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	Nuclear explosive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nuclear explosive is an explosive device that derives its energy from nuclear reactions.
		Almost all nuclear explosive devices that have been designed and produced, and the two that have actually been used, are nuclear weapons intended for warfare; see that article for more detail.
		A nuclear explosion could be used to create a harbor, or a mountain pass, or possibly large underground cavities for use as storage space.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_explosive (443 words)

	Nuclear weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages.
		Nuclear proliferation has continued, though, with Pakistan testing their first weapons in 1998, and the state of North Korea claiming to have developed nuclear weapons in 2004.
		Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and international political disputes, and have played a major part in popular culture since their dramatic public debut in the 1940s, and have usually symbolized the ultimate ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon (2508 words)

	[No title]
		By altering the shape of the nuclear explosive and manipulating other design features, weapons could be built that generate and direct beams of radiation or streams of metallic pellets or droplets at such targets as missile-launch facilities on the ground, missiles in the air and satellites in space.
		Like previous generations of nuclear weapons, members of the new generation would derive their enormous explosive energy from fission (the splitting of a nucleus by a neutron into two nuclei of comparable size) or a combination of fission and fusion (the joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus).
		Yet just as a nuclear weapon can be designed to enhance its output of primary neutrons at the expense of blast and radioactive fallout, virtually any other primary energy released by a nuclear explosive could similarly be enhanced by placing appropriate materials in suitable geometries close to the explosive.
	www.textfiles.com /anarchy/WEAPONS/nukes.txt (5829 words)

	Nuclear Powered Gamma-Ray Weapons
		Nuclear isomers were originally seen as a means of storing energy, but the possibility that the decay could be accelerated fired the interest of the Department of Defense, which is also investigating several other candidate materials such as thorium and niobium.
		These weapons blurred the divide between the explosive power of nuclear and conventional weapons, and the government feared that military commanders would be more likely to use nuclear weapons that had a similar effect on the battlefield to conventional weapons.
		By ensuring that the explosive power of a nuclear weapon was always far greater, it hoped that they could only be used in exceptional circumstance when a dramatic escalation of force was deemed necessary.
	www.rense.com /general40/nuclearpoweredgamma.htm (913 words)

	Bill Keller, "Nuclear Nightmares," New York Times Magazine, 26 May 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Defeating the discipline of nuclear nonproliferation is ingrained in the culture.
		One of the most glaring lapses, which nuclear regulators concede and have promised to fix, is that the design basis threat does not contemplate the possibility of a hijacker commandeering an airplane and diving it into a reactor.
		Nuclear regulators and the industry grumpily concede that Sept. 11 requires a new estimate of their defenses, and under prodding from Congress they are redrafting the so-called design basis threat, the one plants are required to defend against.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/bush/keller.htm (7097 words)

	CNS - New Nuclear Weapons? - May 28, 2003 - Research Story of the Week
		Detonating an explosive inside the ground enhances the shock wave "by a factor of 10 to 20 relative to a surface burst."[14] Even with this shock enhancement, very powerful explosives are required to be able to destroy deeply buried bunkers.
		Although proponents of nuclear bunker busters claim that such weapons are needed to neutralize chemical and biological agents in bunkers, independent studies have questioned whether nuclear weapons would be effective at chemical and biological agent neutralization and whether they would lead to dispersal of these agents.
		He would know that a nuclear weapon was used and would likely request authority to respond with a nuclear weapon and would probably not weigh out an exact proportionate response with a nuclear weapon of an equivalent yield.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/030528.htm (5164 words)

	NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVE AND WEAPON SURETY PROGRAM
		The probability of achieving a nuclear yield greater than four pounds of trinitrotoluene (TNT) equivalent in the event of a one-point initiation of the weapon's high explosive shall not exceed one in a million (1E-06).
		The criticality safety of a nuclear weapon shall be evaluated by the design agency to document the intrinsic safety of the design in both normal and abnormal environments.
		The nuclear energy released in the detonation of a nuclear explosive, measured in terms of the weight of TNT required to produce the same amount of energy release.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/doe/o452_1a.htm (3149 words)

	Global Beat: Questions of Command and Control: NATO, Nuclear Sharing and the NPT
		It is far from clear that NATO's nuclear and non-nuclear members are in full compliance with their commitments under Articles I and II of the NPT, which they at the same time perceive as the cornerstone of the nuclear non-proliferation regime.
		NATO members argue that nuclear sharing is in compliance with Articles I and II of the NPT on the basis of an interpretation that the NPT does not apply during "general war".
		Nuclear weapons could be used against an opponent, who is a NNWS, but owns other types of WMD or just their means of delivery.
	www.nyu.edu /globalbeat/nuclear/PENN0300.html (2279 words)

	IEER: Science for Democratic Action vol. 9 no. 3 / Energy & Security No. 17: Law and the Nuclear Establishment
		NATO nuclear sharing, as far as the technical part is concerned, was described in 1964 by one member of the U.S. National Security Council in what was at that time a highly classified memorandum as meaning that "the non-nuclear NATO-partners in effect become nuclear powers in time of war."
		Retaining the option to use nuclear weapons against opponents armed with biological and/or chemical weapons would increase the number of occasions under which NATO might consider nuclear sharing and under which non-nuclear weapon states may participate in nuclear missions.
		Non-nuclear and nuclear members of the EU should assure the other members of the NPT that the EU is not going to develop at any time a nuclear sharing model that might violate or create ambiguity over their compliance with Articles I and II of the NPT.
	www.ieer.org /sdafiles/vol_9/9-3/nato.html (2517 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: The State of Nuclear Proliferation 2001
		The nuclear-weapon states (NWS) are recognized as such by the 1968 nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in accordance with the treaty's categorical restriction of NWS status to those nations that "manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967" (Article IX, Section 3).
		Estimates of the current arsenals of the de facto nuclear powers based on the known amount of fissile material are: India (45 to 95 warheads), Israel (75 to 125 warheads), and Pakistan (30 to 50 warheads).
		All three states have returned to Russia the Soviet nuclear weapons previously based on their territory, and under the provisions of the Lisbon Protocol to the START I accord, have acceded to the NPT (Belarus, November 1996; Kazakhstan, April 1995; and Ukraine, June 1996).
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/statefct.asp (1576 words)

	NPT Treaty
		Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States,
		For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967.
		For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.
	www.un.org /events/npt2005/npttreaty.html (1462 words)

	October 3, 1995, DNFSB staff trip report on the Nuclear Explosive Safety Studies (NESS). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The probability of detonation of parts of explosive falling to the floor was changed during the NESS meeting by several orders of magnitude upon consultation with the lab expert present at the meeting.
		Most electrical systems needing to be analyzed for their potential adverse impact on nuclear explosive safety were considered outside the scope of this study as they do not occur as a result of security operations.
		This condition could lead to a nuclear or high explosive detonation, especially during certain periods of the disassembly where the electrical components are exposed to possible external environments.
	www.deprep.org /1995-2/TR95L20A.HTM (2052 words)

	LCNP.org - Nuclear Weapons Convention
		"Nuclear Weapons State" means a state which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967 [or has otherwise declared that it possesses nuclear weapons].
		All treatment of nuclear material that improves its quality to the level of special nuclear material or improves the accessibility of special nuclear material is prohibited, as for example separation of plutonium from spent fuel, enrichment of uranium in U-235 beyond unavoidable civilian requirements but not beyond 20% or extraction of tritium from heavy water.
		The threat or use of nuclear weapons shall be deemed to be a threat to the peace subject to the provisions of the United Nations Charter.
	www.lcnp.org /mnwc/convention.htm (12956 words)

	NPT Text
		Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological byproducts which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapons States,
		Article VI Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
		For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon States is one which has manufactured and exploded an nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967.
	www.reachingcriticalwill.org /legal/npt/npttext.html (1492 words)

	CNN.com - Contractor faulted after workers tape together warhead explosives - Jan. 24, 2004
		The unorthodox handling of the unstable explosive increased the risk that the technicians would drop it and set off a "violent reaction," the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board said Tuesday in a letter to Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham.
		But if the explosive were still connected to the trigger, an explosion could have injured or killed workers, and could have spread plutonium or other radioactive materials around the facility.
		The pit is the sphere of plutonium metal surrounded by explosives.
	www.cnn.com /2004/US/Southwest/01/23/nuclearweapon.tape.ap (702 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism
		The Task Force warned that the "probability of nuclear terrorism is increasing" because of a number of factors including "the growing incidence, sophistication and lethality of conventional forms of terrorism," as well as the vulnerability of nuclear power and research reactors to sabotage and of weapons-usable nuclear materials to theft.
		A crucial defense against nuclear terrorism and nuclear proliferation is to end civilian commerce in plutonium and highly enriched uranium and to convert military stocks of these nuclear explosives into non-weapon-usable forms as soon as possible.
		Nuclear Control Institute has long been a critic of the inability of IAEA inspections and other "safeguards" measures to detect large process losses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium or to ensure adequate protection against thefts of these materials in transit and in storage.
	www.nci.org /nci-nt.htm (5118 words)

	Global Beat: Pakistan's Nuclear Stockpile
		In contrast to Pakistan, ISIS has concluded that India currently possesses enough separated plutonium for about 75 nuclear weapons, and is capable producing additional material through the end of 1998 to enlarge its arsenal to almost 80 weapons.
		Pakistan's nuclear weapons are believed to be based on a Chinese design that has a solid core of WGU.
		The quantity of WGU used in Pakistan's nuclear tests is unknown, and may differ from the quantity of material used to assemble nuclear weapons.
	www.bu.edu /globalbeat/southasia/albright060198.html (1986 words)

	NPT Text
		Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties to theTreaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States,
		Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue negotiations to this end,
		For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification oraccession.
	www.prop1.org /2000/npttext.htm (1461 words)

	CNS - South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program: An Annotated Chronology, 1969-1994
		There are also rumors that Israel conducted a nuclear test, either alone or in conjunction with South Africa.
		The South African nuclear weapons arsenal increases at the rate of one device approximately every 18 months, until it includes six weapons by the late 1980s.
		South Africa is the first and to date only country to build nuclear weapons and then entirely dismantle its nuclear weapons program.
	cns.miis.edu /research/safrica/chron.htm (3468 words)

	Nat'l Academies Press: Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials: An Assessment of Methods and ...
		Nat'l Academies Press: Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials: An Assessment of Methods and Capabilities
		In this study, CISAC tackles the technical dimensions of a longstanding controversy: To what extent could existing and plausibly attainable measures for transparency and monitoring make possible the verification of all nuclear weapons strategic and nonstrategic, deployed and nondeployed plus the nuclear-explosive components and materials that are their essential ingredients?
		The committee s assessment of the technical and organizational possibilities suggests a more optimistic conclusion than most of those concerned with these issues might have expected.
	www.nap.edu /catalog/11265.html (163 words)

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