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	Nuclear testing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Additionally, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength and many tests have been overtly political in their intention, and most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test.
		Nuclear explosions which are close enough to the ground to draw dirt and debris into their mushroom cloud can generate large amounts of nuclear fallout due to irradiation of the debris.
		Nuclear testing has since become a controversial issue in the United States, with a number of politicians saying that future testing might be necessary to maintain the aging warheads from the Cold War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_testing (2543 words)

	Trinity test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "Trinity" test was the first test of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States on July 16, 1945 at 33.675° N 106.475° W, thirty miles (48 km) southeast of Socorro on what is now White Sands Missile Range, headquartered near Alamogordo, New Mexico.
		It was a test of an implosion-design plutonium bomb, the same type of weapon later dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
		The results of the test were conveyed to President Harry S Truman and were used by him as leverage in his negotiations with the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trinity_site (2522 words)

	Wikinfo \| Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
		The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes and was opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including the five nuclear weapon States.
		Arms control advocates had campaigned for the adoption of a treaty banning all nuclear explosions since the early 1950s, when public concern was aroused as a result of radioactive fall-out from atmospheric nuclear tests and the escalating arms race.
		Over 50 nuclear explosions were registered between 16 July 1945, when the first nuclear explosive test was conducted by the United States at Alamogordo, New Mexico, and 31 December 1953.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty (541 words)

	Universal Test Ban Treaty
		The threat of nuclear warfare is increased with the spread of nuclear weapons.
		Binding nonparties is justified by the goal of preventing nuclear warfare and the consequent contamination of the globe by the radioactive fallout.
		The purpose of the nuclear power veto is to assure each that a precedent is not being set for another legislative international nuclear peacekeeping law without its consent (for example, a universally-binding nuclear nonacquisition treaty which would prohibit further production of nuclear weapons by the declared and undeclared nuclear states).
	www.mefta.org /ubtb1.htm (2358 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Welcoming the international agreements and other positive measures of recent years in the field of nuclear disarmament, including [deep] reductions in arsenals of nuclear weapons, as well as in the field of the prevention of nuclear proliferation in all its aspects, 6.
		Deeply convinced that, to contribute to the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects, to the process of nuclear disarmament and therefore to the enhancement of international peace and security, this Treaty should be universal, and urging all States to participate therein, 13.
		At the explosion site, the detection instrument and equipment installed by the nuclear-weapon State which provided the explosion device shall be of the role only to detect the yield of the explosion.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/treaties/ctbt2.txt (3983 words)

	CTBT
		Similarly, activities related to the operation of nuclear power and research reactors and the operation of accelerators are not prohibited pursuant to Article I, despite the fact that such activities may result in the release of nuclear energy.
		As noted above, the phrase "or any other nuclear explosion" is identical in meaning to that of the same text in the LTBT, where it was clearly understood that the phrase would not apply to a prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons in the event of war.
		Because a State Party might not be able to prevent a nuclear explosion conducted by another state or entity from occurring in such places, each State Party's obligation to "prohibit and prevent" any nuclear weapon test explosion and any other nuclear explosion is limited to places over which it has jurisdiction or control.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/ctbtpage/art01.htm (1009 words)

	CTBT Events and Campaigns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was the first underground nuclear test explosion carried out by the United States since October 1992, when President George Bush declared a moratorium on such tests.
		The shaft was originally mined in the 1960s and a nuclear test named LEDOUX was conducted in 1990 in a horizontal tunnel mined from its base.
		In the absence of underground testing, improved knowledge of the dynamic properties of aged nuclear materials is required to assess the effects of new manufacturing techniques on weapon performance.
	disarm.igc.org /testing.html (2821 words)

	Test Ban Treaty
		Prohibits nuclear weapon test explosions and any other nuclear explosions in three environments: in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater, but does not prohibit underground nuclear explosions.
		After the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy and Khrushchev established a telephone hot line, and in 1963 they signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty that banned nuclear tests in the air and in the water.
		The CTBT will ban any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, consistent with President Clinton's August 11, 1995, decision to negotiate a true zero yield CTBT.
	www.vce.com /testban.html (812 words)

	Greepeace Briefing from the Conference on Disarmament
		This update summarizes developments on a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) at the Conference on Disarmament at the end of the second part of its 1996 session.
		The Preamble includes: a 'declaration' of the intention to take further effective measures towards nuclear disarmament; an expression of the need for 'continued systematic and progressive efforts' to reduce nuclear weapons, including the goal of their elimination; a recognition that a ban on nuclear weapon test explosion and other nuclear explosions (i.e.
		The process to be followed is, first, the adoption of a treaty text by the ad hoc Committee on a Nuclear Test Ban, second, the adoption of the text by the entire Conference on Disarmament, and the subsequent forwarding of the text to the United Nations Secretary-General in New York.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/nukes/ctbt/upjun30.html (1309 words)

	IEER: Energy & Security No. 12 / Science for Democratic Action V8N2: Nuclear Weapons and the Rule of Law
		The International Monitoring System (IMS) for detecting and locating nuclear test explosions is to consist of 321 remote sensing stations and at least 16 radionuclide laboratories located in some 90 countries.
		The IMS was designed to detect and locate explosions down to one kiloton TNT equivalent, and has been shown to detect a test explosion of 0.1 kiloton of conventional chemical explosives conducted in Kazakhstan in August 1998.
		It should be noted that relatively small nuclear explosions, ranging from a few pounds to a few hundred tons of TNT equivalent, tend to be the most technically difficult to conduct, since a minimum critical mass of fissile material is needed to set off a nuclear explosion.
	www.ieer.org /sdafiles/vol_8/8-2/ver-ctbt.html (1790 words)

	Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Council for Geoscience is the South African technical representative for seismology and infrasound to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty.
		The Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) prohibits any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion anywhere in the world.
		If the Treaty has not entered into force "three years after the date of the anniversary of its opening for signature", a conference of those States that have already ratified it may be held to decide what measures may be taken to accelerate the ratification process and to facilitate the Treaty's early entry into force.
	www.geoscience.org.za /seismo/ctbt.htm (198 words)

	Peak Oil News & Message Boards Forums >> Post 17223 >> (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fact that the explosion took place on the anniversary date of the "birth" of NK is interesting, too.
		He told Mr Rammell claims of a nuclear test or an accident similar to the train disaster in Ryongchon which killed about 160 people in April were “lies”.
		He said it was a controlled demolition of a mountain, a deliberate explosion which was part of the construction project for a big hydro-power plant.
	www.peakoil.com /post17223.html (1880 words)

	Andrews Introduces Motion Approving Terms of Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - 23 June 1999 - Department of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty prohibits the carrying out or participation in the carrying out of a nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.
		Ratification of the Treaty opens the way for Ireland to participate fully in the Conference of States to be convened in the Autumn, the purpose of which is to consider ways of ensuring a rapid entry into force of the Treaty.
		Minister Andrews also referred to the dismay of the people and Government of Ireland at the tests of nuclear weapons carried out by India and Pakistan last year.
	foreignaffairs.gov.ie /Press_Releases/19990623/461.htm (356 words)

	Senate RPC Legislative Notice:
		The Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is established to implement the provisions of the Treaty and the international verification system.
		Note: In this section of the Legislative Notice, RPC provides some of its own analysis of the Treaty, which is set in italicized font so as to distinguish it from verbiage contained in the Treaty text or in the Administration's article-by-article analysis which is contained in Treaty Doc.
		The Treaty does not define what a nuclear test explosion is; however, the United States interprets it to mean that no nuclear tests can be conducted -- a zero-yield ban.
	www.senate.gov /~rpc/releases/1999/L36df100799.htm (1862 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
		With its mandate to negotiate a multilateral comprehensive test ban treaty supported unanimously by 156 states in the United Nations General Assembly in December 1993, the NTB Committee of the CD was convened in January 1994, with Mexican Ambassador Miguel Marn Bosch as its Chair.
		During 1994 and much of 1995, the nuclear weapon states had sought to protect their nuclear weapon programmes by means of exemptions in the treaty.
		The release of radioactive isotopes of certain gases, notably argon and xenon, are characteristic of nuclear explosions.
	www.acronym.org.uk /a09comp.htm (12532 words)

	CHAPTER 32 (Bill C-52) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		"Treaty" means the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, signed at New York on September 24, 1996, set out in the schedule, as amended from time to time under Article VII of the Treaty, together with the Protocol to the Treaty also set out in the schedule.
		(b) causes, encourages or participates in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion for the purpose of developing qualitative improvements in nuclear weapons or developing new types of nuclear weapons.
		(b) samples that are nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act shall be transported in accordance with the provisions of that Act.
	laws.justice.gc.ca /en/1998/32/7645.html (2536 words)

	USATODAY.com - Powell: N. Korea explosion wasn't nuclear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The United States has received indications North Korea might be trying to test a nuclear weapon, a senior Bush administration official said Sunday.
		It said the blast was stronger than an April explosion that killed 160 people and injured an estimated 1,300 at a North Korean railway station when a train carrying oil and chemicals apparently hit power lines.
		It said a source in China's capital said the explosion left a crater big enough to be seen by a satellite.
	usatoday.com /news/world/2004-09-11-nkorea-explosion_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA (1002 words)

	The Treaty Provisions
		For a long time France opposed any references linking nuclear testing to environmental harm (reportedly afraid that such linkage could make it possible for the nuclear weapon states to be sued), but in the end the French ambassador signalled Ramaker that she would permit a veiled mention.
		At the same time, with the same objective of encouraging the CD to come to agreement on scope, Germany and Sweden withdrew their early proposal that imminent preparations of a nuclear test explosion should be explicitly banned as part of the treaty's scope.
		Pakistan had long maintained that a nuclear test conducted by another country, whether party to the treaty or not, could be sufficient reason for withdrawal.
	www.acronym.org.uk /a10treat.htm (19132 words)

	FI: FI signs on to NGO statement at conference on nuclear-test ban treaty
		Calls upon States with nuclear weapons to implement confidence-building processes, including transparency measures at their sites, and to re-affirm that they are not currently engaged in prohibited activities
		Since the adoption of the Treaty in New York in 1996, Franciscans International has urged States to sign and ratify it and will continue to advocate for universal adherence to the document, which is an important international mechanism to halt further nuclear testing.
		Such testing has been shown to have devastating effects on health, the environment and other crucial aspects of life and sustainable development.
	www.franciscansinternational.org /news/print.php?id=853 (463 words)

	HOFFMANN: COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN TREATY
		In the shadow of the cold war, the lack of trust in the capabilities to monitor and verify adequately compliance with a comprehensive nuclear ban treaty was a major obstacle to any agreement.
		More recently, since the nuclear tests carried out in South Asia last year, the Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO (CTBTO PrepCom) and other fora have called on India and Pakistan to join the CTBT regime.
		Forty-two States, including 21 of the 44 countries with nuclear facilities whose ratification - under Article X1V - is necessary for the Treaty's entry into force have deposited their instruments of ratification with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
	www.info.gov.za /speeches/1999/990813957a1005.htm (1844 words)

	Art Poster Print - Nuclear Test Explosion - Nevada - Artist: National Archive- Poster Size: 8 X 10 - SHOP.COM
		Art Poster Print - Nuclear Test Explosion - Nevada - Artist: National Archive- Poster Size: 8 X 10
		National Archive:Nuclear Test Explosion - Nevada8 X 10 inches.
		All other designated trademarks, copyrights and brands are the property of their respective owners.
	www.shop.com /op/aprod-p40400024 (226 words)

	COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY
		Recognizing that the cessation of all nuclear weapon test explosions and all other nuclear explosions, by constraining the development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and ending the development of advanced new types of nuclear weapons, constitutes an effective measure of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects,
		Convinced that the most effective way to achieve an end to nuclear testing is through the conclusion of a universal and internationally and effectively verifiable comprehensive nuclear test-ban treaty, which has long been one of the highest priority objectives of the international community in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation,
		Affirming the purpose of attracting the adherence of all States to this Treaty and its objective to contribute effectively to the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects, to the process of nuclear disarmament and therefore to the enhancement of international peace and security,
	www.prop1.org /2000/ctbttxt1.htm (3682 words)

	Nuclear-Test-Ban
		The purpose of this Treaty is to attract the adherence of all countries and to contribute effectively to
		Each country that is party to this treaty commits not to carry out any nuclear-weapon-test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.
		and to stop or prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.
	www.un.org /cyberschoolbus/treaties/nuclear.asp (201 words)

	CTBT - COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST-BAN TREATY
		Each State Party has the right to request an on-site inspection in accordance with the provisions of this Article and Part II of the Protocol in the territory or in any other place under the jurisdiction or control of any State Party, or in any area beyond the jurisdiction or control of any State.
		The sole Purpose of an on-site inspection shall be to clarify whether a nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion has been carried out in violation of Article I and, to the extent possible, to gather any fact which might assist in identifying any possible violator.
		The requesting State Party shall be under the obligation to keep the on-site inspection request within the scope of this Treaty and to provide in the request information in accordance with paragraph 37.
	www.seismo.ethz.ch /bsv/ctbto/treaty.html (9451 words)

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