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	Nuclear pore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear pores are large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane surrounding the eukaryotic cell nucleus.
		There are about on average 2000 nuclear pore complexes in the nuclear envelope of a vertebrate cell, but it varies depending on the number of transcriptions of the cell.
		Although smaller molecules simply diffuse through the pores, larger molecules may be recognized by specific signal sequences and then be diffused with the help of nucleoporins into or out of the nucleus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_pore (850 words)

	Nuclear pore
		Nuclear pores are large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope, which is the membrane surrounding the eukaryotic cell nucleus.
		Nuclear pores allow the transport of water-soluble molecules across the nuclear envelope.
		The whole pore complex has a diameter of about 150 nm, and the actual pore is about 10 nm wide.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/nu/Nuclear_pore.html (130 words)

	Membrane Pore: Reviews
		The aqueous pathway in a monomer is characterized by a size-selective, to approximately 4.0 +/- 0.5 A wide pore that spans a length of to approximately 18 and bends by to approximately 25 degrees as it traverses the bilayer.
		This pore appears to be impermeable, however; instead, a glutamic acid residue critical to transport function is located on the outside of the hexamer, deeply buried in the membrane and accessible to probes and inhibitors resident in the hydrophobic phase of the bilayer.
		The propargylamine moiety is responsible for the increase in the mitochondrial family of Bcl-2 proteins, prevention in the fall in mitochondrial membrane potential, prevention of the activation of caspase 3, and of translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /membrane_pore_reviews.htm (14874 words)

	Annular Pore
		Flipping of the casts with their carbon-stabilized membrane halves (cytoplasmic half of the outer nuclear membrane; exoplasmic half of the inner nuclear membrane) exposed the cytoplasmic surface of the outer nuclear membrane and the surface of the inner nuclear membrane facing the perinuclear space.
		NTPase activity in the nuclear envelope seems to be associated with the annular part of nuclear pore complexes (permanent component) and with RNP particles translocated through nuclear pores or attached to the surface of nuclei (transitional component).
		Each pore complex was composed of a pore sometimes containing a central granule, a pore margin having an octagonal shape, and two rings of annular granules lying upon the pore margin.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /annular_pore.htm (3291 words)

	[No title]
		The nuclear envelope is composed of the nuclear membranes, the nuclear lamina and the nuclear pore complexes.
		The inner nuclear membrane is associated with the nuclear lamina, a meshwork of intermediate filament proteins termed lamins, and the heterochromatin on its nucleoplasmic face.
		These are distinct from nucleocytoplasmic pathways, the nuclear pores that span the double membrane of the envelope and are the route for RNA and protein traffic in the nucleus.
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/nuclear-envelope.html (575 words)

	NCSA users publish on nuclear pore selectivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Nuclear pore protein (yellow) binding to the surface of importin-beta.
		The first atomic-level investigation into the mechanism of nuclear pore selectivity was reported in the December 2005 issue of Structure.
		The group's study inspected the interaction between the transport receptor importin-beta and key nuclear pore proteins.
	access.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Briefs/2006-02-28NCSA_user.html (308 words)

	Nuclear Pores and Cell Division - Medgadget - www.medgadget.com
		"Nuclear pores are truly amazing," says postdoctoral researcher and co-first author Maximiliano D'Angelo, Ph.D. "They are the biggest protein structures within a cell and control the entire traffic in and out of the cell's nucleus, from tiny molecules such as histones, which bind DNA, to huge structures such as ribosomes," he explained.
		If the nuclear pore had split to give rise to two daughter pores, two bright dots would have emerged from one; however, the researchers tracked movement of only one dot, confirming their previous finding that pores formed from scratch.
		Additional research demonstrated that nuclear pore assemblies are added in a stepwise, coordinated process requiring components on both sides of the nuclear membrane.
	www.medgadget.com /archives/2006/04/nuclear_pores_a.html (477 words)

	The British Society for Cell Biology - Nuclear Pore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Each nuclear pore is about thirty times the mass of a ribosome and there are about 3000 to 4000 of them perforating the nuclear envelope of each cell.
		Nuclear pore complexes control the flow into and out of the nucleus and check the credentials of all large molecules attempting to pass through.
		A nuclear pore is a sophisticated biological entry and exit control system guarding the contents and work of the 'Head Office' of the cell, the nucleus.
	www.kcl.ac.uk /kis/schools/life_sciences/biomed/bscb/softcell/np.html (943 words)

	Nuclear Envelope
		The inner membrane of the nuclear envelope lies next to a layer of thin filaments which surrounds the nucleus except at the nuclear pores.
		Nuclear pores are formed at sites where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are joined.
		The figure to the left illustrates a preparation of nuclear pore complexes that were isolated from an oocyte and spread on plastic.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/nuclear_envelope.htm (1744 words)

	The nucleus ultrastructure
		The nuclear envelop seems to be a differentiation of the endoplasmic reticulum, is composed of two membranes and a perinuclear space.
		Nuclear pores represent openings of the nuclear envelope at sites where the two membranes are in contact.
		Nuclear proteins are able to accumulate inside the nucleus probably because the molecules have signals enabling them to accumulate inside its matrix.
	www.som.tulane.edu /departments/pathology/fermin/Nucleusultrast.html (1835 words)

	nuclear pore complexes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The fundamental characteristic of all higher organisms is the separation of nucleus and cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane.
		Also, the nuclear envelopes can be isolated from these oocytes where one nucleus has some 50 million pore complexes, which can be accessed both biochemically, and for structural studies.
		Nuclear pore complexes are involved in the alterations that take place when a cell changes its characteristics during oncogenic transformation.
	www.paterson.man.ac.uk /groups/scb/nucpore.jsp (533 words)

	The Nuclear Pore Complex
		Molecular trafficking between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of interphase cells occurs via the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), large supramolecular assemblies that are embedded in the double-membraned nuclear envelope (NE).
		The central pore is often plugged with a distinct particle, called central plug or transporter, of highly variable appearance whose molecular architecture and functional significance remain to be established.
		A 3-D reconstruction of detergent extracted and negatively stained nuclear pore complexes (NPCs; Hinshaw et al., 1992) revealing the central framework which exhibits strong 822 symmetry and thus consists of two identical halves relative to the central plane of the nuclear envelope (NE).
	www.scripps.edu /~stoffler/proj/NPC/npc.html (559 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| The nuclear pore complex
		Nuclear pore complexes are proteinaceous structures embedded in the double membrane of the nuclear envelope.
		NPCs have eight-fold rotational symmetry through the central axis of the pore and two-fold mirror symmetry through the plane of the nuclear envelope, suggesting assembly as a modular structure, a notion that is supported by structural and biochemical analysis of pore complex assembly in vitro [3,4].
		This estimate was based solely on the estimated mass of the pore (125 MDa), the eight-fold radial and two-fold mirror symmetry of the pore, and the estimated average size of a nucleoporin (100 kDa).
	genomebiology.com /2001/2/9/reviews/0007/?isguard=1 (4300 words)

	Regulation of Nuclear Pore Complex Conformation by IP3 Receptor Activation -- Moore-Nichols et al. 83 (3): 1421 -- ...
		Nuclear protein import is inhibited by an antibody to a lumenal epitope of a nuclear pore complex glycoprotein.
		Hinshaw, J. Architecture of the nuclear pore complex and its involvement in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
		Nuclear calcium and the regulation of the nuclear pore complex.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/83/3/1421 (4702 words)

	Nuclear pore Summary
		There are about 3,000-4,000 nuclear pore complexes in the nuclear envelope of an animal cell, depending on the number of transcriptions.
		The whole pore complex has a diameter of about 150 nm, and the diameter of the opening is about 50 nm wide.
		Some nuclear proteins have to be exported to the cytoplasma sometimes.
	www.bookrags.com /Nuclear_pore (1404 words)

	EU S.O.M. Dept. of CELLBIOLOGY :: Maureen Powers, Ph.D.
		The focus of the research in my laboratory is the nuclear pore complex, the immense structure which mediates highly selective, bi-directional transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
		Recent work from ourselves and others indicates that the nuclear pore is integrated with virtually all functions of the nucleus, at all stages of the cell cycle.
		Using GFP-fusion proteins in living cells together with confocal microscopy and photobleaching, we demonstrated that the nuclear pore is an unexpectedly dynamic structure.
	cellbio.emory.edu /research_labs_powers.cfm (281 words)

	Research Projects
		We conclude that the Nup107-160 complex is a pivotal determinant for vertebrate nuclear pore complex assembly.
		The nuclear pore is a large and complex biological machine, mediating all signal-directed transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
		To understand the mechanism of nuclear transport, the next question involves identifying the nuclear pore proteins that interact with the different transport receptors as they dock at the pore and translocate through it.
	www-biology.ucsd.edu /labs/forbes/Research_Projects.htm (1393 words)

	Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology
		"The nuclear pore Complex-associated protein, Mlp2p, binds to the yeast spindle pole body and promotes its efficient assembly." J Cell Biol.
		"The nuclear pore complex as a transport machine." J Biol Chem.
		"The yeast nuclear pore complex: composition, architecture and mechanism." J.
	www.rockefeller.edu /labheads/rout/publications.php (850 words)

	Researchers solve mystery of how nuclear pores duplicate before cell division
		La Jolla, CA — Researchers have long wondered how nuclear pores — the all-important channels that control the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus — double in number to prepare for the split to come when a cell divides.
		Now, for the first time, scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies watched as new funnel-like pore structures formed from scratch, and inserted themselves into the nuclear membrane.
		Nuclear pores are gigantic structures that control the transport of molecules such as RNA and protein in and out of a cell's inner sanctum, the nucleus, which safeguards the cell's genomic brain.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-04/si-rsm041806.php (669 words)

	Nuclear Compartments: Nuclear Pore
		The NPC is inturn anchored in the NE by the nuclear lamina, a meshwork of lamins and lamin-associated proteins that forms a 15 nm thick fibrous structure between the inner nuclear membrane and peripheral chromatin.
		Nuclear pore complex components are implicated in both autoimmune disease and cancer.
		Nuclear pore complexes form immobile networks and have a very low turnover in live mammalian cells.
	npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk /compartments/nuc_pore.html (1133 words)

	Nucleoporins as Components of the Nuclear Pore Complex Core Structure and Tpr as the Architectural Element of the ...
		Arlucea, J., Andrade, R., Alonso, R., and Arechaga, J. The nuclear basket of the nuclear pore complex is part of a higher-order filamentous network that is related to chromatin.
		Denning, D.P., Patel, S.S., Uversky, V., Fink, A.L., and Rexach, M. Disorder in the nuclear pore complex: the FG repeat region of nucleoporins are natively unfolded.
		Enninga, J., Levay, A., and Fontoura, B. Sec13 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and stably interacts with Nup96 at the nuclear pore complex.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/9/4261 (8718 words)

	Gating mechanism of the nuclear pore complex channel in isolated neonatal and adult mouse liver nuclei -- TONINI et al. ...
		Gating mechanism of the nuclear pore complex channel in isolated neonatal and adult mouse liver nuclei -- TONINI et al.
		Gating mechanism of the nuclear pore complex channel in isolated neonatal and adult mouse liver nuclei
		are distinct from nucleocytoplasmic pathways, the nuclear pores
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/13/11/1395 (4688 words)

	Modulation of Nuclear Pore Topology by Transport Modifiers -- Jäggi et al. 84 (1): 665 -- Biophysical Journal
		Nuclear pores are one of the largest protein complexes present
		Mapping of nucleoporins to the center of the nuclear pore complex by post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy.
		The yeast nuclear pore complex: composition, architecture, and transport mechanism.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/84/1/665 (3330 words)

	Steps of nuclear pore complex disassembly and reassembly during mitosis in early Drosophila embryos -- Kiseleva et al. ...
		breakdown of the nuclear membranes and disassembly of the NPCs
		on the underlying nuclear membrane because it is inaccessible
		Stafstrom, J. and Staehelin, L. Dynamics of the nuclear envelope and of nuclear pore complexes during mitosis in the Drosophila embryo.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/114/20/3607 (6689 words)

	Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology
		The pivotal role of the NPC in controlling communication between the genetic material and the rest of the cell is reflected in the many oncogenic and developmental defects directly associated with alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
		The instructions encoded in the DNA present in each cell are at the heart of regulating cell growth and development in organisms as diverse as yeast and humans.
		Nature has already solved this kind of protein enrichment problem with the nuclear pore complex (NPC), the macromolecular machine that efficiently segregates proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
	www.rockefeller.edu /labheads/rout/research.php (494 words)

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