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Topic: Nuclear plants

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	Nuclear reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate (as opposed to a nuclear explosion, where the chain reaction occurs in a split second).
		Nuclear reactors are used for many purposes, but the most significant current uses are for the generation of electrical power and, in rare cases, for the production of plutonium for use in nuclear weapons.
		The amount of energy in the reservoir of nuclear fuel is frequently expressed in terms of "full-power days," which is the number of 24-hour periods (days) a reactor is scheduled for operation at full power output for the generation of heat energy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_reactor (4281 words)

	Nuclear power plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear power plants are base load stations, which work best when the power output is constant (although boiling water reactors can come down to half power at night).
		Disposal of spent fuel and other nuclear waste is claimed by some as an advantage of nuclear power, claiming that the waste is small in quantity compared to that generated by competing technologies, and the cost of disposal small compared to the value of the power produced.
		In the UK, the Nuclear Installations Act of 1965 governs liability for nuclear damage for which a UK nuclear licensee is responsible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_power_plant (1022 words)

	Palisades Nuclear Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nuclear plants operate much the same way as fuel-burning plants, except that instead of burning coal or oil, the fuel is uranium.
		NMC was formed by four Midwest utilities in February 1999 to operate seven nuclear units at five plants in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa.
		The employees of the Palisades plant are a vital force in the region.
	www.consumersenergy.com /ocompany/index.asp?ASID=16 (433 words)

	Nuclear Energy is the most certain future source. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A nuclear reactor engine that would provide the right amount of energy for a car could be built and would run fine and would require refuelling only every 5 or 10 years.
		The energy required to build nuclear plants, operate them, and mine and process the uranium may be so large as to cause a net energy deficit.
		Nuclear plants in the U.S. are regulated by the
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html (5212 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Life \| Nuclear plants bloom
		Nuclear costs, he says, must include the security, insurance, decommissioning, long term storage and waste disposal costs, as well as the energy needed to build the plants.
		Nuclear stations usually take eight to 15 years to build, and almost that long to start repaying their financial and carbon investments.
		Civil nuclear power was barely debated in Britain when introduced more than 40 years ago, and its prospects collapsed almost without public discussion when the financiers saw the figures did not stack up in the 1990s.
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/feature/story/0,13026,1280884,00.html (1450 words)

	How secure are U.S. nuclear power plants? \| By Shelley Smithson \| Grist Magazine \| Main Dish \| 26 Mar 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The U.S. nuclear industry claims that both the probability of a successful attack and the scope of the resulting devastation are exaggerated by environmentalists who want to hobble the resurgent atomic sector.
		Nuclear plants are built with layers of backup safety systems, making it difficult to actually break enough equipment to cause a radioactive release.
		Nearly 50 percent of nuclear plants in the country have failed NRC security drills during the past decade -- even when guards had at least six months to prepare and knew the day and time the mock terrorists were attacking.
	www.grist.org /news/maindish/2002/03/26/dance (1688 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Power Works"
		In France, for instance, about 75 percent of the electricity is generated from nuclear power, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency.
		In the United States, nuclear power supplies about 15 percent of the electricity overall, but some states get more power from nuclear plants than others.
		Have you ever wondered how a nuclear power plant works or how safe nuclear power is? In this article, we will examine how a nuclear reactor and a power plant work.
	www.howstuffworks.com /nuclear-power.htm (146 words)

	Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors
		Nuclear power plants are designed to shut down automatically in an earthquake, and this is a vital consideration in many parts of the world.
		Switzerland's Nuclear Safety Inspectorate studied a similar scenario and reported in 2003 that the danger of any radiation release from such a crash would be low for the older plants and extremely low for the newer ones.
		The April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine was the result of major design deficiencies in the RBMK type of reactor, the violation of operating procedures and the absence of a safety culture.
	www.uic.com.au /nip14.htm (2612 words)

	USATODAY.com - Could nuclear plants be terrorists' next target? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nuclear safety watchdogs say that for many years they have pointed out the dangers of spent-fuel pools, but that the NRC told them the terrorism threat was too remote to make it a major concern.
		At about one-third of the power plants, the reactor is in one building, and the spent-fuel pool is housed in a second building with only corrugated metal walls and a roof, says David Lochbaum, a nuclear safety engineer of the Union of Concerned Scientists and a former power plant consultant.
		If all fuel in two of the plant's fuel pools ignited, enough radioactive material would be released to contaminate for at least 30 years 93,000 square miles of land — 8,700 more than the entire state.
	www.usatoday.com /money/covers/2001-12-14-bcovfri.htm (1816 words)

	Nuclear Power Plants and Earthquakes
		Japanese, and most other, nuclear plants are designed to withstand earthquakes, and in the event of major earth movement, to shut down safely.
		In those cases where the plant automatically shutdown ("tripped") as a safety precaution, it was because of the impact of the earthquake on the operating characteristics of the plant.
		Even for a nuclear plant situated very close to sea level, the robust sealed containment structure around the reactor itself would prevent any damage to the nuclear part from a tsunami, though other parts of the plant might be damaged.
	www.uic.com.au /nip20.htm (1206 words)

	FPL \| Nuclear Power Serves You (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nuclear power has played an important role in FPL's energy mix for nearly three decades and provides a safe, clean and reliable source of electricity.
		Nuclear Energy Institute, an industry organization, provides additional information on what experts around the world say about the safety and benefits of nuclear power.
		Since nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, there are virtually no air emissions, such as greenhouse gases that may contribute to global warming.
	www.fpl.com /about/nuclear/contents/nuclear_power_serves_you.shtml (803 words)

	The Economics of Nuclear Power
		Nuclear energy is, in many places, competitive with fossil fuel for electricity generation, despite relatively high capital costs and the need to internalise all waste disposal and decommissioning costs.
		With nuclear energy the risk of accidents is factored in along with high estimates of radiological impacts from mine tailings (waste management and decommissioning being already within the cost to the consumer).
		Nuclear is comfortably cheaper than coal in seven of ten countries, and cheaper than gas in all but one.
	www.uic.com.au /nip08.htm (3077 words)

	Weather: Storm poses little risk to nuclear plants
		Nuclear plants are typically built near oceans, rivers or lakes because they require immense quantities of water to cool a plant's reactor core to prevent a meltdown.
		David Lochbaum, a nuclear safety engineer for the Union of Concerned Scientists in Washington, D.C., has been a frequent critic of the nuclear power industry and what he believes are its lax safety and security standards.
		However, Lochbaum cautioned that one hurricane-related risk facing a nuclear plant lies in the onsite diesel generators that are used for backup power in the event that the off-site electricity powering a shutdown reactor's safety systems is lost.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/09/04/Weather/Storm_poses_little_ri.shtml (655 words)

	Nuclear Plants - Progress Energy
		Progress Energy, a leading operator of nuclear power plants in the Carolinas and Florida, has joined eight other energy companies and two reactor vendors to demonstrate the new construction and operating licensing process for a new nuclear power plant.
		The single-unit, 900-MW Harris Nuclear Plant is located near New Hill, N.C. It is Progress Energy's newest nuclear plant, beginning commercial operation in 1987.
		The single-unit, 710-MW H.B. Robinson Nuclear Plant is located near Hartsville, S.C. This site also includes a coal-fired unit that generates 174 MW and a combustion turbine unit that generates 15 MW.
	www.progress-energy.com /aboutenergy/powerplants/nuclear.asp (299 words)

	End the nuclear threat \| Greenpeace International
		Nuclear installations, whether military or civil, have a sad record of accidents and incidents, shrouded in cover-ups, lies and misinformation.
		The generation of electricity in nuclear reactors produces substances than can be used for the fabrication of nuclear weapons.
		The IAEA is now seeking to resolve these problems through the concept of multilateral control of the nuclear fuel cycle as laid out in report to the IAEA Director General in February 2005.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/campaigns/nuclear (663 words)

	Troubled Times: Nuclear Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The remaining 13 nuclear reactors would be phased out by 2025, Spiegel said, citing internal documents from the Environment Ministry.
		Economics Minister Werner Mueller, who was formerly a senior executive in the nuclear industry, has come up with a plan to limit the operating life of nuclear plants to 35 years.
		Spiegel said the Environment Ministry's calculations showed that nuclear plant operators recouped their investments within 15 to 20 years.
	www.zetatalk.com /theword/tworx071.htm (217 words)

	The Future of Nuclear Power
		An interdisciplinary MIT faculty group decided to study the future of nuclear power because of a belief that this technology is an important option for the United States and the world to meet future energy needs without emitting carbon dioxide and other atmospheric pollutants.
		But the prospects for nuclear energy as an option are limited, the report finds, by four unresolved problems: high relative costs; perceived adverse safety, environmental, and health effects; potential security risks stemming from proliferation; and unresolved challenges in long-term management of nuclear wastes.
		The authors of the study emphasized that nuclear power is not the only non-carbon option and stated that they believe it should be pursued as a long term option along with other options such as the use of renewable energy sources, increased efficiency, and carbon sequestration..
	web.mit.edu /nuclearpower (862 words)

	Nuclear engineers
		Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation.
		They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle—the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy—or on the production of fusion energy.
		Good opportunities should exist for nuclear engineers because the small number of nuclear engineering graduates is likely to be in rough balance with the number of job openings.
	stats.bls.gov /oco/ocos036.htm (455 words)

	How Nuclear Power Plants Work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nuclear Technology is a site that is dedicated to providing the current information on nuclear technology.
		Nuclear power plants are base load stations, which work best when the power...
		A nuclear power plant is not all that different from coal, oil, or gas fired plants.
	www.first-in-plants.com /11/How-Nuclear-Power-Plants-Work.html (705 words)

	Jeffrey St. Clair: Nuclear Plants and Terrorism
		The nuclear plants were taken off the target list because the men from al-Qaeda feared a doomsday scenario where the radioactive explosions could "get out of control." But, the two told al-Jazeera, future attacks on American or British nuclear reactors would not be ruled out.
		The nuclear industry in the US and the Bush administration continue to push nuclear power as a virtuous energy source and deny that the nation's 113 nuclear power plants pose any kind of terrorist threat.
		POGO found that at six nuclear facilities the security guards were paid anywhere from $1 to $4 less per hour than custodians and janitors working at the same plant.
	www.counterpunch.org /stclair0914.html (1563 words)

	Nuclear Plants Called Vulnerable to Terrorist Attack
		The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) admitted Friday that it "did not specifically contemplate attacks by aircraft such as Boeing 757s or 767s" - the types of planes used to destroy the 110 story World Trade Center towers and heavily damage the recently fortified Pentagon on September 11.
		While the containment buildings that shelter nuclear reactors are able to withstand severe events including hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes, "nuclear power plants were not designed to withstand such crashes," the agency said in a statement.
		Used nuclear fuel storage pools, like this one at Calvert Cliffs, could be vulnerable to a meltdown if their water was boiled away or otherwise drained during a terrorist attack
	www.commondreams.org /headlines01/0926-01.htm (1213 words)

	Nuclear Power Plants - Koeberg, South Africa
		A number of simplified diagrams illustrate the the design of this pressurized water reactor plant (courtesy Westinghouse).
		The temperatures stated are representative of many PWRs and may vary for specific plants.
		In the foreground is the screenhouse which conditions the seawater before it is pumped by large circulating water pumps through the condenser and back to the sea.
	www.nucleartourist.com /world/koeberg.htm (621 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Fake fog could defend nuclear plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A spokeswoman at Germany's Federal Environment Ministry confirmed that the companies that operate the country's 18 nuclear power stations are assessing the installation of artificial fog machines as a defence against suicide attacks from the air, alongside other possibilities.
		Under the proposal, "a nuclear power plant under attack is surrounded within seconds by an artificial, dense wall of fog", reads a statement from the ministry.
		Newer plants could be similarly damaged by a large passenger jet, it concluded.
	www.newscientist.com /news/news.jsp?id=ns99994557 (504 words)

	Chp 8: The Nuclear Legacy--Radioactive Wastes and Plutonium, "Poisoned Power, The Case Against Nuclear Power Plants"
		Nuclear Fuel Services is also licensed by the AEC for waste "disposal." As a result, the company has a burial site on the West Valley compound.
		The West Valley plant is discharging "low level wastes" which the AEC considers as of "low hazard potential." A 5 to 50 percent increase in genetic disorders and deaths plus a 10 percent increase in cancer deaths appears to impress the AEC as a small hazard.
		Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., New York State Atomic and Space Development Authority, and all the other companies with interests in the chemical reprocessing business are giving serious consideration to this and other isotopes for which a market and economic conditions justify recovery.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/CNR/PP/chp8.html (3391 words)

	CBC News:New nuclear plants may be coming to Ontario (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A private nuclear company, Bruce Power, says it wants to be part of any of those new projects.
		Critics of nuclear power say the issue of how to dispose of radioactive waste still isn't settled in Canada and building new plants is a mistake.
		Hawthorne says nuclear power may be a tough sell with the public right now, but he says people will change their minds once the emission-free reactors are operational.
	www.cbc.ca /stories/2003/04/18/ont_nuclear030418 (318 words)

	CNN.com - N. Korea to reactivate nuke plants - Dec. 12, 2002
		One U.S. official told CNN that the decision to reactive the nuclear facilities is "regrettable and a step in the wrong direction," and a formal response from the Bush administration is being prepared.
		The statement indicated that one plant would be restarted and construction would resume on additional plants.
		With winter approaching and a history of food shortages, North Korea says it is unfreezing the facilities because it needs the power generated by the nuclear plants since the fuel oil shipments were halted earlier this month.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/12/12/nkorea.nukes (648 words)

	Nuclear Plant Terrorism
		In 2002, the NRC was requested by the Department of Homeland Security to provide a list of nuclear plants which are most vulnerable to terrorist attack The NRC did not respond in time, so the Department of Homeland Security made their own list of 30 plants.
		One quarter of all vehicle intrusions at U.S. nuclear plants have occurred at TMI.
		The intruder was not hostile and the only damage to plant systems resulted from the car's striking equipment in a place and manner which did not directly threaten public safety.
	www.tmia.com /sabter.html (1761 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism
		The Task Force warned that the "probability of nuclear terrorism is increasing" because of a number of factors including "the growing incidence, sophistication and lethality of conventional forms of terrorism," as well as the vulnerability of nuclear power and research reactors to sabotage and of weapons-usable nuclear materials to theft.
		A crucial defense against nuclear terrorism and nuclear proliferation is to end civilian commerce in plutonium and highly enriched uranium and to convert military stocks of these nuclear explosives into non-weapon-usable forms as soon as possible.
		Nuclear Control Institute has long been a critic of the inability of IAEA inspections and other "safeguards" measures to detect large process losses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium or to ensure adequate protection against thefts of these materials in transit and in storage.
	www.nci.org /nci-nt.htm (5128 words)

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