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Topic: Nuclear terrorism

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	Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: Issues: Terrorism: Potential Threat of Nuclear Terrorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Today, our focus is on nuclear proliferation and the potential threat of nuclear terrorism in Asia and the Pacific — and I am pleased at the opportunity to share with you my perspectives on the challenges we face, and how the IAEA is working to strengthen nuclear security and the nuclear non-proliferation regime.
		While nuclear security is and should remain a national responsibility, some countries still lack the programmes and the resources to respond properly to the threat of nuclear and radiological terrorism.
		Nuclear and isotopic techniques are being used, inter alia: to diagnose and treat cancer patients; to study and improve child nutrition; to produce higher yielding, disease resistant crops; to manage drinking water supplies; to eradicate disease-bearing pests; to increase industrial productivity; and to help address many other development issues.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/terrorism/director-general-threat-of-nuclear-terrorism.html (3564 words)

	Nuclear terrorism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In June 2002, U.S. citizen Jose Padilla was arrested for allegedly planning a radiological attack on the city of Los Angeles; Padilla is currently (as of 2006) under military arrest as an "illegal combatant".
		In order to reduce the danger of attacks using nuclear waste material, European Union Commissioner Loyola de Palacio suggested in November 2002 the creation of common standards in the European Union, especially in the new member states operating Soviet-era reactors, for subterranean nuclear waste disposal.
		Pakistan's disgraced chief nuclear scientist A.Q. Khan admitted of nuclear proliferation from Libya to North Korea and it is believed that some of the centrifuges and nuclear technology he sold might still be available in the nuclear flmarket.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_terrorism (443 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism - FAQs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nuclear material with much lower concentrations can be used in nuclear weapons, however -- and is sometimes referred to as "weapons-usable." At uranium concentrations less than 20 percent, producing an explosive chain reaction is almost impossible.
		States forgo nuclear weapons for a number of reasons: inadequate national resources, technological constraints, the international nuclear taboo, international treaties, domestic politics, international inducements, security assurances, aid, threats of sanctions and coercion, and the limited strategic utility of nuclear weapons.
		Moscow's assurance that "all nuclear weapons are in place" is wishful thinking since at least four nuclear submarines with nuclear warheads sank and were never recovered by the Soviet Union.
	www.nuclearterror.org /faq.html (2582 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism, by Graham Allison
		Americans in the twenty-first century are keenly aware of the many forms of terrorism: hijackings, biological attacks, chemical weapons.
		But rarely do we allow ourselves to face squarely the deadliest form of terrorism, because it is almost too scary to think about -- a terrorist group exploding a nuclear device in an American city.
		Second, the surprising and largely unrecognized good news is that nuclear terrorism is, in fact, preventable.
	www.henryholt.com /holt/nuclearterrorism.htm (478 words)

	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Effects of Nuclear Weapons and a Case Study of a Hypothetical Explosion estimated that the explosion of a 15-kiloton nuclear weapon in Bombay would cause between 160,000 and 866,000 deaths, depending on where in the city the bomb was detonated.
		A Hiroshima-sized nuclear bomb, though small by modern standards, is capable of killing hundreds of thousands of people or even more in an urban area and causing massive casualties in the aftermath from radiation sickness, epidemics, and contamination of water and food supplies.
		In short, the best hope for preventing nuclear terrorism lies with changing the behavior of the states that are the source, wittingly or through neglect, of the tools of nuclear terror.
	www.ippnw.org /NukeTerrorism01.html (2271 words)

	NTI: Nuclear Terrorism Tutorial
		Nuclear weapons, the most powerful weapons of mass destruction (WMD), use the energy produced by reactions within and between atomic nuclei to generate tremendous explosive force, heat, radiation, and other harmful effects.
		Nuclear weapons cannot be manufactured directly from the key raw material found in nature, uranium.
		The most important and effective steps for reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism are therefore to secure, consolidate, reduce, and, where possible, eliminate nuclear weapons and fissile material.
	www.nti.org /h_learnmore/nuctutorial/index.html (554 words)

	Power Technology - Nuclear Terrorism - Nuclear Industries
		The nuclear waste material needed for a dirty bomb could be accessible to terrorists, as security surrounding transportation of waste materials is much more lax than for nuclear explosive devices.
		As well as the threat of nuclear weapons being used by terrorist groups, there is now the fear that nuclear power plants in the target countries could be used as weapons.
		Until 1994, there were no vehicle barriers required at nuclear plants, but even now some of the barriers at US facilities are very close to vital parts of the plant, and a bomb explosion outside could cause fatal damage.
	www.power-technology.com /contractors/nuclear/nuclear-terrorism.html (598 words)

	Nuclear terrorism realities - The Washington Times: World Briefings - June 28, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A nuclear catastrophe could occur if terrorists gained access to nuclear weapons or weapons-grade materials, and if regional conflicts or instability degenerated into wars in which nuclear weapons were used, said a report by researchers at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to a Nonproliferation Conference last week.
		Nuclear terrorism on the one hand, and regional proliferation and conflict on the other, are the two most pressing nuclear threats facing the world today, according to "Universal Compliance: A Strategy for Nuclear Security," the preliminary report by George Perkovich, Joseph Cirincione, Rose Gottemoeller, Jon Wolfsthal and Jessica Mathews.
		The Carnegie report said that after nuclear terrorism, the most dangerous challenges are regional nuclear proliferation and conflict in Northeast Asia, the Middle East and South Asia.
	www.washtimes.com /world/20040628-121252-5928r.htm (1456 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Such a nuclear explosive device might be assembled in the downtown area of one or more large cities; it would not be transportable, and its explosive yield might be hard to predict with any precision in advance.
		The latter is mainly used for nuclear weapons, and for the reactors of nuclear-propelled submarines which, due to the requirements of compactness, tend to use HEU rather than LEU.
		It is for this reason that, to lessen the tremendous threat of nuclear terrorism, it is in my opinion justified -- indeed, necessary and urgent -- to focus primarily (although, of course, not exclusively) on HEU, with the goal to eliminate as much of this dangerous material as possible, as quickly as possible.
	www.pugwash.org /september11/sept11-calogero.htm (1898 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism
		As the United States proceeds with its war on terrorism, one of the darkest clouds hanging over the campaign is the question of whether the perpetrators of the Sept. 11 horrors could strike again, this time with nuclear weapons.
		In fact, a replica — with proxy nuclear material and conventional explosives in place of the real stuff — was disguised as a briefcase, and actually hand-carried on commercial airline flights from California to Washington in the early 1980s.
		For a nuclear device, a set of options for disabling the weapon are available including using explosives to wreck the bomb's wiring to prevent the triggering of the nuclear detonators.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/nuclear.cfm (2515 words)

	The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
		We also confront a growing nuclear threat from state sponsors of terrorism, who either possess a nuclear capability or are in the process of developing one.
		Along with the nuclear threat from terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda, we are confronted with a growing nuclear threat from state sponsors of terrorism like Iran and North Korea who violate their obligations under the nonproliferation regimes.
		The central objective of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism is to establish a growing network of partner nations that are committed to taking effective measures to build a layered defense-in-depth that can continuously adapt to the changing nature of the threat.
	www.state.gov /t/us/rm/69124.htm (2763 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism (Index)
		Of all the terrorist threats facing the United States and the world, perhaps the gravest is the possibility of terrorists obtaining a nuclear weapon and detonating it in a city.
		Because there is no effective protection against a nuclear blast, the only real solution is to prevent terrorists from obtaining nuclear weapons and fissile materials in the first place.
		Thousands of so-called tactical nuclear weapons—many of which are quite small and do not have electronic locks to prevent their unauthorized use—are stored in Russia, some in poorly secured locations.
	www.ucsusa.org /global_security/nuclear_terrorism (897 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism - UnitedStatesAction.com
		Pakistan's nuclear arsenal is believed to include bombs of relatively simple design, built around cores of highly enriched uranium, and more sophisticated weapons employing Chinese implosion technology to compress plutonium to a critical mass.
		The likeliest source of nuclear materials, or of a warhead bought whole, is the vast complex of weapons labs and storage sites that began to crumble with the end of the Soviet Union in 1991.
		He said the idea of delivering a nuclear device by container to the United States was "by no means far-fetched" and said Italian authorities in October had found an al Qaeda operative bound for Canada in a container outfitted with a bed and bathroom.
	www.unitedstatesaction.com /nuclear_terrorism.htm (11733 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism
		The threat of nuclear terrorism, moreover, is not limited to New York City.
		All that the United States and its allies have to do to prevent nuclear terrorism is to prevent terrorists from acquiring highly enriched uranium or weapons-grade plutonium.
		Keeping nuclear weapons and materials out of the hands of the world’s most dangerous people is thus a challenge to international will and determination, not to our technical capabilities.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /ksgpress/bulletin/spring2005/features/nuclear.htm (1405 words)

	Announcing the Global Initiative To Combat Nuclear Terrorism
		The United States of America and Russia are committed to combating the threat of nuclear terrorism, which is one of the most dangerous international security challenges we face.
		The Joint Statement on Nuclear Security, which we adopted in Bratislava, noted that while the security of nuclear facilities in the United States and Russian Federation meets current requirements, these requirements must be constantly enhanced to counter evolving terrorist threats.
		We trust that the other nuclear weapon state parties to the NPT will also ensure a proper level of protection for their nuclear facilities, while taking into account the constantly changing nature of the terrorist threat.
	www.state.gov /p/eur/rls/or/69021.htm (561 words)

	Prevention of Nuclear Terrorism
		Prevention includes measures to protect nuclear and other radioactive materials against theft or other form of loss of control, illegal possession, smuggling, and unauthorized use, as well as measures to protect nuclear installations and transport against sabotage and other malicious acts that can result in radiation exposure to the general public or the environment.
		Reliable accounting for and control of nuclear material is fundamental for States’ ability to fulfil their international nuclear non-proliferation obligations.
		As part of building nuclear security framework, work is ongoing on the development of the additional guidelines and recommendations.
	www-ns.iaea.org /security/prevention.htm (1015 words)

	Academic Module: Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism - Council on Foreign Relations
		While many terrorism experts believe that a new breed of terrorist that covets weapons of mass destruction has arisen over the past ten to fifteen years, others disagree and believe that the so-called “new terrorism” is more of a matter of degree rather than a different kind of terrorism.
		Nuclear terrorism is a complex scientific and political issue.
		In addition, a course on nuclear technology can focus on the physics of nuclear weapons as well as the linkage between other nuclear technologies such as nuclear power plants, uranium enrichment plants, and plutonium reprocessing facilities and nuclear terrorism.
	www.cfr.org /publication/10319/catastrophic_nuclear_terrorism.html (3105 words)

	Reprocessing and Nuclear Terrorism
		From the perspective of terrorists seeking a nuclear weapon, reprocessing changes plutonium from a form in which it is highly radioactive and nearly impossible to steal to one in which it is not radioactive and could be stolen surreptitiously by an insider, or taken by force during its routine transportation.
		In contrast, in a "once-through" nuclear fuel cycle, the spent fuel is left intact and simply stored once it is removed from the reactor, for ultimate disposal in a repository.
		In sum, a closed nuclear fuel cycle entails the handling and transportation of large amounts of nuclear bomb-making material.
	www.ucsusa.org /global_security/nuclear_terrorism/reprocessing-nuclear-terrorism.html (743 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism
		The threat of nuclear terrorism most often brings images of a city totally flattened and incinerated by a nuclear bomb.
		Many nuclear "watchdogs" are convinced that nuclear plants are the "soft-underbelly" of national security and represent attractive targets to enemies of the United States who do not have sophisticated weapons of war.
		Nuclear plants have formal policy and written procedures for factors that could render plant workers unfit for duty - - "fatigue" is specifically mentioned in the code of federal regulations.
	www.ki4u.com /sabter.htm (2504 words)

	Summary: PUBLIC APATHETIC ABOUT NUCLEAR TERRORISM
		Perhaps reflecting their fear of home-grown racism, non-whites were much more worried about terrorism in public places than were whites (51% vs. 31%) and less convinced that the source of the threat is external (33% vs. 41% of whites).
		Young American adults were less worried about the threat of attack by nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction than were older respondents, perhaps because their generation did not grow up with the Cold War fears of nuclear holocaust and radioactive fallout from nuclear testing.
		Much as with perceptions of the nuclear threat, sharp age differences were found on where the threat comes from.
	people-press.org /reports/display.php3?ReportID=128 (1057 words)

	Global Beat: Wild Atom: Nuclear Terrorism
		Few counterterrorist experts today doubt the appeal of nuclear terrorism to ruthless terrorists like those who carried out the vicious attacks in recent years in New York, Oklahoma City, and Tokyo.
		Nuclear explosives are no longer beyond the reach of terrorists: the technology is a half-century old, and weapons-usable fissile material is available on the fl market.
		Innovative international arrangements to share information promptly and to craft trafficker profiles jointly, identify patterns in the activities of nuclear criminals, determine the origin and route of seized nuclear materials, and assess the bomb-making capabilities of key rogue states and terrorist groups should they acquire sufficient fissile material.
	www.bu.edu /globalbeat/nuclear/csis062598.html (1044 words)

	Combating Nuclear Terrorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Matthew Bunn, a nuclear threat and terrorism expert at Harvard University's Belfer Center, says there are four major factors in assessing how urgent the nuclear threat is in a particular country or at a particular facility.
		David Mosher, a nuclear weapons expert with the RAND Corporation, says "The United States has spent a lot of money working with the Russians to try to get materials and weapons locked up or consolidated in fewer places.
		Analysts say a major concern is that someone working either at a nuclear weapons facility or civilian reactor might sell nuclear materials to a terrorist group.
	www.voanews.com /english/NewsAnalysis/LooseNukes2006-08-16-voa50.cfm (995 words)

	Fact Sheet: The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
		In 2005, the U.N. Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material was amended to create a legal obligation to secure nuclear materials in storage and during transport, and to criminalize acts of sabotage against civilian nuclear facilities.
		In 2002, the IAEA's Nuclear Security Program was established to assist member states with improving the safety and security of nuclear and radiological materials.
		In 2005, the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office was created to develop and coordinate a global nuclear detection architecture to detect and report attempts to import or transport a nuclear or radiological device intended for illicit use.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2006/07/20060715-3.html (1395 words)

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