (841 words)

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