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Topic: Nuclear deterrent

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	Deterrence theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is especially relevant with regard to the use of nuclear weapons, and figures prominently on current United States foreign policy regarding the development of nuclear technology in North Korea and Iran.
		Deterrence is viewed by some as the opposite of appeasement, where an expansionist government is allowed to absorb some territory to reach a negotiated settlement, (for example, the Munich Agreement prior to World War II).
		The doctrine of Mutual Nuclear Deterrence characterized relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during this period, and present relations with Russia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deterrence_theory (1310 words)

	Defense Issues: Volume 13 Number 34-- Nuclear Deterrence Force Still Essential
		While the end of the Cold War has fortunately decreased the intensity of this debate, the issues of nuclear force posture and nuclear deterrence continue to be debated by individuals and groups who question the need for nuclear weapons in today's world, and, in some cases, call for the complete elimination of these weapons.
		Our nuclear safety record is extraordinary; although a few accidents have occurred over the past 50 years, no accident has ever resulted in a nuclear detonation, and the last accident of any kind occurred almost 20 years ago.
		In conjunction with President Clinton's decision to conclude a "zero yield" Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the president stated that he is pledged to maintain high confidence in the safety, reliability and performance of the nation's nuclear stockpile as a matter of supreme national interest of the United States.
	www.defenselink.mil /speeches/1998/t19980331-warner.html (0 words)

	Concept & Nature of Conventional & Nuclear Deterrence
		Deterrence is the main component of nuclear strategy because since the development of nuclear capability by more than one state, the object of nuclear strategy has been to prevent the use of this capability.
		Nuclear deterrence strategies were based on Mad and there was a deliberate effort to maintain the mutual vulnerability — as in the limitations placed on ABM systems through the ABM/SALT I agreement.
		Nuclear risk reduction requires institution of technical and political structures that establish transparency as well as stability of the nuclear deterrence.
	www.defencejournal.com /2000/nov/concept.htm (0 words)

	The Criminality of Nuclear Deterrence - Ko'aga Ron~e'eta
		Inferentially, it is because recourse to nuclear weapons could not meet the aforementioned requirements that the Court has found "that the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in particular the principles and the rules of humanitarian law".
		Nuclear deterrence is illegal and criminal because it is based upon a credible threat to do something that has been illegal and criminal since at least the time of the 1945 Nuremberg Charter: the mass extermination of civilian population centers.
		In any event, it is certainly clear that the nuclear weapons states have paid absolutely no attention whatsoever to the customary or conventional international laws of neutrality when it comes to formulating their currently existing plans for the threat and use of nuclear weapons, including therein nuclear deterrence.
	www.derechos.org /koaga/v/boyle.html (0 words)

	The Morality of Nuclear Deterrence
		Nuclear weapons and the policy of Mutually Assured Destruction were accepted as the inescapable context of that particular struggle.
		Clearly the present course of US policy threatens to ignite a new arms race both among the existing nuclear weapons states as they collaborate and compete in the development of computer-simulated design and testing programs and among those non-nuclear armed nations that perceive the institutionalization of nuclear deterrence as a threat to their societies.
		As the nuclear weapons states embark on their current modernization programs, they send a clear message to the rest of the Treaty's signatories that not only do they not intend to uphold the agreement, they believe that nuclear weapons are indispensable to their national security.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin16/bul16art19.htm (0 words)

	NUCLEAR DETERRENCE
		Nuclear Deterrence A strategy of nations possessing significant nuclear arsenals for deterring military actions, particularly the initiation of nuclear war, on the part of other nations.
		Nuclear War The massive use of nuclear weapons for military purposes.
		Nuclear Deterrence is a strategy of nations possessing significant nuclear arsenals for influencing the behavior of other nations, usually also possessing nuclear arsenals.
	www.eou.edu /~jjohnson/nucwar.htm (0 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Chinese Nuclear Policy and the Future of Minimum Deterrence
		China is opposed to the policy of extended nuclear deterrence, or the policy of providing "nuclear umbrellas" by nuclear weapon states to their allies.
		A nuclear strike against China—whether conducted at strategic, operational or tactical level, with high or low yield warheads, or deadly or tolerable lethality—is perceived as the utmost form of warfare in Chinese war categorization, which must be responded strategically.
		Nuclear weapons, if ever used, will be used to cause the enemy as much pain as possible, so as to enhance its deterrent value in the first place.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2005/Sep/yaoSep05.asp (0 words)

	Regional Deterrence: The Nuclear Dimension
		Nuclear confrontations between the United States and nuclear- armed regional adversaries will be games of brinkmanship, i.e., a competition in risk-taking where threats to cross the nuclear brink are made for strategic objectives.
		Deterrence will be most difficult when a regional adversary threatens nuclear use to prevent the total defeat of its state or regime during a conventional war.
		On the other hand, if the adversary threatens nuclear use to ensure its survival, then deterrence is apt to fail if the United States presses for the opponent's total defeat in the context of an ongoing conventional war.
	www.rand.org /pubs/research_briefs/RB24/index1.html (0 words)

	Nuclear Strategy Reform
		Yet, as nuclear arms control finds post-Cold War force levels and the disarmament process grind to a halt to preserve enduring stockpiles indefinitely, it is in the nuclear planning reform that the characteristics of nuclear deterrence in the 21st Century are to be found.
		During the Nuclear Posture Review in 1994, certain Pentagon officials and planners argued that it was necessary to increase nuclear deterrence of China.
		Until they make a compelling case that nuclear force is not necessary for successful deterrence, it is not in the nation’s interest to forswear the uncertainty as to how we would respond to clear and dangerous threats of other weapons of mass destruction.
	www.nautilus.org /archives/nukepolicy/USA/StratRef.html (0 words)

	The Criminality of Nuclear Deterrence by Francis A. Boyle
		The Criminality of Nuclear Deterrence by Francis A. Boyle
		Despite this, it is possible to appreciate the main conclusion: nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence are not only illegal, but, as the title indicates, criminal under international and US law, including the US Army Field Manual of 1956 on The Law of Land Warfare, itself based on earlier versions which support the same conclusion.
		In refuting the standard defence of nuclear apologists, that there is no specific prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons in international law, a distinction is made between the “prohibitive” and “permissive” theories of international law.
	www.bookmasters.com /clarity/b0018.htm (0 words)

	The Role of Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century
		The role of nuclear weapons today is different than it was during the Cold War, but the lessons of the Cold War are still instructive.
		During the Cold War, the role of nuclear weapons was shaped by the nature of the opponent—the Soviet Union, a fellow nuclear superpower—and reliance on the “balance of terror.” Furthermore, holding societal, urban, and industrial targets—and not primarily military targets—at risk was held to be stabilizing.
		Deterrence is an uncertain tool in this environment, and capabilities that were formerly stabilizing may now exert destabilizing effects.
	www.heritage.org /Research/NationalSecurity/wm721.cfm (0 words)

	Mutual assured destruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is based on the theory of deterrence according to which the deployment of strong weapons is essential to threaten the enemy in order to prevent the use of the very same weapons.
		In March 1940, the Frisch-Peierls memorandum anticipated deterrence as the principal means of combatting an enemy with nuclear weapons.
		The official nuclear policy of the United States was one of "massive retaliation", as coined by President Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, which called for massive nuclear attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe, regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction (0 words)

	Kargil and Nuclear Deterrence
		When both India and Pakistan had emerged as nuclear powers and tentative steps had been taken to avoid an accidental or otherwise of a nuclear exchange, the Kargil conflict showed that such a presumption cannot be made with certainty.
		One important aspect of deterrence is that the deterrer makes it known, its ability and willingness to retaliate with nuclear weapons in case of attack.
		From the Indian point of view, where the army as in Pakistan has a major role in the development of nuclear programmes, in a confrontation initiated and implemented by the army, the deliberate use of a tactical nuclear device by Pakistan could not have been be ruled out.
	www.saag.org /papers/paper71.html (0 words)

	Deterring Nuclear Terrorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Its purported truth in addressing nuclear terror relies almost entirely on its assumption that rogue states could provide nuclear weapons "secretly" to terrorists.
		The United States would threaten unacceptable retaliation were a state to provide the seeds of a terrorist nuclear attack; unable to use terrorists for clandestine delivery, rogue states would be returned to the grim reality of massive retaliation.
		If it can put those tools in place and let its enemies know of their existence, deterrence could become one of the most valuable tools in the war on terror.
	www.brookings.edu /views/articles/levi/20040401.htm (0 words)

	Britain's Nuclear Deterrence Policy Remains Unchanged
		Britain may be showing Baghdad it means business, but these comments do not reflect a decisive change in nuclear deterrence policy, analysts said.
		Embarrassingly for Washington the US Nuclear Policy Review was leaked to the press earlier the month.
		Britain is prepared to use nuclear weapons against rogue states such as Iraq if they ever used "weapons of mass destruction" against British troops in the field, Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon said Wednesday.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/nuclear-doctrine-02g.html (0 words)

	A big test of nuclear deterrence \| csmonitor.com
		The tests were India's first since 1974, and ended a careful stance of ambiguity regarding the nation's possession of nuclear weapons.
		Lending credence to their belief were Indian actions during the 1995 fighting centered in the Kargil area of Kashmir, in which Indian warplanes were careful never to cross into Pakistani-controlled territory.
		In the current crisis, Indian officials such as defense minister George Fernandes have gone out of their way to state that they believe Pakistan would not respond to a conventional attack with a nuclear one, as subsequent retaliation would be too devastating.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/0104/p1s2-wosc.html (0 words)

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