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Topic: Nuclear photonic rocket

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	We can put the puzzle together now, and fly at the speed of light - SEDS Forums
		The photon rocket would use reactions between matter and antimatter to produce light, and light would be used to propel the rocket.
		This could allow the photon rocket motor to continue firing 24/7 for thousands of years at up to 40 % of the maximium power output that was achieved during the inital operation of the nuclear fission reactor.
		The energy carried by a photon is given by: E=hf, where h is Plank's constant (6.6262e-34 J s), and f is the frequency of the light wave of which the photon* is part.
	forums.seds.org /showthread.php?t=928 (2340 words)

	Nuclear thermal rocket - Wikipedia Mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In a nuclear thermal rocket a working fluid, usually hydrogen, is heated in a high temperature nuclear reactor, and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create thrust.
		A nuclear engine was considered for some time as a replacement for the J-2 used on the S-II and S-IVB stages on the Saturn V and Saturn I rockets.
		The weight of a complete nuclear reactor is so great that solid-core engines would be hard-pressed to achieve a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1:1, which would be needed to overcome the gravity of the Earth on launch.
	www.wiki-mirror.us /index.php/Nuclear_thermal_rocket (3527 words)

	Nuclear photonic rocket
		In a nuclear photonic rocket, a nuclear reactor would generate such high temperatures that the light from the reactor would provide thrust.
		This has the highest-known specific impulse of any rocket that might be made with known technology.
		A variation is the photon rocket from the german rocket scientist Eugen Saenger[?], using antimatter annihilation as a light source and an electron-mirror as a reflecting medium.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/nu/Nuclear_photonic_rocket.html (109 words)

	Antimatter rocket at AllExperts
		An antimatter rocket is a proposed type of rocket that uses antimatter as its power source.
		Finally, a nuclear photonic rocket involves heating up such a tungsten block or other material so it emits light - a curved mirror would then reflect the photons backwards and thus accelerate the spacecraft forwards.
		For example, an antimatter rocket could take one ton of cargo to the interplanetary space using about 400 micrograms of antimatter, or to the low earth orbit using half of that amount.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/an/antimatter_rocket.htm (382 words)

	ipedia.com: Spacecraft propulsion Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		can be calculated using the rocket equation, where M is the mass of fuel, P is the mass of the payload (including the rocket structure), and is the specific impulse of the rocket.
		Rockets emitting gases are limited by the fact that their exhaust temperature cannot be so high that the nozzle and reaction chamber are damaged; most large rockets have elaborate cooling systems to prevent damage to either component.
		For some missions, solar energy may be sufficient, but for others nuclear energy will be necessary; engines drawing their power from a nuclear source are called nuclear electric rockets.
	www.ipedia.com /spacecraft_propulsion_1.html (2670 words)

	Nuclear marine propulsion - Wikipedia Mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a Merchant ship powered by a nuclear reactor.
		It is known that during use the properties of nuclear fuel change; it is quite possible for fuel to crack and for fission gas bubbles to form.
		Nuclear marine propulsion • Nuclear thermal rocket • Nuclear electric rocket • Gas core reactor rocket • Nuclear pulse propulsion • Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion • Nuclear salt-water rocket • Nuclear photonic rocket • Fusion rocket • Bussard ramjet • Fission sail • Fission-fragment rocket • Nuclear photonic rocket
	www.wiki-mirror.us /index.php/Nuclear_marine_propulsion (1078 words)

	PowerPedia:Spacecraft propulsion - PESWiki
		Rocket engines take their reaction mass from one or more tanks and form it into a jet, obtaining thrust in accordance with Newton's third law.
		Rockets emitting plasma can potentially carry out reactions inside a magnetic bottle and release the plasma via a magnetic nozzle, so that no solid matter need come in contact with the plasma.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit, but details of the gas properties are also important.
	peswiki.com /index.php/Spacecraft_propulsion (4065 words)

	Nuclear thermal rocket information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In a nuclear thermal rocket a working fluid, usually hydrogen, is heated in a high temperature nuclear reactor, and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create thrust.
		A nuclear engine was considered for some time as a replacement for the J-2 used on the S-II and S-IVB stages on the Saturn V and Saturn I rockets.
		The weight of a complete nuclear reactor is so great that solid-core engines would be hard-pressed to achieve a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1:1, which would be needed to overcome the gravity of the Earth on launch.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Nuclear_thermal_rocket (3505 words)

	rocket_motor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Rockets emitting plasma can potentially carry out reactions inside a magnetic bottle and release the plasma via a magnetic nozzle, so that no solid matter need come in contact with the plasma.
		Normal rocket launch vehicles fly almost vertically before rolling over at an altitude of some tens of kilometers before burning sideways for orbit; this initial vertical climb wastes propellant but is optimal as it hugely reduces airdrag.
		For some missions, solar energy may be sufficient, and has very often been used, but for others nuclear energy will be necessary; engines drawing their power from a nuclear source are called nuclear electric rockets.
	www.gayrelationshipmatch.net /wiki/?title=Rocket_motor (4068 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion - Engineering - a Wikia wiki
		All current spacecraft use chemical rocket engines (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
		For some missions, solar energy may be sufficient, but for others nuclear energy will be necessary; engines drawing their power from a nuclear source are called nuclear electric rockets.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion (3225 words)

	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Nuclear propulsion
		Nuclear propulsion includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that use some form of nuclear reaction as their primary power source.
		Many military submarines and a growing figure - with crude prices and emission in mind - of large surface ships, especially icebreakers, use nuclear reactors as their power plants (see nuclear marine propulsion for civil use and nuclear navy for naval use).
		Spacecraft Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion • Bussard ramjet • Fission-fragment rocket • Fission sail • Fusion rocket • Gas core reactor rocket • Nuclear electric rocket • Nuclear photonic rocket • Nuclear pulse propulsion • Nuclear salt-water rocket • Nuclear thermal rocket • Radioisotope rocket • The Orion project
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Nuclear_propulsion (305 words)

	BMDO 02-001
		Specific projects include the development of a doppler radar to be used in a missile seeker, the demonstration of active and interactive midcourse discrimination techniques, the design and development of miniature kill vehicles for boost and midcourse application, and the development and/or testing of space relay mirrors for laser tracking systems.
		Sensor technologies and their associated systems, communications antennas (RF and laser), attitude sensors, solar power, propulsion, structure and thermal control are all directly exposed to nuclear, laser, RF and debris in addition to the natural space environments.
		Nuclear and laser hard concepts, materials, and devices for protection against unknown or agile lasers and rejection of RF energy.
	www.acq.osd.mil /osbp/sbir/solicitations/sbir021/bmdo021.htm (8302 words)

	Nuclear photonic rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a nuclear photonic rocket, a nuclear reactor would generate such high temperatures that the flbody radiation from the reactor would provide significant thrust.
		The specific impulse of a photonic rocket is harder to define, since the output has no (rest) mass and is not expended fuel; if we take the momentum per inertia of the photons, the specific impulse is just c, which is impressive.
		An antimatter-matter powered photon rocket would (disregarding the shielding) obtain the maximum c specific impulse; for this reason, an antimatter-matter annihilation powered photon rocket could potentially be used for interstellar spaceflight.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_photonic_rocket (728 words)

	7. Materials
		Foreign firms are generally ahead of the United States in technology for electronic and photonic materials-- particularly in technology for producing silicon wafers for microelectronic devices.
		The interoperability of information technologies with photonic materials and optoelectronic devices in general is critical for the entire communications industry.
		There are two basic classes of photonic materials: electronic materials with controllable and appropriate optical properties for optical-electronic transducers (GaAs and GaAlAs), and silica glasses for long-distance transmission of optical signals.
	clinton4.nara.gov /WH/EOP/OSTP/CTIformatted/chap7/7matrls.html (5748 words)

	The Tribune...Science Tribune
		Present rocket technology relies on high initial speeds, which gradually decrease, whereas to attain half the speed of light a continuously firing thruster would be needed, which would provide steady acceleration.
		The principle of the photonic motor is to produce atomic particles and their antiparticles in equal number.
		The thrust of photons on the mirror will push the spaceship.Yet every time you switch on a hand torch the light exerts a tiny rocket thrust, although there is no danger of your being yet propelled backwards...
	www.tribuneindia.com /1999/99oct28/science.htm (3620 words)

	How to go about getting into Aerospace? Text - Physics Forums Library
		Nuclear thermal engines rely on using a propellant gas acting effectively as the 'coolant' for a nuclear reactor.
		Rocket fuel will get you to the moon faster than ion propulsion, but ion propulsion will get you to the outer reaches of the solar system faster than rocket fuel.
		Even though a chemical rocket is horrendously inefficient by these terms, it is still used for launch instead of a XIP drive, for example.
	www.physicsforums.com /archive/index.php/t-5168.html (738 words)

	The Feasibility of Interstellar Flight? - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		Pulse drives cause nuclear explosions beyond the rear of the spacecraft; the expanding gases then push against the spacecraft rear to push it forward; most of the nuclear-reaction energy does not have to pass through the spacecraft as heat in order to drive it.
		This is rather inefficient for nuclear fission or fusion, because of the high speed of photons (c).
		It is instructive to derive the relativistic rocket equation.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=40703 (4114 words)

	Defense Horizons No. 36
		With a high-temperature heat source (600-950 °C), such as produced by an MHR, net hydrogen producing efficiencies as high as 40-50 percent could be obtained by using high-temperature electrolysis, a developing technology that could provide higher efficiency by using both heat and electricity from the reactor.
		The second major approach to nuclear production of hydrogen, suited primarily to a high-temperature, gas-cooled reactor system, is to use high-temperature nuclear-generated heat directly to drive a thermochemical water-splitting cycle, a set of chemical reactions that separates water into hydrogen and oxygen at moderate temperatures.
		In the general sense, one of the advantages of nuclear energy is the large energy resource that uranium represents.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/DefHor/DH36/DH36.htm (9182 words)

	Rocket Science
		Also, as mass leaves the rocket, the mass of the rocket is decreasing.
		During a water rocket launch, there are three phases of thrusting; water flow, sonic (choked) air flow, and subsonic (unchoked) air flow.
		The equation for thrust for compressible gases is:
	www.hydroflite.net /Rocket_Science.html (1587 words)

	Pressable Photonic Crystals Produce Full-Colour Fingerprints
		Far from the basic fl-and-white fingerprints collected today, the new technology would use elastic photonic crystals to capture data-rich fingerprints in multiple colours, but the fingerprinting technique is just one potential application for the new technology.
		Photonic crystals are a relatively new development in the scientific quest to control light.
		These photonic crystals can produce colour based on how an electromagnetic wave interacts with the structure -- meaning that it could be tuned to produce any colour.
	www.spacewar.com /reports/Pressable_Photonic_Crystals_Produce_Full_Colour_Fingerprints.html (786 words)

	Nuclear electric rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a nuclear electric rocket, nuclear thermal energy is changed into electrical energy that is used to power one of the electrical propulsion technologies.
		So technically the powerplant is nuclear, not the propulsion system, but the terminology is standard.
		Nuclear electric rocket • Nuclear photonic rocket • Nuclear pulse propulsion • Nuclear salt-water rocket • Nuclear thermal rocket • Radioisotope rocket • The Orion project
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_electric_rocket (332 words)

	[No title]
		By adding a photonic process in front of conventional electronic analog-to-digital converters, the resolution of present day and future electronic ADCs can be improved by a factor from 2 to 3 bits at any sample rate, with similar reductions in inter-modulation distortions.
		While the underlying principles of the Photonic clocks are not new, the technologies to implement them are recent and their use novel, including such Photonic elements as low power, energy efficient, vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCEL) diodes, low loss single mode optical fiber having minimal mass even in substantial lengths, and fast optical detectors.
		Visidyne has demonstrated a Photonic clock consisting of diode laser, optical delay line and detector/receiver that are used to design RF oscillators at 2 to 10 Ghz, with less phase noise in a smaller footprint and at lower power consumption than existing, all electronic designs.
	www.visidyne.com /welcome.htm (2438 words)

	Erin's Nuclear Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The principle cause of the Chernobyl nuclear incident in 1986 was:
		I imagine that in the United States there will be a nuclear power plant accident that releases large amounts of radioactivity within the next ten years.
		I would be apprehensive of a spacecraft that was powered with nuclear energy.
	erinsnuclearsurvey.com (515 words)

	History and Development of the Rocket Engine
		solid fuel rocket, the fuel is burned, providing the energy, and the reaction products are allowed to flow out the back, providing the reaction mass.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by it's area expansion ratio- this is the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
		nuclear fusion has developed methods, some of which have been used in speculative propulsion systems.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/rocket_engine.htm (3031 words)

	Proposed Feat: Recoliless weapon mastery - Wizards Community
		The exhaust of a photon rocket engine can be a laser beam, but lasers are less efficient at converting energy into light than are flbody radiators such as tungsten and graphite.
		Photons have no mass, but they do have a quantity of movement, which is the origin of radiation pressure.
		A laser is basically made by bouncing photons of the right frequency inside a chamber and freeing them out from one end, which means that there will be some recoil due to the law of conservation of quantity of movement.
	boards1.wizards.com /showthread.php?t=720931 (2107 words)

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