
	Where results make sense

Topic: Nuclear radiation

	Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: The Basics: Weapons Basics
		Nuclear weapons detonated at ground level generate more fallout as a result of the large amount of ground material which is irradiated by the explosion and thrown in the air, but the effects of thermal radiation and radioactive waves is less than in an air blast.
		Acute radiation syndrome is sickness caused by irradiation of most or all of the body, whether in one large dose or through exposure over time (although it is impossible to measure the amount of radiation a person has accumulated over an extended period of time).
		Radiation inhibits reproduction of blood cells, leading to bleeding and anemia as the number of red blood cells decreases, and inability for wounds to heal as blood clotting factors are lost.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/weapons-basics.htm (3215 words)

	Nuclear Weapon Radiation Effects
		Residual radiation is defined as that radiation which is emitted later than 1 minute after detonation and arises principally from the decay of radioisotopes produced during the explosion.
		The intensity of initial nuclear radiation decreases rapidly with distance from the point of burst due to the spread of radiation over a larger area as it travels away from the explosion, and to absorption, scattering, and capture by the atmosphere.
		Nuclear weapons are relatively inefficient in their use of fissionable material, and much of the uranium and plutonium is dispersed by the explosion without undergoing fission.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/nuke/radiation.htm (1995 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry - The Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
		Conversely, the radiation produced by alpha particles and protons is known as direct ionization because its energy is transferred directly to the target material.
		Activity is a property of the source of radiation; it indicates nothing about the effect of the radiation on the target material.
		When radiation strikes complex biological molecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, it may fracture the molecules and prevent their proper functioning.
	www.chemcases.com /2003version/nuclear/nc-14.htm (1483 words)

	Radiation and Nuclear Energy
		Radiation associated with the use of nuclear energy is referred to as "ionising" radiation, which means that the radiation has sufficient energy to interact with matter and produce ions, i.e.
		The basic unit of radiation dose absorbed in tissue is the "gray" unit (Gy), where one gray represents the deposition of one joule of energy per kilogram of tissue.
		Radiation protection at uranium mining operations and in the rest of the nuclear fuel cycle is tightly regulated, and levels of exposure are monitored.
	www.uic.com.au /nip17.htm (2610 words)

	FEMA: Are You Ready?
		A nuclear blast is an explosion with intense light and heat, a damaging pressure wave, and widespread radioactive material that can contaminate the air, water, and ground surfaces for miles around.
		All nuclear devices cause deadly effects when exploded, including blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse, and secondary fires caused by the destruction.
		Nuclear radiation cannot be seen, smelled, or otherwise detected by normal senses.
	www.fema.gov /areyouready/nuclear_blast.shtm (1346 words)

	Nuclear Radiation \| Effects of Nuclear Weapons \| atomicarchive.com
		Initial nuclear radiation is defined as the radiation that arrives during the first minute after an explosion, and is mostly gamma radiation and neutron radiation.
		The level of initial nuclear radiation decreases rapidly with distance from the fireball to where less than one roentgen may be received five miles from ground zero.
		The residual radiation from a nuclear explosion is mostly from the radioactive fallout.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Effects/effects14.shtml (308 words)

	Nuclear Radiation-Fallout UnitedStatesAction.com
		The threat of exposure to injurious levels of this initial radiation are confined typically to within a radius of about 1.50 miles from the nuclear detonation of anything less than a 1 MT bomb.
		Any nuclear detonation on the ground, or where an airburst was low enough that the fireball touched the ground, will create tons of radioactive materials that will be sucked up into the classical mushroom shaped cloud to then be spread far downwind.
		Beta particle radiation is generally a slight external exposure hazard, although prolonged exposure to large amounts can cause skin burns and it is also a major hazard when interacting with the lens of the eye.
	www.unitedstatesaction.com /nuclear_radiation_and_fallout.htm (2853 words)

	Nuclear Radiation — How Toxic is it?
		Whether or not low levels of radiation dose, within the range of natural background, have any health effects at all (cancer risk increase, etc...) is the subject of hot debate.
		For direct radiation, the energy deposited is a function of the number of particles hitting the body, and their energy level.
		For high-level waste sources, these direct doses are calculated based on the amount of radioactivity present, the types of radiation and their energy level, the shielding configuration around the source, and the proximity and residence time of the exposed individual(s).
	www.americanenergyindependence.com /radiation.html (3905 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Nuclear Radiation Exposure : Article Excerpt by: Laurie Pemberton, DO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Living in the nuclear age, avoiding radiation exposure is difficult with the popularity of microwave ovens and cell phones.
		Radiation is the term used to describe energy in the form of light or particles, the latter referred to as photons.
		Nonionizing radiation refers to all forms of the electromagnetic spectrum, with the exception of x-rays and gamma rays.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---nuclear-radiation-exposure.htm (616 words)

	Nuclear Radiation and its Biological Effects, PART I, "No Immediate Danger, Prognosis for a Radioactive Earth"
		Some radiation health effects are observable in the persons exposed; some effects are only seen in their children or grandchildren because the damage was to sperm or ovum.
		Radiation damage can cause the cell to produce a slightly different hormone or enzyme than it was originally designed to produce, still leaving it able to reproduce other cells capable of generating this same altered hormone or enzyme.
		The painful period of growth in understanding the harmful effects of ionising radiation on the human body was marked by periodic lowering of the level of radiation exposures permitted to workers in radiation-related occupations.
	www.ratical.com /radiation/NRBE/NRadBioEffects.html (16233 words)

	EPA - Man-Made Radiation: Medicine &Nuclear Power(EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Information) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Radiation used in medicine is the largest source of man-made radiation to which people in the United States are exposed.
		Radiation is also used in cancer treatments, where precisely targeted radiation destroys diseased cells without killing nearby healthy cells.
		Nuclear power plant operations account for less than a hundredth of a percent of the average American's total radiation exposure.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/docs/risksandrealities/rrpage4.html (488 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Radiation Emergencies : Article by Jeanne S Pae, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Generally, the toxicity caused by radiation is directly related to the quantity of energy deposited into the living organism and the subsequent disruption of metabolic and reproductive pathways.
		Radiation dose is measured in Gray (Gy) or radiation absorbed dose (rad).
		In the instance of radiation accidents, prehospital personnel should wear appropriate protective gear prior to arrival at the scene and follow the guidance of the radiation safety officer or operations commander.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic934.htm (4522 words)

	Above-ground Nuclear Blasts \| Radiation Protection Programs \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Inhaled or ingested radionuclides continue to emit radiation directly to living tissue, increasing the risk of adverse health effects.
		EPA Assessment of Fallout in the United States from Atmospheric Nuclear Testing on September 26 and November 17, 1976 by the People's Republic of China.
		The ambient radiation monitoring systems in place at the time recorded sharp increases in atmospheric radiation as the number and size of the blasts increased.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/rert/nuclearblast.html (862 words)

	CDC Radiation Emergencies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		CDC has a new tool kit for emergency services clinicians that provides training and educational materials to prepare for a radiological or nuclear terrorism event, particularly involving mass casualties.
		How radiation exposure affects pregnant women and their unborn babies.
		From CDC communications roundtable (Jan 14-16, 2003) on hospitals' challenges in communicating during radiation emergencies.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /radiation/index.asp (883 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Bombs Work"
		Nuclear bombs involve the forces, strong and weak, that hold the nucleus of an atom together, especially atoms with unstable nuclei (see How Nuclear Radiation Works for details).
		Nuclear fusion -You can bring two smaller atoms, usually hydrogen or hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium), together to form a larger one (helium or helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy.
		The first nuclear bombs were fission devices, and the later fusion bombs required a fission-bomb trigger.
	science.howstuffworks.com /nuclear-bomb.htm (959 words)

	NukAlert Nuclear Radiation Monitor
		Radiation detection instruments are needed to determine the level of radiation and the degree of threat it poses.
		Nuclear fallout from such an explosion can be carried hundreds of miles by the wind.
		Nuclear waste storage or processing facilities mishaps, such as radioactive waste from hospitals, spent fuel and radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, radioactive contaminated materials, etc.
	www.prepare-now.com /nukalert.html (1094 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Radiation Works"
		Nuclear radiation can be both extremely beneficial and extremely dangerous.
		Nuclear materials (that is, substances that emit nuclear radiation) are fairly common and have found their way into our normal vocabularies in many different ways.
		In this article, we will look at nuclear radiation so that you can understand exactly what it is and how it affects your life on a daily basis.
	www.howstuffworks.com /nuclear.htm (224 words)

	NRC: What Is Radiation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Types of Radiation - There are two basic kinds of radiation: One kind of radiation is tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass (weight) known as particle radiation.
		Some forms of radiation like visible light, microwaves, or radio waves do not have sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and, hence, are called non-ionizing radiation.
		This radiation can be emitted in the form of a positively charged alpha particle, a negatively charged beta particle, or gamma rays.
	www.nrc.gov /what-we-do/radiation/what-is.html (358 words)

	WSU Nuclear Radiation Center
		HAROLD W. Completed in 1961 at an initial total cost of $600,000, the NRC is the home of a 1MW General Atomics TRIGA nuclear reactor, an 1000 Curie Cobalt-60 Irradiation Facility, and a Borated Neutron Capture Treatment (BNCT) facility.
		The WSU Nuclear Radiation Center (WSUNRC) is the only research reactor in the state of Washington.
		Among the uses of the facilities include the fields of: nuclear engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, geology, environmental sciences, archaeology, and forensic studies.
	www.wsu.edu /~nrc (125 words)

	USATODAY.com - Nuclear radiation decreases in the Arctic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		OSLO, Norway — Nuclear radiation levels are beginning to decline in the Arctic, years after Soviet nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl nuclear accident spewed their fallout over the region, according to a study released Tuesday.
		That radiation is then passed on to animals, such as reindeer, and in turn to the people who eat them, including the Arctic's indigenous Sami herders.
		At least two Russian nuclear submarines have sunk while on patrol in the Arctic in the past 15 years.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/resources/coldscience/2004-10-13-arctic-radiation_x.htm (587 words)

	Potassium Iodide Anti-Radiation Pill FAQ. Iodine pills, tablets, sources.
		A generation ago, as a nuclear disaster unfolded in central Pennsylvania and 140,000 people fled the area, pharmaceutical executives were rousted from bed in the middle of the night by a plea for help.
		But if a nuclear disaster were to occur today, whether by terrorist strike or otherwise, the government might well be in the same position it was in1979, trying to scare up supplies of the drug on short notice.
		The nuclear power industry, which stocks potassium iodide to protect workers in its plants, has long opposed a large public stockpile, carrying as it would the implication that nuclear power might be unsafe.
	www.ki4u.com (12631 words)

	POCKET NUCLEAR RADIATION MONITORS AND DETECTORS
		is a small, portable nuclear radiation monitor designed to industrial standards providing a personal alert to nuclear contamination.
		Providing real-time personal radiation exposure rate levels with a lightweight package, the RAD*SCANNER responds to alpha and beta particles, gamma photons and X-rays using a shock-mounted, gas filled detector built to highest industrial qualifications.
		The RadScanner Model 500 is factory set to the maximum allowable average value set by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the RAD SCANNER Model 500 will run in excess of two months on a single 9 volt alkaline battery.
	www.antirad.com (498 words)

	CDC Radiation Emergencies \| Potassium Iodide (KI)
		Following a radiological or nuclear event, radioactive iodine may be released into the air and then be breathed into the lungs.
		After a radiologic or nuclear event, local public health or emergency management officials will tell the public if KI or other protective actions are needed.
		For example, public health officials may advise you to remain in your home, school, or place of work (this is known as “shelter-in-place”) or to evacuate.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /radiation/ki.asp (1733 words)

	rat haus reality: the health costs of low-level ionizing radiation
		Nuclear Radiation and its Biological Effects, an essential lay-person's primer
		His work has already changed the way the world views the dangers of radiation, and his latest book [Radiation from Medical Procedures] will -- eventually, after a long fight -- revolutionize the way the world looks at medical radiation.
		No degree of prosperity could justify the accumulation of large amounts of highly toxic substances which nobody knows how to make "safe" and which remain an incalculable danger to the whole of creation for historical or even geological ages.
	www.ratical.org /radiation (413 words)

	Polimaster.us - dosimeter, nuclear radiation detector, personal radiation detector manufacturer, personal active ...
		Polimaster.us - dosimeter, nuclear radiation detector, personal radiation detector manufacturer, personal active electronic dosimeter, gamma pager
		Polimaster.us - nuclear radiation detector, radiation portal monitor personal radiation detector manufacturer, personal active electronic dosimeter
		On May 24-27, 2006 China International Exhibition on Police Equipment (CIEPE) was held in the Beijing Exhibition Center (Beijing, China).
	www.polimaster.us (113 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)