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	Nuclear hardness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An expression of the extent to which the performance of a system, facility, or device is expected to degrade in a given nuclear environment.
		Nuclear hardness may be expressed in terms of either susceptibility or vulnerability.
		Nuclear hardness is determined for specified or actual quantified environmental conditions and physical parameters, such as peak radiation levels, overpressure, velocities, energy absorbed, and electrical stress.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_hardness (197 words)

	British Journal of Biomedical Science: Hypothesis for the influence of fixatives on the chromatin patterns of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Nuclear chromatin patterns are used to distinguish normal and abnormal cells in histopathology and cytopathology.
		The nuclear membrane-bound, chromosomal-- domain model is based on the discoveries of chromatin-nuclear membrane attachments and of the localisation of the chromatin of each chromosome within discrete, exclusive parts of the nucleus (the 'domain of each partly unfolded chromosome).
		Rosai et al.10 state that this clearing of the central nuclear zone is induced by fixation and implies Isome intrinsic alteration of the chromatin structure or associated nuclear proteins'.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3874/is_200201/ai_n9059920 (1096 words)

	Nuclear hardness: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Nuclear hardness
		Note 1: Nuclear hardness may be expressed in terms of either susceptibility[?] or vulnerability.
		Note 2: The extent of expected performance degradation (e.g., outage time, data lost, and equipment damage) must be defined or specified.
		Note: Nuclear hardness is determined for specified or actual quantified environmental conditions and physical parameters, such as peak radiation levels, overpressure, velocities, energy absorbed, and electrical stress.
	www.encyclopedian.com /nu/Nuclear-hardness.html (207 words)

	Nuclear hardness -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		An expression of the extent to which the performance of a (Instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity) system, (A building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry) facility, or device is expected to degrade in a given nuclear environment.
		The physical attributes of a system or (An artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system) component that will allow survival in an environment that includes nuclear radiation and electromagnetic impulses (EMI).
		Note 1: Nuclear hardness may be expressed in terms of either (The state of being susceptible; easily affected) susceptibility or vulnerability.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/N/Nu/Nuclear_hardness.htm (265 words)

	The Nautilus Institute Nuclear Strategy Project: The B-1 Nuclear Rerole Plan
		Portraying the B-1 as conventional-only was important to relieve the aircraft of its burdensome image as a nuclear relic of the Cold War.
		Although a one-time rerole of a nuclear bomber to its former nuclear mission is legally permitted under the START II treaty, maintaining this capability undercuts the important U.S. national security goal of ensuring that the nuclear disarmament process is transparent and irreversible.
		Although the B-1 Nuclear Rerole Plan is dated October 1998, ACC confirmed the plan as current on November 2, 2001.
	www.nautilus.org /archives/nukestrat/USA/Bombers/b1rerole.html (544 words)

	DRAFT -- March 31, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Nuclear testing could be done to provide unambiguous verification of the effects of design features, material changes, or safety issues that could not be adequately calculated or tested in other ways.
		Existing nuclear test data is insufficient for assessing and maintaining confidence in the safety and performance of the stockpile weapons over extended outyears or in cases where changes have been made.
		Hardness - The degree of resistance of a weapon or its components to adverse environments, particularly the effects of a defensive nuclear burst.
	www.defenselink.mil /pubs/dswa/document.html#ANNEXC (13513 words)

	[No title]
		The findings are, that as civil nuclear power technology advances and is passed to nations who, from this, might themselves develop their own independent, domestic nuclear industry, it is becoming increasingly more suited to fulfilling a dual capable role.
		For civil nuclear power, facilities and plants are required for prepare and enrich the uranium, to fabricate this into fuel and, to fission this fuel, a thermal or moderated nuclear reactor.
		Now, nuclear technology and the nature of industrialisation has changed, so much so that it is quite practical for relatively non-industrialised countries to complete nuclear materials supply and procurement in support of a civil nuclear power programme but which, by intent or incidentally, provides capability and opportunity for nuclear weapons development.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/nukes/nukes.html (11644 words)

	Appendix F, Report of the Fundamental Classification Policy Review Group
		Nuclear weapon information currently categorized as FRD should be evaluated for transclassification to NSI if it relates primarily to the military utilization of nuclear weapons, and to RD if it does not.
		The susceptibility of a nuclear weapon or its parts to damage or destruction as the result of a defensive burst, usually an adversary's nuclear burst, is said to be its vulnerability.
		Nuclear burst effects against which weapons may be hardened include hot and cold X rays, neutrons, gammas, blast, and several forms of nuclear electromagnetic pulses.
	www.fas.org /sgp/library/app-f.html (12718 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: The Unruly Hedge:
		The United States was anxious to learn what happened to the thousands of nuclear warheads Russia removed from operational status and to prevent dismantled nuclear weapons or fissile materials from being stolen or bought by “rogue” states, such as Iran, or terrorist organizations.
		Rather than bringing greater transparency to the nuclear arms reduction process when it is most needed, President Bush’s apparent continued endorsement of the hedge decreases transparency, undercutting incentives that Russia would have for disclosing the status of its thousands of non-operational tactical nuclear warheads.
		Bush’s cut of operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,700-2,200 is not deep enough or different enough to indicate a shift in nuclear policy of the magnitude that he alluded to in his May 2001 speech at the National Defense University.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2001_12/kristensennov01.asp (3536 words)

	Indentec Hardness Testing Machines for Rockwell, Vickers, & Brinell
		The hardness testers on these pages offer the most user-friendly, cost effective and stylish machines from a long established British manufactuer renowned for quality, invention and technical innovation.
		All hardness testers, test blocks and indenters are available with UKAS accredited certification compliant with ISO 17025 - General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.
		Hardness testers are sold, calibrated, serviced and cared-for by a worldwide network of distributors chosen for their special skills in materials testing.
	www.indentec.com (226 words)

	Review of Ophthalmology Online
		Nuclear fragments were emulsified using the pulse mode in 82 cases (Group 1) and the burst mode in 118 cases (Group 2).
		The two groups were divided according to nuclear hardness: 0 to 2+ (subgroups 1a and 2a) or 3+ to 4+ (subgroups 1b and 2b).
		The difference in nuclear hardness between Groups 1 and 2 was not statistically significant.
	www.revophth.com /archive/newsletter/ro_081803.htm (1583 words)

	Glossary Of Terms
		A process in which an atomic or nuclear system acquires an additional particle; for example, the capture of electrons by positive ions, or capture of electrons or neutrons by nuclei.
		The movement of charge within a material or from one 'material to another due to the interaction of high energy nuclear radiation with the material.
		Diminution of the activity of a radioactive substance due to nuclear emission of alpha or beta particles, gamma rays, or positrons.
	www.saveinc.com /glossary.html (1089 words)

	Article in IAEA-TECDOC--690: The correlation of hardness with Young's modulus and strengths of nuclear carbon materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A correlation between Vickers hardness and strengths of different grades of graphite has been examined and as a result a good correlation with compressive strength was found.
		According to recent results of the instrumented hardness test that enables to measure the load and the depth continuously, some parameters obtained from the load versus depth relation had good correlations with Young's modulus and strengths.
		As a result, the hardness values defined in the instrumented microhardness test, as well as the normal Vickers hardness value, had comparatively good correlations with Young's modulus, bending strength and compressive strength.
	www.iaea.org /inis/aws/htgr/abstracts/abst_24041401.html (283 words)

	Calculation of the nuclear Fukui function and new relations for nuclear softness and hardness kernels Version 3.21 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Calculations of Cohen's nuclear Fukui function and softness are presented for a sample set of diatomic molecules.
		Moreover, new relations among the nuclear reactivity descriptors were derived within the four ensembles of density functional theory; a definition was provided for the nuclear hardness kernel, in accordance with Cohen's nuclear softness kernel.
		It turned out that local hardness can be connected with this nuclear hardness kernel, strengthening the idea that local hardness should be considered as a nuclear reactivity index, whereas local softness is an electronic reactivity index.
	www.chem.duke.edu /~shubin/publication/pub30.html (180 words)

	Maxwell Technologies Microelectronics: NEDs Detailed Information
		It is the nuclear event detector that senses the ionizing radiation and quickly triggers the protection circuitry.
		The nuclear event detector also remembers that an event has been detected, so that the system can use that knowledge to improve both the speed and accuracy of the recovery procedures.
		In addition to the nuclear event detector's high speed and flexible design characteristics, it has been designed with nuclear hardness as the primary objective.
	www.maxwell.com /microelectronics/products/neds/neds_detail.html (605 words)

	USAFSB: Glossary of Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hardness is achieved through adhering to appropriate design specifications and is verified by one or more test analysis techniques.
		Nuclear (N) contamination is residual radioactive material resulting from fallout or rainout, and residual radiation from a system produced by a nuclear explosion (e.g., nuclear indirect gamma activity (NIGA)), and persisting longer than one minute after burst.
		The capability of materiel to withstand the materiel-damaging effects of nuclear, biological, and chemical contamination and relevant decontaminates.
	www.selltoairforce.org /defs/FindDefs.asp?name=n (1273 words)

	Technology Development: Radiation Simulator Testing Facilities - Radiation Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP): The transient pulse of electromagnetic energy generated by the interaction of the nuclear detonation-induced ionizing radiation with the ambient environment.
		The flux is expressed as particles or energy per square centimeter per second and is related to the absorbed dose rate.
		Transient electric and magnetic fields, currents, and voltages produced in enclosures and on cables and antennas from the direct interaction of gamma-ray and x-ray photons from a nuclear detonation with the enclosure walls and internal components to release Compton electrons and photoelectrons.
	www.dtra.mil /toolbox/directorates/td/programs/rtfc/defin.cfm (788 words)

	Office of Nuclear and Facility Safety Policy \| Samuel Rosenbloom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Rosenbloom's experience is in the management of validation programs to ensure military systems meet their nuclear hardness and survivability requirements through above and underground nuclear testing.
		Rosenbloom is considered an expert in the study of the interaction of high altitude nuclear weapons explosions with the atmosphere and the effects of such explosions on weapon and communication systems.
		He is the author of a nuclear safety directive, DOE 5480.24, "NUCLEAR CRITICALITY SAFETY." The purpose of DOE 5480.24 is to protect the public, workers, and essential operations from the effects of a criticality incident.
	www.eh.doe.gov /nsps/weare/s_rosenbloom.html (583 words)

	Encyclopedia: Nuclear hardness
		For the Macintosh operating system, which was called System up to version 7.
		A datum is a statement accepted at face value (a given).
		In engineering, survivability is the quantified ability of a system, subsystem, equipment, process, or procedure to continue to function during and after a natural or man-made disturbance; nuclear electromagnetic pulse from the detonation of a nuclear weapon.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nuclear-hardness (419 words)

	A STATEMENT OF WORK FOR AN AERONAUTICAL SYSTEM NUCLEAR HARDNESS PROGRAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This report consists of a Nuclear Hardness Statement of Work (SOW) appendix intended for incorporation into a major system full scale development Statement of Work.
		This SOW Appendix is unique because its objective is the achievement of hardness at minimum life cycle cost.
		Strong emphasis is placed on the initial design phase to eliminate/minimize hardness critical items whose monitoring and control efforts during production and over the operational life of the system result in high life cycle costs.
	quanterion.com /Documents/Documents.asp?ArgVal=121 (208 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		When formulating the maintenance concept, analysis of the proposed work environment on the health and safety of maintenance personnel shall be considered.
		Identify nuclear hardness surveillance procedures to monitor and preserve the nuclear hardness of the material system.
		Identify nuclear hardness features during maintenance operations on the equipment and state how to restore the nuclear hardness features of the equipment when they are disturbed as a result of maintenance actions.
	www.tinker.af.mil /38eig/pk/pkl/CustomerSupport/DID.doc (3977 words)

	No. 99-D 38 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Bizarre as it may seem, the practice of increasing the threat to the United States in the name of advancing an arms control agenda is hardly unprecedented.
		Inevitably, as the number of people with access to sensitive information concerning the U.S. nuclear weapons program grows, so does the counter-intelligence challenge involved in protecting this data -- especially given the extraordinary lengths to which the Chinese are going to penetrate not only the nuclear laboratories but relevant parts of American industry and academia.
		There are already signs that the Administration has no intention of fully funding the SSP program -- at a cost of at least $4.5 billion per year in constant dollars -- if it is able to secure the Senate's advice and consent to the CTBT.
	www.security-policy.org /papers/1999/99-D38.html (979 words)

	JOHN S
		The analyses focused on systematic examination of the role of technology in verifying adherence to these agreements and included the examination of portal-perimeter monitoring, technical and human aspects of on-site inspection, and nuclear warhead dismantlement.
		His responsibilities included the nuclear hardness evaluation of re-entry bodies and missile systems, stress wave analysis of fiber composite materials, modeling of x-ray mechanical response of materials, VAX 11780 and PDP 11 minicomputer operations.
		He participated in underground test experiment design, space nuclear power systems studies, development of adaptive magnetic optics, particle beam lethality and vulnerability studies, particle beam lethality experiments, and government contract monitoring.
	members.aol.com /ElectSci2000/BrowningResume.html (606 words)

	Ophthalmology Times : Phacoemulsification technology tailored to nuclear hardness : Using the LOCSIII classification ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Start / O / Ophthalmology Times / February 01, 2002 / Phacoemulsification technology tailored to nuclear hardness : Using the LOCSIII classification system, surgeon determines continuous or burst mode app
		The advantage is that one blade can be used to make all different-sized incisions, which is a real cost savings.
		Read 'Ophthalmology Times: Phacoemulsification technology tailored to nuclear hardness : Using the LOCSIII classification system, surgeon determines continuous or burst mode approach.(Interview)' with a FREE Trial for instant access »
	static.elibrary.com /o/ophthalmologytimes/february012002/phacoemulsificationtechnologytailoredtonuclearhard/index.html (274 words)

	Titan Wins Contract To Simulate Missile Threat
		The DTRA's West Coast Facility, operated by Titan's simulator team, has been Department of Defense's lead nuclear hardness and survivability test facility for the past 13 years.
		Continually upgraded, the facility is specifically designed to test equipment and technology against possible vulnerabilities to radiation.
		This facility also supports American allies in testing their military systems against nuclear effects.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/bmdo-02j.html (405 words)

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