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Topic: Nuclear fossil energy

	Fossil fuel - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon fuels or hydrocarbon containing fuels such as petroleum (including natural gas) and coal.
		When generating electricity, energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine.
		The burning of fossil fuels by humans is their major source of emissions of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhouse gases that is believed to contribute to global warming.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /f/fo/fossil_fuel.html (560 words)

	MSN Encarta - Nuclear Energy
		Nuclear Energy, energy released during the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei.
		The curve of binding energy implies that if two light nuclei near the left end of the curve coalesce to form a heavier nucleus, or if a heavy nucleus at the far right splits into two lighter ones, more tightly bound nuclei result, and energy will be released.
		The two key characteristics of nuclear fission important for the practical release of nuclear energy are both evident in equation (2).
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558960/Nuclear_Energy.html (828 words)

	EPA - Clean Energy - Electricity from Nuclear
		Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission.
		However, fossil fuel emissions are associated with the uranium mining and uranium enrichment process as well as the transport of the uranium fuel to the nuclear plant.
		Although the nuclear reactor is radioactive, the water discharged from the power plant is not considered radioactive because it never comes in contact with radioactive materials.
	www.epa.gov /cleanenergy/nuc.htm (746 words)

	Fossil fuel Article, Fossilfuel Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When generating electricity, energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine.Older generators used steam generated by the burning of the fuel to turn the turbine, but in newer power plants the gasesproduced by burning of the fuel turn a gas turbine directly.
		The burning of fossil fuels by humans is their major source of emissions of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhousegases that is believed to contribute to global warming.
		Significant usage of hydroelectricity and nuclear power and scientific advances have reduced the dependency on fossil fuels, of which household usagehas increased nonetheless.
	www.anoca.org /fuels/theory/fossil_fuel.html (560 words)

	General information on nuclear energy (2002)
		Nuclear is the EU’s largest single energy source for power generation, ahead of coal at 29% and gas at 15%.
		Nuclear power plants generate about 17% of the world’s electricity and thereby avoid each year the release of some 1.8 billion tonnes of CO world-wide.
		Nuclear safety is of fundamental importance world-wide, but concerns about it should not be stimulated without foundation, nor used in a purely political context to prevent or delay the accession of countries wishing to join the European Union.
	www.ecolo.org /documents/documents_in_english/ENC-InfoFile.htm (2377 words)

	Nuclear Energy Belongs in the Technology Museum - Global Public Media
		At the same time, renewable energies are denounced as uneconomical, with their potential marginalized in order to underscore the indispensability of nuclear energy.
		The opportunities and challenges of the conventional energy industry were in the centre of discussions and strategies, but not the challenges connected to the energy issue, which the global community and the global environment are facing.
		The deployment of nuclear energy is the result of gigantic mechanisms of subsidization and privilege.
	www.globalpublicmedia.com /articles/180 (1883 words)

	Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The burning of fossil fuels is the major source of emissions of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhouse gases.
		When it was later discovered that all fossil fuels contain traces of biological debris, the implausible biogenic theory gained strength because the idea that life (even microbial life) could exist at the depths at which petroleum had been found seemed even less plausible.
		Fossil fuels are a finite resource, but the alarmist reports from the early 1970s (the 1973 energy crisis) that oil supplies would run out in the 1990s have proven wrong.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Fossil_fuel.php (790 words)

	Nuclear Energy
		Nuclear power accounts for about 20 percent of the total electricity generated in the United States, an amount comparable to all the electricity used in California,Texas and New York, our three most populous (having the most people) states.
		In 2003, there were 66 nuclear power plants (composed of 104 licensed nuclear reactors) throughout the United States, located mostly on the East Coast and in the Midwest.
		Nuclear reactors are basically machines that contain and control chain reactions, while releasing heat at a controlled rate.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/nuclear.html (965 words)

	Energy and Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The world energy system depends largely on finite fossil and nuclear energy sources, which require long and complex resource chains—from mining and extraction to transportation and processing to conversion to energy in the power plant and disposal of waste (Scheer 2002).
		In light of the global water crisis, it is astonishing that this fact is not regularly brought forward in favor of RES as opposed to nuclear and fossil energy sources.
		Energy and water are the sources of life on our planet, the king and queen among the great services nature provides us.
	www.rmi.org /sitepages/pid1141.php (1977 words)

	Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy
		It is a paradox that today many environmental groups are opposed to nuclear energy because, in fact, nuclear energy is the only clean form of energy available on a massive scale and able to meet the growing energy needs of the world’s population.
		To combat the greenhouse effect, nuclear energy is the only energy that can replace a significant part of the fossil-fired generation (coal, oil and gas) without polluting the atmosphere and the planet.
		Nuclear energy should therefore in the coming years replace fossil energy whenever possible; used nuclear fuel should be reprocessed (for environmental reasons, if not for economic ones); and, at the same time, the more efficient use of energy and self-sustainable life styles should be promoted, while renewable energies should not be excluded.
	www.world-nuclear.org /sym/2001/comby.htm (1645 words)

	Prepared Witness Testimony: Aurilio, Anna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Nuclear power is unsafe, unreliable, uneconomic and generates long-lived radioactive wastes for which there is no safe solution.
		These commercial nuclear contractors are not responsible for damages to the public even if they were reckless, grossly negligent, or intentionally disregarded public health and safety.
		The nuclear industry that profited from the activities creating the risk of an accident should be obligated to pay all damages through these retrospective premiums.
	energycommerce.house.gov /107/hearings/06272001Hearing305/Aurilio492print.htm (3136 words)

	Witness Testimony
		Despite industry claims that nuclear power is clean, no country in the world has solved the nuclear waste problem, and the industry is suing to allow more radiation leakage from a proposed waste dump in Nevada.
		Nuclear power is unsafe, uneconomic, unreliable and generates waste for which there is no sound solution.
		Aurilio is a member of the Board of Directors of the Safe Energy Communication Council and she is a member of the League of Conservation Voters Political Advisory Committee.
	www.house.gov /science/energy/jun14/aurilio.htm (2171 words)

	GALVIN REPORT, ENERGY, ENV., & RELATED SCI. & ENG. ROLE
		Although the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was to be a transitional agency, replaced by the Cabinet-level Department of Energy in 1977, progress was made in bringing together diverse energy activities previously scattered among many federal agencies.
		Given the environmental impacts of current modes of energy use, research on means of enhancing the efficiency of energy utilization and on substitutes for fossil fuels is of critical national importance.
		These goals must be coordinated closely with the energy supply industry, with makers and users of energy conservation technologies, and with other stakeholders to develop a meaningful strategic plan for investments in energy supply and conservation technologies.
	www.lbl.gov /LBL-PID/Galvin-Report/GalvinReport4.html (3027 words)

	RenewableEnergyAccess.com \| Nuclear Energy Belongs in the Technology Museum
		Just as nuclear generation is not the only solution, we also need to recognize that nights are dark (for half of the world at a time), usable winds do stop at times, batteries (either electrochemical or hydrogen storage) are expensive and any stored bank of energy carries inherant risks.
		Why do renewable energy people find it necessary to argue against nuclear energy when the whole world recognizes that all forms of energy generation will be required for a minimum quality of life.
		Nuclear energy is already saving many lives, and enabling energy consumers to avoid paying many tens of billions of dollars in coal, oil, and natural gas taxes, every year.
	www.renewableenergyaccess.com /rea/news/story?id=19012 (10978 words)

	Prepared Witness Testimony: Aurilio, Anna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Nuclear power is unsafe, unreliable, uneconomic and generates long-lived radioactive wastes for which there is no safe solution. It should be phased out as soon as possible and should not be encouraged as a future energy source.
		Nuclear power poses an unacceptable threat to humans and the environment. All aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle pose a risk to humans and the environment. Uranium mining and enrichment has caused sickness and death in workers and has generated tons of mining and enrichment wastes, which continue to threaten nearby communities.
		Nuclear power would not exist in this country today if it weren’t for enormous subsidies paid for by ratepayers and taxpayers. Originally touted as being “too cheap to meter”, nuclear power plants are still too expensive for America.
	energycommerce.house.gov /107/hearings/03272001Hearing139/Aurilio199.htm (1124 words)

	Nuclear-fossil energy -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		(The energy released by a nuclear reaction) Nuclear energy and its (Click link for more info and facts about nuclear waste) nuclear wastes.
		(Fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period) Coal
		(A dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons) Petroleum (including (A fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes) natural gas).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear-fossil_energy.htm (113 words)

	Article Detail
		The operating capacity of capital-intensive nuclear reactors indispensable for their profitability can only be guaranteed if governments de-liberalize again the electricity markets and block alternatives.
		All this would have to be accepted given the finiteness of fossil resources if there weren’t the possible option of renewable energy whose energy supply for our planet is 15,000 times as great as the annual consumption of nuclear and fossil energy.
		Renewable energy is also the answer to the approaching crude oil and natural gas shortages that affect fuel- and heating needs.
	www.mbtranslations.com /articles.php?filenum=429 (1347 words)

	> energy.gov : Renewables
		Renewable energy sources like wind, solar, geothermal, hydrogen and biomass play an important role in the future of our nation. The Department of Energy is committed to the development of renewable sources of energy.
		Beginning in fiscal 2003, the Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy (FE) will shift its clean fuels research program from ultra-clean forms of petroleum-based fuels to a new research effort focused on lower cost ways to produce hydrogen from coal and natural gas - a key element of President Bush's new Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.
		In addition, the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) focuses on the range of renewable energy sources, partnering with other government entities and the private sector to better leverage the Federal investment in research, development and deployment (RDandD) of new technologies.
	www.energy.gov /engine/content.do?BT_CODE=RENEWABLES (241 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Environmental Case for Nuclear Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It's a good introduction covering the problems with fossil fuels, an introduction to nuclear energy, waste disposal issues, air pollution, comparitive environmental effects of nuclear versus fossil fuels, the risks of our current situation, the risks of nuclear power, and otehr alternatives.
		Nuclear power has a safer track record than coal and oil, despite being in its infancy.
		If you are only going to read one book about nuclear energy, fossil fuels and alternative energy sources, this is the one.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1557787808 (1020 words)

	Mexico
		Annual Energy and Energy-Related Data: Data for Mexico for the years 1980-2003, reported by fuel (energy) category, are available to be downloaded in Excel (xls) spreadsheet format.
		Go to the International Energy Data Page [html], select a fuel (energy) category, and scroll down to the xls spreadsheets.
		Country Energy Balance [html] - This energy balance is presented for the most recent year for which complete and final data are available.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/international/mexico.html (391 words)

	EERE News: National Research Council Reports on U.S. Hydrogen Energy Efforts
		President Bush's vision of a hydrogen energy economy would have fundamental and dramatic benefits for our energy security and the environment, according to a report released on February 4th by the National Research Council (NRC).
		David K. Garman, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, kicked off the effort at a high school in the District of Columbia, and the director of DOE's Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology followed up with a demonstration in a Pittsburgh high school in December.
		On February 4th, the head of DOE's Office of Fossil Energy brought the hydrogen and fuel-cell demonstration to middle and elementary students in Denver.
	www.eere.energy.gov /news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=6637 (353 words)

	Energy Research Main Page
		Projects utilize a wide and diverse set of capabilities ranging from the ability to perform a broad base of energy system studies to solid state physics.
		This Program is ideally suited to take advantage of an emerging national focus to develop energy supply resources and conversion/utilization processes that fully account for and reduce potential environmental consequences.
		Renewable energy technologies, technologies for reduced industrial waste generation, technologies for more efficient extraction energy resources from the earth, advanced transportation technologies with significantly reduced environmental impact, and development of advanced material such as catalysts and membranes for improved energy conversion processes are all areas of this Program that will have a vital role.
	www.sandia.gov /E&E/aep.html (380 words)

	Constellation Energy Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Michael (Mike) J. Wallace is President of Constellation Generation Group, Constellation Energy’s fossil and nuclear generation division, which includes 12,125 megawatts at 37 sites in 12 states.
		He was also ComEd’s Chief Nuclear Officer, responsible for the operation of the company’s 12 nuclear generating units at six power plant sites.
		He is also a member of the Nuclear Energy Institute’s Nuclear Strategic Issues Advisory Committee, Association of Edison Illuminating Companies Power Generation Committee, and the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations Executive Review Group.
	www.constellationenergy.com /about/wallace.asp (314 words)

	Essential Energy: Energy from Fossil Fuels / Nuclear Energy / Energy Alternatives / Energy Transfers; Snedden, Robert; ...
		An exploration of the role of different forms of energy in the world today.
		It covers the uses of energy, how it was discovered, and how its use is changing.
		It also examines how energy can be transformed from one state to another and the conservation of
	www.worldretailstore.com /item/BE-0431117691.html (284 words)

	Wired 13.02: Nuclear Now!
		What had been billed as the clean, cheap, limitless energy source for a shining future was suddenly too hot to handle.
		Burning coal and other fossil fuels is driving climate change, which is blamed for everything from western forest fires and Florida hurricanes to melting polar ice sheets and flooded Himalayan hamlets.
		And nuclear is our best hope for cleanly and efficiently generating hydrogen, which would end our other ugly hydrocarbon addiction - dependence on gasoline and diesel for transport.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/13.02/nuclear.html (1117 words)

	Nuclear Power Issues and Choices, 20 Years Later (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (Win16; I) MIME-Version: 1.0 To: caracp3@rpi.edu Subject: Nuclear Power Issues and Choices, 20 Years Later Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------69796AD51554" X-UIDL: 0bb5830a6342fde41f3fb999c58d321c Status: RO This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
		The central message of the present report is that energy--expensive today--is likely to be more expensive tomorrow and that society as a whole will gain from a resolute effort to make the price that the user pays for energy, and for saving energy, reflect its true value.
		The time frame of the study was to be the next two decades.
	www.rpi.edu /~caracp3/wisemail1.html (470 words)

	Multnomah County Library Homework Center - Science - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
		Graphs and maps illustrate some of the major conditions and trends in population, agriculture, biodiversity, forests, water resources, energy, climate, and social and economic development that determine the state of the world's environment.
		Annual statistics from 1949 to the present; monthly statistics for the last 2-3 years for all energy or by individual energy resource; also includes energy analysis and forecasting information.
		Federal site about energy resource, including gas, natural gas, coal, electricity and nuclear energy; environment, state data, prices, quick stats, and historical data.
	www.multcolib.org /homework/scihc.html (4159 words)

	Platts
		Nuclear Energy - Opportunities for Growth and Investment in North America
		This important event examines the prospects for short and long-term growth in the nuclear energy industry in North America.
		There is a renewed interest in nuclear power as an emission-free energy source and as a hedge against the environmental costs of fossil fuels.
	www.platts.com /Events/PB515 (230 words)

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