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Topic: Nuclear decay

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	Nuclear decay laser and disposal method
		The nuclear decay laser device in accordance with the invention includes at least a radioactive element, a magnetic field source associated with the radioactive element for generating and subjecting the radioactive element to a magnetic field external to the radioactive element.
		The nuclear decay laser imaging device in accordance with the invention comprises at least one radioactive element, a magnetic field source associated with the radioactive element for generating and subjecting the radioactive element to a magnetic field external to the radioactive element.
		Nuclear decay laser 10 produces the stream of energy and/or particles 12 through manipulation of the nuclei of the radioactive material 16 by the cylindrical magnet 18, RF coil 22, and cylindrical magnetic field gradient coils 24 all under the direction of an operator 26 acting through a control panel 28.
	www.hotkey.net.au /~egel/stern.htm (3248 words)

	Radioactive Half-Life
		The radioactive half-life for a given radioisotope is a measure of the tendency of the nucleus to "decay" or "disintegrate" and as such is based purely upon that probability.
		Although radioactive decay involves discrete events of nuclear disintegration, the number of events is so large that it can be treated like a continuum and the methods of calculus employed to predict the behavior.
		The rate of radioactive decay is typically expressed in terms of either the radioactive half-life, or the radioactive decay constant.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/halfli2.html (464 words)

	The Talk.Origins Archive Post of the Month: March 2001
		During b decay itself, a neutron changes into a proton, electron and electron-antineutrino, and the electron is expelled as a negative beta particle (b- - often written without the negative sign, but sometimes it is necessary to distinguish it from the rarer positive beta or positron decay b+).
		Beta decay is in the present context treatable theoretically as if it resulted from a zero-range, current-current interaction, which transforms a proton (neutron) bound within a nucleus into a neutron (proton), with the simultaneous creation or absorption of an electron (positron) and a neutrino (anti-neutrino).
		The naturally occurring nuclear beta decays were very early on shown experimentally to be directly associated with transitions between discrete stationary states of the parent and the daughter nucleus, most usually a transition from the ground state of the parent to the ground state or a low lying excited state of the daughter.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/postmonth/mar01.html (4747 words)

	Basics of Nuclear Chemistry
		A nuclear physicist would probably argue with this statement, for technically this applies only to "matter," not "antimatter." This distinction, related to the charges of particles, is fascinating but will not be discussed further, for it is not relevant to a basic understanding of this topic.
		Nuclear equations are merely an expansion of chemical equations, discussed in the lesson on stoichiometry.
		Were controlled decay (by radiation emission) the only way that nuclei can change, radioisotopes would still be useful, but not nearly as useful as they are in light of their ability to change in two other very important ways: fission and fusion.
	www.nitrogenorder.org /lessons/nuclear.shtml (6803 words)

	1 Nucleosynthesis and nuclear decay
		That is, a nuclear proton is converted to a neutron, or vice-versa, but the mass of the nuclide does not change significantly (except for the ‘mass defect’ consumed as nuclear binding energy).
		In the latter case, nuclear energy emission in excess of the binding energy of the electron is transferred to the electron as kinetic energy, which is superimposed as a line spectrum on the continuous spectrum of the $ particles.
		O), must have acted as a moderator, and the nuclear reaction was controlled by a balance between hot water loss (by convective heating or boiling) and replacement by cold ground-water influx.
	www.onafarawayday.com /Radiogenic/Ch1/Ch1-3.htm (2285 words)

	Theory: Radioactive Decays (SLAC VVC)
		It emerges from a weak decay process in which one of the neutrons inside an atom decays to produce a proton, the beta electron and an anti-electron-type neutrino.
		It is produced as a step in a radioactive decay chain when a massive nucleus produced by fission relaxes from the excited state in which it first formed towards its lowest energy or ground-state configuration.
		Alpha decay is also a type of fission, common because the alpha particle is a particularly low energy arrangement of two protons and two neutrons.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/nuclearstability.html (727 words)

	Have the decay rates been constant?
		So accelerated nuclear decay could have occurred as long as it was accompanied by a rapid expansion of space.
		Russell Humphreys goes on to indicate that the reference to "fire out of his mouth devoured" to be an indication that accelerated nuclear decay occurred during the Flood, since the hebrew word translated fire can mean any consuming heat.
		Accelerated nuclear decay is not a theory of desperation as some critics claim but there are both Biblical and scientific support for it.
	genesismission.4t.com /Radiodating/decayrate.html (1218 words)

	How to Change Nuclear Decay Rates
		For most nuclides that decay by electron capture or internal conversion, most of the time, the probability of grabbing or converting an electron is also insensitive to the environment, as the innermost electrons are the ones most likely to get grabbed/converted.
		Alpha decay and spontaneous fission might also be affected by changes in the electron density near the nucleus, for a different reason.
		All told, the existence of changes in radioactive decay rates due to the environment of the decaying nuclei is on solid grounds both experimentally and theoretically.
	www.weburbia.demon.co.uk /physics/decay_rates.html (1067 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry
		Where A is the parent isotope (the atom being broken apart) B is the daughter isotope or the isotope formed.
		At the same time, one (1) neutron is lost so the mass of the daughter isotope is the same as the parent isotope.
		Beta decay is most common in elements with a high neutron to proton ratio.
	www.shodor.org /unchem/advanced/nuc (702 words)

	[D] TERMS & DEFINITIONS IN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
		DECAY CONSTANT For a radionuclide, the probability l for the nuclear decay of one of its nuclei in unit time, i.e., the rate constant for radioactive decay, a first order reaction.
		DECAY, RADIOACTIVE Nuclear decay in which particles or gamma radiation are emitted or the nucleus undergoes spontaneous fission.
		DECAY SCHEME A graphical representation of the energy levels of the members of a decay chain showing the path by which nuclear decay occurs.
	www.radiochemistry.org /nomenclature/d.htm (1456 words)

	Nuclides 2000: About Radiactive Decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		With this decay mode, the mass of the resulting nuclide is 4 units less and the atomic number is 2 units less than from the parent nuclide.
		Beta decay is also accompanied by the emission of a neutrino following conversion of a neutron to a proton.
		Beta-plus (ß+) decay: In beta-plus decay, a nuclide emits a positron and a neutrino (formed by the conversion of a proton to a neutron).
	www.nuclides.net /Applets/about_radioactive_decay.htm (769 words)

	Physicists challenge reports of accelerated decay of nuclear excited state
		Nuclear isomers include excited states of nuclei that electromagnetically decay slowly enough for energy storage.
		Controlled triggering of the isomer decay allows stored energy to be released on demand, and nuclear isomers represent a potential stand-alone energy source.
		The team set out to verify previous findings that stated a nuclear isomer, (hafnium) Hf-178, which has a half life of 31 years, is able to release a controlled amount of energy (decay quicker) when tickled with dental machine X-rays.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-08/llnl-pcr081301.php (531 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Radiation Works"
		In beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus spontaneously turns into a proton, an electron, and a third particle called an antineutrino.
		These neutrons can be absorbed by other atoms and cause nuclear reactions, such as decay or fission, or they can collide with other atoms, like billiard balls, and cause gamma rays to be emitted.
		Neutron radiation is also made from nuclear reactors in power plants and nuclear-powered ships and in particle accelerators, devices used to study subatomic physics.
	www.howstuffworks.com /nuclear2.htm (720 words)

	College Physics for Students of Biology and Chemistry - Nuclear Processes
		Nuclear reactions are completely independent of chemical reactions, in the sense that nuclear energies are several orders of magnitude larger.
		In this reaction the nuclear charge Z is unchanged, A increases by one and the number of neutrons (denoted N) increases by one (note that N always is equal to A - Z).
		nuclear decay, which occurs whenever a nucleus is in an energy state which is not the lowest possible for its nucleon number.
	www.rwc.uc.edu /koehler/biophys.2ed/nuclear.html (887 words)

	ne101 \| Nuclear Engineering, UC, Berkeley
		calculate estimates of the lifetimes of nuclear states that are unstable to alpha-,beta- and gamma decay and internal conversion based on the theory of simple nuclear models.
		use nuclear models to predict the spins and parities of low-lying levels and estimate their consequences with respect to radioactive decay.
		Nuclear reactions and radiation central to all parts of nuclear engineering, and thus this course is required for all NE students.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /courses/classes/ne101.html (874 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry
		The process of changing the nucleus to a stable one is called radioactive decay.
		Nuclear notations are used to represent the decay of one element into another.
		The half life of any given element is the time that is required for one half of the sample to decay.
	library.thinkquest.org /10429/high/nuclear/nuclear.htm (517 words)

	Chapter 9 - Nuclear Chemistry
		Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus of the atoms and the subatomic particles in the nucleus.
		The number of decays that will occur in a given amount of time depends on the relative instability of the isotope and the number of atoms in the sample.
		The time a plant or animal lived and died may be determined by finding the decay rate of the carbon-14 in the earthly remains, calculating the number of half-lives that it has undergone, and then using the half-life of C-14 to determine the length of time it has been dead.
	pages.prodigy.net /anderhan/Ch28Nuclear.html (3285 words)

	Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
		Given a nuclear reaction and the masses of the reactants and products in u (atomic mass units), you will be asked to calculate the mass defect and the energy released.
		When a nuclei decays by emitting an alpha particle, the number of protons is reduced by two and its mass is reduced by four.
		In this theory, the four fundamental forces, gravitational, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic, were originally one force at the universe's beginning.
	www.pschweigerphysics.com /nuclear.html (2328 words)

	Nuclei
		Nuclear statistical equilibrium is referred to the state in which forward and reverse nuclear reactions balance.
		Alpha decay, in which just a small chunk breaks off from the main nucleus, is a rather mild case of fission; in more dramatic examples, the nucleus can break more or less in half.
		That positron decay is a nuclear process is consistent with the fact that the decay of free protons by positron emission is not observed in nature.
	universe-review.ca /F14-nucleus.htm (4956 words)

	Nuclear Structure and Decay Data
		Decay properties (decay type, decay energy, half-life) for 1867 nuclides and isomers, for fusion (and other) applications, taken from the EAF-4.1 decay library.
		Recommended decay data for nuclides of special interest for metrology, nuclear medicine, shielding etc. Includes half-lives, decay modes, X-rays, gamma-rays, alpha- and beta-particle transitions and emissions, and associated uncertainties.
		Decay data for radionuclides used as calibration standards, "X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Standards for Detector Calibration", produced by the participants of an IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project 1986-1990, IAEA-TECDOC-619 (1991).
	www-nds.iaea.org /indg_nsdd.html (1964 words)

	Radiation Notes: Alpha and Beta Decay
		Alpha decay is a change from the ground state of an original nucleus to an excited or ground state of a daughter nucleus with the expulsion of an alpha particle.
		Beta decay presents a significantly different situation: there are three final objects, the daughter nucleus, the electron or positron, and the neutrino or antineutrino (see the next session for a further discussion of neutrinos).
		Because beta decay, which changes a neutron into a proton, leaves the atomic mass number A (which is equal to N+Z) unchanged, and alpha decay reduces A by 4, there are four distinct heavy-atom chains, known as the 4n, 4n+1, 4n+2, and 4n+3 chains.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~piccard/radnotes/alphabeta.html (4535 words)

	NUCLEAR DECAY SPECTROSCOPY
		My research program is centered on the study of nuclear structure and decay far from the valley of beta stability, offering a unique opportunity to test the predictive power of various nuclear structure theories.
		These measurements are accomplished using the technique of nuclear magnetic resonance on beta-emitting nuclei, where the required polarization of the radioactive species under study is achieved through the fragmentation process.
		Nuclear magnetic moments provide a direct measure of the single-particle character of the nucleus, and the measurement of magnetic moments for very neutron-rich nuclei may reveal unexpected changes in the single-particle structure as one moves further from the valley of stability, aiding our understanding of the nuclear potential and nucleon-nucleon interactions.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~gradoff/brochfold/mantica.htm (567 words)

	Nuclear Decay Tutorial
		Mass Numbers (A) on the left hand side of the nuclear decay equation must equal the sum of the mass numbers on the right hand side of the equation
		Atomic Numbers (Z) on the left hand side of the nuclear decay equation must equal the sum of the atomic numbers on the right hand side of the equation
		Radiocarbon dating: a case study in the uses of radioisotopes (Carbon-14)
	www.ausetute.com.au /nucledec.html (160 words)

	Worldandnation: Nuclear decay prompts scrutiny
		Some Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials see the discoveries at the Davis-Besse plant in Ohio and Oconee Unit 3 reactor in South Carolina as the most significant safety issue facing the industry since the Three Mile Island accident 23 years ago.
		The cracks found last year at Oconee, similar to those discovered at Florida Power's Crystal River plant, and the hole discovered in March in the steel reactor lid at Davis-Besse were in areas thought largely impervious to such problems.
		And that might not be the case if emergency pumping systems became clogged, if other equipment is damaged or if a gauge is misread by plant operators struggling to make sure the reactor core is covered with water, he said.
	www.sptimes.com /2002/05/07/Worldandnation/Nuclear_decay_prompts.shtml (678 words)

	Radioactive Decay Lab
		The purpose of this laboratory activity is to investigate the penetrating ability of three common types of nuclear radiation and the ability of different materials to absorb the energy associated with nuclear radiation.
		Because in many ways nuclear radiation behaves as though the radiation were tiny "bullets", it makes sense that different materials absorb the energy of nuclear radiation in different ways.
		The Chart of the Nuclides is useful in determining the decay mechanisms and routes for a source.
	webphysics.davidson.edu /course_material/ModernPhysicsLabs/shields.html (1329 words)

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