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Topic: Nuclear powered icebreaker

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	Nuclear-Powered Ships
		Nuclear power is particularly suitable for vessels which need to be at sea for long periods without refuelling, or for powerful submarine propulsion.
		Nuclear propulsion has proven technically and economically essential in the Russian Arctic where operating conditions are beyond the capability of conventional icebreakers.
		It is powered by the same KLT-40 reactor as used in larger icebreakers, delivering 32.5 propeller MW from the 135 MWt reactor and it needed refuelling only once to 2003.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf34.html (1957 words)

	Nuclear Energy - MSN Encarta
		Power output is controlled by inserting or removing from the core a group of neutron-absorbing control rods.
		Although more than 100 nuclear power plants were operating or being built in the United States at the beginning of the 1980s, in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania in 1979 safety concerns and economic factors combined to block any additional growth in nuclear power.
		Nuclear power plants similar to the PWR are used for the propulsion plants of large surface naval vessels such as the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558960_2____17/Nuclear_Energy.html (1900 words)

	[No title]
		Although over 100 nuclear power plants were operating or being built in the United States at the beginning of the 1980s, in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident, safety concerns and economic factors combined to block any additional growth in nuclear power.
		In 1996 about 22 percent of the electric power generated in the United States came from nuclear power plants, whereas in France almost three-quarters of the energy being generated was from nuclear power plants.
		Nuclear fusion was first achieved on earth in the early 1930s by bombarding a target containing deuterium, the mass-2 isotope of hydrogen, with high-energy deuterons in a cyclotron (see Particle Accelerators).
	www.geocities.com /java_ram/nuclear.htm (6128 words)

	Nuclear powered icebreaker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Icebreakers are ships capable of cruising on ice-covered water by breaking through the ice with their strong, heavy, steel bows.
		Nuclear powered icebreakers are far more powerful than their diesel powered counterparts, and have been constructed by Russia primarily to aid shipping in the frozen Arctic waterways in the north of Siberia.
		Arktika-class icebreakers have a double hull, with the outer hull being approximately 48 mm thick at the ice-breaking areas and 25 mm thick elsewhere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_powered_icebreaker (1746 words)

	icebreaker - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		When the icebreaker charges into the ice at full speed, its sharply inclined bow, meeting the edge of the ice, rises upon it, and the weight of the vessel causes the ice to collapse.
		A well-designed icebreaker is able to force its way through ice up to 35-ft (10.7-m) thick.
		Icebreakers have been widely used in the exploration of the Arctic and the Antarctic.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-icebreak.html (338 words)

	Nuclear powered fleet: Nuclear powered vessels Nuclear powered vessels characteristics, maintenance, nuclear power ...
		The fire protection system of the icebreaker meets the requirements of Register Rules and is ensured by dividing the icebreaker into four vertical zones, as well as using uninflammable and nonflammable materials in construction, installation of automatic fire alarm, equipment of fire protection systems - aqueous, chemical, foam, and the necessary fire-fighting equipment.
		The premises of the icebreaker that are considered to be highly explosive (aviation fuel stores, hangar, fuel distribution post, accumulator stations, premises of charging converters and electrogas welding works) are equipped with explosion-proof electrical armature, fire alarm system, fire-extinguishing means, and ventilation.
		The icebreaker is equipped with the latest means of radio communication and radioelectric navigation: satellite radiotelegraph and radio-telegraph-telephone units of medium-, short-, intermediate- and ultra-short waves, shared TV access station "Ekran-M1", TV equipment "Globus-4", radar station, system of automatic radiolocation, gyrocompass, radiogoniometer, echo depth sounder, electric broadside, portable boat broadcasting stations, and other communication devices.
	atomic.msco.ru /cgi-bin/common.cgi?lang=eng&skin=menu2&fn=breakers (476 words)

	Broken Arrows: Nuclear Weapons Accidents \| atomicarchive.com
		Since 1950, there have been 32 nuclear weapon accidents, known as "Broken Arrows." A Broken Arrow is defined as an unexpected event involving nuclear weapons that result in the accidental launching, firing, detonating, theft or loss of the weapon.
		A nuclear detonation was not possible since the nuclear capsule was not on board the aircraft.
		Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker Lenin was forced to dump its reactors in the Kara Sea.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Almanac/Brokenarrows_static.shtml (961 words)

	Russia Tests Nuclear Icebreaker On Open Sea
		The "0 Years of Victory" is an upgrade of the Artika-class icebreakers.
		An upgrade of the Arktika-class icebreaker, the 159-meter (522-foot) long and 30-meter (100-foot) wide vessel, with a deadweight of 25,000 metric tons, is designed to break through ice up to 2.8 meters deep (9.2 feet).
		The Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet, which is operated by the Murmansk Shipping Company, currently consists of five Arktika-class icebreakers (Arktika, Sibir, Rossiya, Sovetskiy Soyuz, and Yamal), and two Taymyr-class river icebreakers (Taymyr and Vaygach).
	www.spacewar.com /reports/Russia_Tests_Nuclear_Icebreaker_On_Open_Sea_999.html (561 words)

	Unique Reactors
		Before the first U.S. nuclear power plant went on line in 1957, nuclear reactors were already in service in the former Soviet Union and in the United Kingdom.
		It was the first floating nuclear power plant and, for nearly three decades, appeared to be the last.
		By comparison, the total capacity of all the electric powerplants, nuclear and otherwise, in Vermont and Rhode Island (as of January 1, 1997) is slightly under 1,650 MWE.
	eia.doe.gov /cneaf/nuclear/page/nuc_reactors/superla.html (2881 words)

	Nuclear Weapon News and Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Nuclear weapons can be grouped into different classes based on the nuclear reactions that provide their destructive energy, and on the details of their design.
		A "salted" nuclear weapon is reminiscent of fission-fusion-fission weapons, but instead of a fissionable jacket around the secondary stage fusion fuel, a non-fissionable blanket of a specially chosen salting isotope is used (cobalt-59 in the case of the cobalt bomb).
		Nuclear power is also attractive for military applications: a nuclear power source would be more likely than fragile solar arrays to survive any damage or radiation from explosions in space.
	www.omnology.com /nuclear01.html (18700 words)

	Icebreaker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For a ship to be considered an icebreaker it requires three components: a strengthened hull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through, all of which most normal ships do not possess.
		Icebreakers are expensive to build and very expensive to run, whether the icebreaker is powered by gas turbines, diesel-electric powerplant or nuclear energy.
		A modern icebreaker typically has shielded propellers both at the bow and at the stern, as well as side thrusters; pumps to move water ballast from side to side; and holes on the hull below the waterline to eject water bubbles, all designed to allow an icebreaker stuck amidst thick ice to break free.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Icebreaker (1019 words)

	RIA Novosti - Russia - Russia to add new nuclear-powered icebreaker to fleet
		Deputy Transportation Minister Alexander Misharin said that the 50 Years of Victory icebreaker was scheduled to be commissioned in October after passing sea trials in September.
		Misharin said two diesel-powered icebreakers designed to assist navigation in the Baltic Sea were under construction.
		According to the official, Russia will need six to ten nuclear-powered icebreakers in the next twenty years, as the demand for icebreakers is rising with the development of the Arctic shelf.
	en.rian.ru /russia/20060228/43830812.html (267 words)

	FT.com \| TotalSearch \| Global Archive \| Article
		nuclear waste is a false one as there is in fact scrupulous monitoring of burial sites and a detailed database on dumping at sea has been compiled, according to the Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper.
		Among the secrets unearthed is the real location of the reactor of the icebreaker Lenin, the report on whose 1967 dumping en route to its designated Novaya Zemlya burial site had been falsified.
		nuclear waste from ships with nuclear-powered units and also damaged reactors arose in the USSR at the moment of the birth of a nuclear-powered fleet, some 40 years ago (the first Soviet nuclear
	www.nci.org /01/09/01-3.htm (2388 words)

	Arctic Sea Dumping
		Elements in nuclear waste include caesium 137, cobalt 60, strontium and iodine, all of which produce types of radioactivity that are extreamly dangerous.
		While Russia acknowledges that dumping nuclear waste into the ocean could be harmful Moscow has warned the international community that it has run out of places to store the waste on land and if financial aid is not forthcoming Russia will have no choice but to resume dumping it into the sea.
		The effect of nuclear dumping becomes apparent when Viktor Litovkin, Izvesta staff, states that, "Every year, in the process of operating nuclear-powered submarines and other vessels with nuclear propulsion plants, up to 20,000 cubic meters of liquid radioactive waste and up to 6,000 tons of solid waste is produced" (18).
	www.american.edu /TED/arctic.htm (4361 words)

	Russian Nuclear Regulatory alarms cabinet. Russian Navy has lost parts of spent nuclear fuel; nuclear shipment is ...
		In his letter, Mr Vishnevsky points out sever violations of nuclear safety during shipment of spent nuclear fuel unloaded from retired nuclear powered submarines to the Mayak reprocessing plant in the southern Ural.
		Some parts of the spent nuclear fuel were missing and their location is unknown.
		In his letter, Mr Vishnevsky writes that it could lead to sever consequences for the population along the route of the nuclear shipment from the Russian Far North and to the southern Ural and for the personnel of the Mayak plant.
	nuclearno.com /text.asp?1892 (1142 words)

	Russia
		The Atomflot facility, located just north of the city of Murmansk, serves as the base for nuclear-powered icebreakers, and repairs are completed at dry docks in the bay adjacent to the center of the city of Murmansk.
		Three factors are intricately linked to the future economic health of the icebreaker fleet: the amount of cargo, the tourist industry, and the problems with the storage and transport of radioactive waste.
		Most nuclear icebreakers contain a sauna, swimming pool, bar, restaurants, cinema, and gym on board, and as of 1989, icebreakers have transported wealthy tourists to the North Pole.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/naval/civilian/icebrkrs.htm (1054 words)

	Arktika - First Icebreaker to North Pole
		The first surface vessel to reach the North Pole was the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika (the name is from a Nenets word meaning "End of the Earth").
		The North Pole expedition was described as a "scientific-practical experimental voyage" to test the new icebreaker in conditions that were more extreme than it would ordinarily encounter.
		The trip to the Pole was not repeated for another decade, but since the 1980s, the voyage has become popular with tourists who can now travel in great comfort to the "top of the world".
	www.athropolis.com /arctic-facts/fact-arktika.htm (264 words)

	Russia
		According to Sinyayev, foreign spent nuclear fuel will probably be delivered to Russia by sea, and Atomflot has the necessary facilities and experience to unload spent nuclear fuel off ships and load it onto special trains that will transport it further.
		MSC has signed a contract with the Northern Fleet to provide assistance in unloading spent nuclear fuel from the reactors of submarines that are to be dismantled, and in transporting the spent fuel to the reprocessing facility at Mayak.
		After a three year delay, spent fuel from the Russian icebreaker fleet is now being transported from the Atomflot base to the RT-1 reprocessing plant at Mayak.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/naval/nucflt/norflt/atomflot.htm (8758 words)

	ASIANOW - Asiaweek 10/06/95
		The threat of nuclear Armageddon was thought to have subsided with the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War.
		They claim that all of the cases of nuclear smuggling were schemes by the German Federal Intelligence Service intended to discredit Russia's nuclear power industry.
		The bigger worry, he says "are the 10,000 nuclear war heads that are still sitting on the tops of ballistic missiles." Known smuggling cases are few, he maintains.
	www-cgi.cnn.com /ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/1006/feat1.html (1623 words)

	Case Study
		Likewise, nuclear reactors from at least 18 nuclear submarines and icebreakers were dumped in the Barents sea, and an entire nuclear sub was deliberately sunk after an accident in May 1968.
		Yuri Moshenko at the Northern Polar Institute in Arkangelsk maintains that the nuclear testing at Novaya Zemlya during the 1950s and the nuclear wastes dumping in the Arctic Sea are responsible.
		Monastersky, R. "Hazard from Soviet nuclear dump assessed", Science News, May 15, 1993 Nilsen, Thomas and Nils Bohmer; Sources to radioactive contamination in Murmansk and Arkangel'sk counties, The Bellona Foundation, Oslo, 1994.
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/ARCRAD.HTM (3555 words)

	Largest Nuclear Powered Icebreaker Launched
		This is an important addition to their merchant fleet, as they want to open the Murmansk to Vladivostok northern shipping route.
		images of their nuclear powered icebreaker fleet, some impressive ships.
		wikipedia article answers the question, in the Artika class icebreakers arctic water is indeed used for cooling, the ships can't function in tropical water.
	technocrat.net /d/2007/4/11/17828 (379 words)

	The largest nuclear icebreaker \| Science Portal
		The 50 Years of Victory nuclear icebreaker was successfully tested this February.
		The icebreaker will follow a Northern Sea route to make ice channeling for other vessels during the 2007 spring navigation period.
		The Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet managed by the Murmansk Shipping Company, includes today five Arktika-class icebreakers (Arktika, Sibir, Rossiya, Sovetskiy Soyuz and Yamal), and two Taymyr-class river icebreakers (Taymyr and Vaygach).
	www.science-portal.net /in/27 (230 words)

	Tourists Shunned On Nuclear Icebreakers
		MOSCOW - If you're thinking about hopping aboard a nuclear-powered icebreaker and heading to the North Pole, environmentalists are urging you to reconsider, as is the Russian government, albeit for different reasons.
		Operating the ships also adds to the already massive stockpiles of nuclear waste encased in the rusting shells of decommissioned navy submarines, the group says.
		They only signed and got the west to sign a treaty preventing the dumping of radioactive materials at sea to cripple the nuclear power industry in the west.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1166306/posts (952 words)

	Stink Over Tourists on Nuclear Icebreakers
		If you're thinking about hopping aboard a nuclear-powered icebreaker and heading to the North Pole, environmentalists are urging you to reconsider, as is the Russian government, albeit for different reasons.
		With demand waning for its traditional service -- clearing Arctic shipping lanes -- the Murmansk Shipping Co., which operates the world's only fleet of atomic icebreakers, has started offering tourists a chance to chill out at the top of the world for $20,000 per head.
		You might also be interested in our free E-mail News Summary, which delivers our entire edition every day straight to your inbox.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2004/06/30/003.html (173 words)

	Physics Today News Picks
		Guardian Unlimited: Russia's military yesterday announced that it had successfully tested a lethal new air-delivered bomb, which it described as the world's most powerful non-nuclear weapon.
		New York Times: At the invitation of North Korea, an international delegation of nuclear experts from Russia, China and the United States will travel to the North this week to inspect nuclear sites that are to be shut down, said Assistant Secretary of State Christopher R. Hill, the chief American envoy to North Korea.
		The Washington Post: An Air Force B-52 bomber flew across the central United States last week with six cruise missiles armed with nuclear warheads that were mistakenly attached to the airplane's wing, defense officials said yesterday.
	blogs.physicstoday.org /newspicks (1205 words)

	Nuclear Powered Ships
		Commemorative sheet of Pearl Harbour with nuclear aircraft carrier (detail)
		Commemorative sheet of Pearl Harbour with nuclear aircraft carrier
		for CAPEX ´96, Underwater expedition, Nuclear submarine discovers old roman shipwrecks
	www.dan-online.de /atomschiffe/ns_e.htm (255 words)

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