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Topic: Nuclear pile

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	Learn more about Nuclear reactor in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Nuclear reactors are used for providing heat for electricity generation, domestic and industrial heating, desalination, and naval propulsion, for providing neutron beams for research purposes, and for making radioactive isotopes.
		Although the majority of nuclear reactors exist to produce useful energy for the generation of electricity, some are used for research, the production of radioactive isotopes for medical and industrial use, and/or the production of plutonium for nuclear weapons.
		Nuclear power does have very useful additional advantages such as the production of radioisotopes (used in medicine and food preservation), though the demand for these products can be satisfied by a relatively small number of plants.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /n/nu/nuclear_reactor.html (2696 words)

	Chicago Pile-1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The reactor was a pile of uranium and graphite blocks, assembled under the supervision of the renowned Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.
		The pile consisted of uranium pellets as a neutron–producing "core" separated from one another by graphite blocks to slow the neutrons.
		Fermi himself described the apparatus as "a crude pile of fl bricks and wooden timbers." The controls consisted of cadmium-coated rods that absorbed neutrons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chicago_Pile-1 (354 words)

	Nuclear reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate (as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is completely uncontrolled).
		Two U.S. nuclear submarines, USS Scorpion and Thresher, have been lost at sea, though for reasons not related to their reactors, and their wrecks are situated such that the risk of nuclear pollution is considered low.
		The amount of energy in the reservoir of nuclear fuel is frequently expressed in terms of "full-power days," which is the number of 24-hour periods (days) a reactor is scheduled for operation at full power output for the generation of heat energy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_reactor (3526 words)

	The First Nuclear Chain Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The pile itself was constructed of uranium, a material that is embedded in a matrix of graphite.
		The atomic pile is controlled and prevented from burning itself to complete to complete destruction by cadmium rods which absorb neutrons and stop the bombardment process.
		The last rod left in the pile, which acted as starter, accelerator and brake for the reaction, was the one handled by Weil.
	hep.uchicago.edu /cp1.html (4322 words)

	Crisis looms on Windscale clean-up: ThePost.ie
		The material is contained in the Windscale Pile 1, a giant nuclear reactor built in the late 1940s to produce weapons-grade plutonium for Britain's first atomic bomb.
		Pile 2 was closed down without any of this stored energy being annealed, or released in a controlled way, and it remains there.
		The two reactors at Windscale, Pile 1 and Pile 2, were built as part of Britain's headlong rush after the Second World War to become the third nuclear power after the United States and the Soviet Union.
	archives.tcm.ie /businesspost/2001/12/23/story823639728.asp (2583 words)

	28,000 Gallons Radioactive Pollution Seep Into Colorado River Daily
		The owners of the pile, Denver-based Atlas Corp., went bankrupt and left responsibility of the site to a court-appointed trustee, who is to begin talking with engineers and contractors by the middle of this month to determine the best way to stretch the money set aside to put a cap on the pile.
		A lively debate over the future of the pile is expected at a meeting Wednesday in Moab that is supposed to include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Energy Department and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which is concerned about preserving the quality of the drinking water.
		Also figuring in the debate is a small pile of radioactive waste near Denver that was capped in the early '90s and is now being moved because the cap began to crumble.
	www.rense.com /politics6/seep.htm (1808 words)

	Genesis: the Chicago Pile
		Remember that as the first reactor in the world was developed for the production of the first nuclear bomb, the first serious problem solved on the first electronic computer of the world was the calculation of the very same bomb.
		Therefore, the plan of the first nuclear pile was very simple: a mixture of uranium and carbon powder.
		The control of the pile was ensured by rods that could be automatically inserted into the reactor and pulled out, which were made of cadmium, a good neutron absorber.
	www.npp.hu /tortenelem/genezis-e.htm (1031 words)

	EU lawmakers urge action on nuclear waste pile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Nuclear fusion has been touted as a solution to the world's energy problems, as it would be low in pollution and could theoretically use seawater as fuel.
		The company's five nuclear units set a generating record of about 35 million megawatt hours last year, accounting for about 36 percent of its total electrical generation, Progress said in a statement.
		Progress owns the two-unit Brunswick nuclear plant, with a combined capacity of 1,752 megawatts in Southport, North Carolina, along with the 900 MW Harris nuclear plant near New Hill, North Carolina.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/0401/msg00481.html (2059 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Dismantling of nuclear pile halted
		Fears that the Windscale Pile No 1 at Sellafield in Cumbria, which is packed with melted nuclear fuel, may spontaneously catch fire has led to the suspension of a £60m programme to dismantle it.
		The giant pile of graphite blocks with uranium fuel rods running through them that produce plutonium is in effect a primitive nuclear reactor core.
		Decommissioning the piles, and other remains of 50 years of various nuclear experiments at Sellafield, is expected to cost more than £24bn in all.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uk_news/story/0,3604,632365,00.html (643 words)

	South Asian Media Net > OPINION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The world knows that Israel possesses more than 200 nuclear weapons while maintaining a policy of "strategic ambiguity." At the same time, when the United States leads the world in an aggressive denial of nuclear weapons to the Arab world and Iran, Israelâs nuclear pile is seldom discussed.
		There is little prospect of the declared nuclear powers seriously reducing their stockpiles to achieving the distant goal of nuclear disarmament, as they promised to do.
		For one thing, the nuclear order is built on the premise that some states are responsible and peace-loving while others are not, giving the former the right of possessing weapons the latter cannot have.
	www.southasianmedia.net /index_opinion4.cfm?id=36297 (1101 words)

	.: Print Version :.
		If water officials have their way, this will finally be the year that federal officials decide to move a 12 million-ton pile of radioactive goo, a nuclear pile they say threatens Southern California's water supply, away from the banks of the Colorado River.
		The radioactive pile is left over from a uranium and heavy-metal mine that operated at the site for 28 years, closing in 1984.
		Water officials said the pile isn't an immediate threat to local drinking water, even though it's been leaking millions of gallons of poisons into the river annually for years, because the river's massive volume dilutes the contaminants down to harmless levels.
	www.nctimes.com /articles/2005/03/16/news/state/0_09_083_16_05.prt (1068 words)

	The Chain Reaction
		Based on the papers of individual scientists and records of scientists' associations, the text of the exhibition begins with an account of the construction and operation of the first nuclear pile beneath the West Stands of Stagg Field on the campus of the University of Chicago.
		On December 2, 1942, scientists at the University of Chicago produced the world's first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in a nuclear pile constructed in a squash court beneath the West Stands of Stagg Field, the University's athletic stadium.
		On December 2, Fermi and his colleagues gathered on the balcony of the squash court to test the reactor, slowly withdrawing the last control rod until the "critical," or self-sustaining, level was reached, then watching the reactor operate for twenty-eight minutes before reinserting the rod and stopping the reaction.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /e/spcl/chain.html (2432 words)

	German Nuclear Weapons
		When the discovery of nuclear fission was first reported in January 1939, it appeared that the chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann had performed the crucial experiments, while the physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch provided the first theoretical explanation of the fission process.
		Meitner and nuclear physics were crucial to the discovery, but that Meitner’s role was obscured by her forced emigration, the political conditions in Nazi Germany, and the deliberate “forgetting” of the postwar period.
		Their nuclear program was inhibited somewhat by a lack of enthusiasm on the part of Adolph Hitler, who believed the time frame was too long, and even more so by a serious miscalculation in its early stages.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/germany/nuke.htm (2855 words)

	Script for video - Nuclear Power
		What Fermi and his co-workers did was construct the first "nuclear pile" in a squash court under the former football stadium at the University of Chicago.
		It was called a "pile" in order to disguise its actual intent, though in truth it was a "pile" of graphite blocks, alternated with uranium and uranium oxide blocks.
		It was critical in a nuclear reactor, as distinguished from a nuclear bomb, that the chain reaction be controlled.
	www.hawkhill.com /113s.html (4702 words)

	Nation Squabbles Over Nuclear Waste Pile-Up - The Planet October 1995 - Sierra Club
		The DOE plan is under attack from citizens, scientists and members of Congress intent on slashing the budget.
		Even the DOE admits the repository would not be big enough for all the waste currently in the inventory, to say nothing of the continuing stream resulting from nuclear power production, dismantling of nuclear weapons, reprocessing of spent fuel and federal facilities clean-up.
		Prodded by a nuclear power industry demanding relief from overflowing storage pools, congressional leaders have introduced a slew of legislation related to Yucca Mountain..
	www.sierraclub.org /planet/199510/nuclear.asp (314 words)

	ORNL Review Vol. 25, Nos. 3 and 4, 2002
		George Boyd and chemists at Chicago analyzed the materials to ensure the absence of impurities that might interfere with a nuclear reaction, and Fermi and his colleagues put the materials into a series of subcritical uranium and graphite piles built in what was to become the world's most famous squash court.
		Fermi called them piles because, as the name implies, they were stacks or piles of graphite blocks with lumps of uranium interspersed between them in specific lattice arrangements.
		Fermi gradually built larger subcritical piles, carefully measuring and recording neutron activity within them, edging toward the point at which the pile would reach "critical mass" and the reaction would be self-sustaining.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml (7042 words)

	[No title]
		Some radioisotopes are found in the atomic ash that remains after uranium atoms are split in a nuclear pile.
		It is placed in a thick lead case with a tiny opening that is covered by a shutter, and it is then shipped to hospitals.
		In 1989 two research chemists announced that they had triggered a nuclear fusion reaction at room temperature using relatively common materials heavy water (in which the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with deuterium), a platinum electrode, and a palladium electrode.
	www.upei.ca /~physics/p261/projects/nuclear2/res_med.html (937 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Graphite rods are used in a nuclear pile: a) to absorb the radioactivity of the product of fission b) to increase the half-life of the uranium fuel c) as a source of neutrons d) to produce energy from radioactive C-14 e) to slow neutrons so that they can be absorbed by uranium nuclei 04.
		The most serious accident at a nuclear plant generating electricity, resulting in many deaths at the plant and in nearby regions, occurred in 1986 in: a) Seascale, England b) Ottawa, Canada c) Kyoto, Japan d) Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania e) Chernobyl, Ukraine 05.
		Cobalt-60 is useful: a) in scintillation counters b) in breeder reactors c) in control rods to regulate nuclear piles d) as a gamma-emitter in cancer therapy e) in film badges 09.
	www.miami.edu /chem/chm101h/10125oc0.htm (918 words)

	Sources and Notes
		Much as the term "pile" gradually gave way to "reactor," "atomic" was gradually replaced by "nuclear." The photograph of Enrico Fermi is courtesy the Department of Energy (via the National Archives).
		The term "pile" was more common during early atomic research, and it was gradually replaced by "reactor" in the later years of the Manhattan Project and afterwards.
		Much as the term "pile" gradually gave way to "reactor," "atomic" was gradually replaced by "nuclear." The painting of CP-1 going critical and the drawing of the pile by itself are both courtesy the National Archives.
	www.cfo.doe.gov /me70/manhattan/sources.htm (11667 words)

	Manhattan Project, "Nuclear Energy" Sculpture
		Chicago Pile No. 1 (CP-1) was constructed in a makeshift laboratory under the grandstand of Stagg Field Stadium at The University of Chicago.
		It contains "The First Pile" by Corbin Allardice and Edward Trapnell, postwar recollections of Enrico and Laura Fermi, many photographs, and a list of suggested references.
		The First Reactor is available in PDF format (free download: Adobe Acrobat Reader) or may be requested from the Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology of the U.S. Department of Energy.
	physics.uchicago.edu /moore_sculpture.html (266 words)

	July 1997 Engineer Update (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		It estimates that there are about 2,700 metric tons of spent fuel, 100 million gallons of high-level liquid waste (enough to fill 10,000 tanker trucks), 100 metric tons of plutonium, and thousands of tons of contaminated scrap metal, steel, and concrete.
		The Corps played a major role in building the nuclear weapons industry in the 1940s, and is now a vital part of the team decontaminating and decommissioning these facilities.
		The Chicago Pile 5 Reactor was a heavy-water uranium-fueled thermal reactor which operated for 25 years before its shutdown in 1979.
	www.hq.usace.army.mil /cepa/pubs/oldpubs/july97/story11.htm (712 words)

	[No title]
		The pile went "critical," achieving self-sustaining status at 3:20 p.m., an event later hailed as the dawerial, Fermi directed the phased withdrawal of the rod, carefully monitoring the increased neutron flux within the pile.
		The cell nearest the nuclear reactor housed a tank for dissolving uranium brought from the reactor through an underground canal; four other cells housed equipment for successive chemical treatment of the uranium--precipitation, oxidation, reduction; a sixth cell stored contaminated equipment removed from the other cells.
		When the nuclear project entered the valley under a cloak of secrecy in the fall of 1942, perhaps no other region of the nation had fewer scientists or less sophisticated laboratory equipment.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/rev25-34/net225.html (8798 words)

	Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher's Website
		While Tauscher sees an enormous benefit, mainly in preventing Russian nuclear weapons or weapons-grade uranium or plutonium from falling into the hands of international terrorists, critics say it's not a good idea to forgive the debt.
		Worries about the fate of aging Russian nuclear weapons and the vast system of Soviet-era weapons labs are much more than academic.
		The cases cited include a conspiracy at one of Russia's largest nuclear weapons facilities to steal enough highly enriched uranium for a nuclear bomb; an attempt by an employee at a weapons facility to sell designs to agents of Iraq and Afghanistan; and the theft of radioactive material from a Russian submarine base.
	www.house.gov /tauscher/issues/debtforsecurity-08-21-02.html (798 words)

	Industry Brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Vietnam may build its first nuclear power plant in the central coastal Ninh Thuan province to meet the country's increasing demand for energy in the future, according to head of the Atomic Energy Institute, Vuong Huu Tan.
		For the second option, the plant is estimated to have four piles and a capacity of 4,000 MW, two times higher than Hoa Binh hydropower plant’s capacity and 29% of the national electricity output.
		According to Tan, there are three built nuclear pile groups: water-water, water-graphite and gas-graphite as well as high temperature gas piles.
	www.vietpartners.com /showdetailnews.asp?ID=471 (457 words)

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