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Topic: Nuclear transfer

	PNAS Classics -- Nuclear Transfer
		Nuclear transfer is a two-part process: first, scientists remove the nucleus from an egg, and second, they replace it with the nucleus of an older donor cell.
		Despite the seemingly simple nature of this technique, successful nuclear transfer thwarted scientists for many years after it was first proposed in 1938 (1).
		As for therapeutic cloning, "the chief ethical objection is that the combination of a transplanted somatic [bodily] nucleus and an unfertilized egg constitute a potential human being and should not be used as a source of spare parts," noted Gurdon and co-author James Byrne in a recent PNAS perspective on nuclear transfer (15).
	www.pnas.org /misc/classics4.shtml (2299 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Treaties: Non-Proliferation Treaty, NATO Nuclear Weapons Transfer
		Under NATO nuclear sharing arrangements, these countries are involved in consultations on the possible use of these weapons and training for employment of these weapons of mass destruction.
		In particular, the expansion of NATO, and the extension of the nuclear guarantee that implies, are antithetical to the commitment to pursue "systematic and progressive efforts to reduce nuclear weapons globally, with the ultimate goal of eliminating those weapons" as agreed in 1995 in the Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament.
		The Alliance is moving increasingly toward planning to use nuclear weapons to counter the threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/treaties/non-proliferation-treaty/prepcom/trty_npt_prepcom_1998_nato-nuclear-weapons-transfer.htm (1271 words)

	Nuclear Transfer Technology
		PPL's nuclear transfer technology was further enhanced in 1999 with the development of the Company's unique 'gene targeting system' (press release) which allows the introduction of DNA at specific sites in the chromosomes of livestock.
		The development of nuclear transfer technology and gene targeting are not only major scientific breakthroughs for PPL, but the technologies also have important commercial implications for the generation of transgenic animals.
		Nuclear transfer technology involves transferring the complete genetic material from the nucleus of a cultured donor cell to a mature recipient egg whose own nucleus has been removed.
	www.prodiversitas.bioetica.org /clonacion3.htm (539 words)

	genome.gov \| Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells
		Thus, in the past five years, much of the scientific and ethical debate about somatic cell nuclear transfer has focused on its two potential applications: 1) for reproductive purposes, i.e., to produce a child, or 2) for producing a source of ES cells for research.
		The technique of transferring a nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg that produced Dolly was an extension of experiments that had been ongoing for over 40 years.
		In the simplest terms, the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep - somatic cell nuclear transplantation cloning - involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell.
	www.genome.gov /10004765 (1529 words)

	Welcome to the Center For Regenerative Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital
		Nuclear transfer was developed over 50 years ago in amphibians to test whether the nuclei of adult cells remain equivalent to the zygotic nucleus.
		In addition to its use in studying mammalian development, nuclear transfer provides a means for deriving genetically matched embryonic stem (ES) cells for custom-tailored cell therapy.
		The recent isolation of patient-derived human ES cells by nuclear transfer is a first promising step for the potential therapeutic application of SCNT and the treatment of debilitating diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson’s and diabetes.
	www.massgeneral.org /regenmed/core_nuclear.htm (246 words)

	ISSCR :: Public : Beyond the Basics : Selected Topics : Nuclear Transfer
		The approach, known as "nuclear transfer for stem cells" or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), would lead to the production of cells and tissue matching one's self, that would not elicit rejection when the cells are transplanted into the patient.
		For nuclear transfer - stem cells, the DNA from any one cell in the body of a patient (usually a skin or muscle cell) could be removed and transferred through a microscopic glass tube into an unfertilized egg that previously had its own DNA removed, as shown below (first image below).
		Nuclear Transfer - Stem Cells procedure: Image 1: under the microscope, the DNA of the patient is introduced into the egg, through a microscopic glass tube.
	www.isscr.org /public/therapeutic.htm (561 words)

	Pregnancy Created With Egg Nucleus of Infertile Woman
		Those who oppose nuclear transfer also say it poses unknown hazards to children who may be born as a result, and as evidence they cite the death of the fetuses in China.
		Nuclear transfer and cloning are similar in that both involve taking the nucleus from one cell and slipping it into an egg from a different individual.
		In nuclear transfer for infertility, the nuclei transferred are not from adult cells but from the sperm and egg of the people who are trying to become parents.
	www.nytimes.com /2003/10/14/science/14CELL.html?ex=1381464000&en=70c9528be3b2589d&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND (786 words)

	Professor Ian Wilmut FRS - Dolly and nuclear transfer
		Nuclear transfer would allow the patients own cells to be reprogrammed, which would reduce the risk of rejection.
		Finding ways of transferring new genes between mammalian species would help us to produce certain therapeutic proteins for humans, such as alpha-1-antitrypsin, which is used to treat cystic fibrosis and emphysema.
		Current methods of purifying the protein from human blood are expensive and risk contamination by HIV or hepatitis C. Transferring the human gene into sheep would enable the protein to be produced in high quantities in the transgenic animals milk.
	www.royalsoc.ac.uk /page.asp?id=1570 (733 words)

	Prospects for the use of nuclear transfer in human transplantation
		Nuclear transfer units between sheep, pigs, monkeys, and rats and enucleated bovine oocytes, all underwent transition to interphase accompanied by nuclear swelling and further progression through the cell cycle.
		On the other hand, the transfer of human mitochondria with the donor cell may be sufficient for the viability of the resulting cells.
		Intra- and interspecies nuclear transfer techniques share the common ability to reprogram the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell using the maternal components found in oocyte cytoplasm.
	islet.org /naturebiotechnology03 (3679 words)

	ScienceWeek
		During somatic cell nuclear transfer a great deal is asked of the molecular mechanisms that have evolved to regulate fertilization and pregnancy.
		At present the means to enhance the success of nuclear transfer are not known, but may involve the use of remodeling complexes and factors that remove somatic epigenetic modifications before transfer.
		In addition to application of this information in nuclear transfer, new understanding of mechanisms that regulate developmental plasticity will lead to methods to change cells of one phenotype to another as a means of providing histocompatible cells for treatment of degenerative diseases.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030314.htm (11178 words)

	NCGR - GPI: CLONING USING NUCLEAR TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nuclear transfer technology can transfer the genome of a fertilized egg cell's nucleus into the denucleated egg cell from another individual, thus renucleating the egg cell with this new genome.
		This mitochondrial DNA will not be transferred from the donor embryo to the recipient egg cell because only the nucleus of the embryo is transferred during nuclear transfer.
		For example, a lamb's mothers could be: the female sheep that donated her genome, the female sheep that donated the egg cell, the female sheep that carried the gamete to term, and finally the sheep that nurses and raises the cloned lamb!
	www.csu.edu.au /learning/ncgr/gpi/odyssey/dolly-cloning/cloning_nuc_transfer.html (901 words)

	Welcome to the official ANT website!
		Altered Nuclear Transfer (ANT) is a proposed technological approach to obtain human pluripotent stem cells, which are the functional equivalent of human embryonic stem cells, without creating or destroying human embryos.
		Standard nuclear transfer (NT) is the technology popularly known as cloning, but in scientific terms is called ‘somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer’ (SCNT).
		Altered Nuclear Transfer uses the technology of NT but with a preemptive alteration that assures that no embryo is created.
	www.alterednucleartransfer.com (287 words)

	Nuclear Transfer Microscopes
		In addition to the nuclear transfer microscope, a research lab will need to purchase a holding pipette (small vacuum) to hold the oocyte stationary.
		Often in nuclear transfer, an unfertilized egg called an oocyte has its DNA removed, and then a nucleus is injected into the same oocyte.
		Applications for nuclear transfer microscopes include research in DNA and cell biology, embryonic stem cells, genetic transplanting, human embryos, human genetics, human genome project, removing DNA from an oocyte, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, invitro fertilization (IVF), embryo manipulation, cloning technology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), genomic reprogramming, cell fusion and protoplast fusion.
	www.nucleartransfermicroscopes.com /index.html (318 words)

	The Scientist : The Clone Reimagined
		Development via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), under the direction of adult DNA from a specialized cell is even less efficient, with success rates of about one in 300 or worse.
		"The goal in nuclear transfer (NT) is to reproduce the conditions of a very early, one-cell embryo produced by fertilization, because these embryos clearly develop very nicely," says Tony Perry, head of the laboratory of mammalian molecular embryology at the Riken Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan.
		Results in mice are similar: Transferring nuclei from 2-celled embryos leads to a 22% birth rate, yet that number plummets to 14% for a 4-cell-stage donor and to 8% for an 8-cell-stage donor.
	www.the-scientist.com /2005/4/25/13/1 (2230 words)

	ViaGen: Resources: Press Releases: Geron Receives Favorable Ruling In Nuclear Transfer Patent Interference
		Geron initiated these interference actions to clarify the partiesâ patent rights to nuclear transfer (animal cloning) technology, and to confirm the scope of those rights for companies that are Geron licensees.
		In its decision, the Board found that all claims in the â577 patent were unpatentable because the nuclear transfer method covered by the claims is not described in the patent application.
		The Roslin/Geron nuclear transfer technology underlies the pioneering work at the Roslin Institute that led to the cloning of Dolly the sheep.
	www.viagen.com /wordpress/news/geron-receives-favorable-ruling-in-nuclear-transfer-patent-interference (762 words)

	Nuclear transfer and reprogramming -- Kono 2 (2): 74 -- Reviews of Reproduction
		Nuclear transfer techniques for mammalian embryos have been developed in the last decade.
		Transfer of nuclei after gene expression from the embryonic genome has started does not appear to restrict the reprogramming of these nuclei.
		The principles of nuclear transfer are outlined with respect to nuclear remodelling, nucleocytoplasmic interactions and effects of the cell cycle.
	ror.reproduction-online.org /cgi/content/abstract/2/2/74 (458 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Treaties: Non-Proliferation Treaty, Letter, April 27, 1999
		The States Parties believe that the Treaty is a key instrument to halt vertical and horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons and they will work towards a fair balance between the mutual obligations and responsibilities of the nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States with a view to achieving the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.
		Article IV The States Parties reaffirm their inalienable right to engage in research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination; and that free and unimpeded and non-discriminatory transfer of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes to all States Parties be fully ensured.
		It is essential to halt and reverse the nuclear arms race in all its aspects in order to avert the danger of war involving nuclear weapons.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/treaties/non-proliferation-treaty/prepcom/trty_npt_prepcom_1999_letter-workingpaper-non-aligned_1999-04-27.htm (1898 words)

	Nuclear transfer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nuclear transfer always requires two cells, a donor and a receptor, with the recipient cell being an oocyte (egg cell).
		In this stage of the cell cycle the nucleus is in optimum condition for transfer to the host or recipient cell.
		This transfer is performed either by fusing the cells or by transplanting the nucleus (injection).
	members.aol.com /SteffisLab/nucltran.htm (209 words)

	Executive Summary -- Cloning Human Beings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In addition to concerns about specific harms to children, people have frequently expressed fears that the widespread practice of somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning would undermine important social values by opening the door to a form of eugenics or by tempting some to manipulate others as if they were objects instead of persons.
		To arrive at its recommendations concerning the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques to create children, NBAC also examined long-standing religious traditions that guide many citizens' responses to new technologies and found that religious positions on human cloning are pluralistic in their premises, modes of argument, and conclusions.
		Likewise, research on cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer does not raise the issues implicated in attempting to use this technique for human cloning, and its continuation should only be subject to existing regulations regarding the humane use of animals and review by institution-based animal protection committees.
	www.georgetown.edu /research/nrcbl/nbac/pubs/cloning1/executive.htm (1916 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. supports nuclear pardon - Feb. 5, 2004
		And in a speech in Washington Thursday, U.S. Director of Intelligence George Tenet said Khan's transfer of nuclear technology "was shaving years" off the time some countries needed to develop nuclear weapons.
		Military officials said nuclear weapons-related designs and components were smuggled to Iran in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
		Nuclear technology was transferred to North Korea and Libya in the 1990s.
	cnn.com /2004/WORLD/asiapcf/02/05/pakistan.nuclear/index.html (1050 words)

	Science Explained, explains cloning, cell biology and developmental biology.
		That's nuclear transfer, the transfer of a nucleus from one cell to another, creating a "new cell" with a different nucleus.
		Nuclear transfer couldn't clone frogs from frog cells; all you got were tadpoles.
		S/he would also have to recruit a lot of women willing to donate both oocytes for the nuclear transfer as well as the use of their uterus in order to grow the clone.
	www.synapses.co.uk /science/clone.html (3664 words)

	Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology \| Full text \| Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer – ...
		Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1).
		Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [1], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer.
		Therefore, treating donor cells with pharmacological agents to remove some epigenetic marks prior to nuclear transfer may improve the ability of the donor cells to be fully reprogrammed by the recipient karyoplast.
	www.rbej.com /content/1/1/98 (4900 words)

	ADVANCED TRANSGENESIS AND CLONING: Genetic Manipulation in Animals
		An understanding of the role of cell cycle was essential at two points in the development of the nuclear transfer techniques which are used at present: the definition of the importance of MPF activity in the recipient oocyte and the use of donor cells in quiescence.
		The effect of high levels of maturation promoting factor (MPF) in the oocyte is to cause nuclear membrane breakdown and chromosome condensation of the transferred nucleus, regardless of the cell cycle stage of the donor cell.
		It was never expected that all quiescent cells would prove to be suitable donors with the present nuclear transfer technique and protocols suitable for normal development from cumulus cells were ineffective with Sertoli cells and neurons.
	www.atp.nist.gov /atc/atc-21.htm (1089 words)

	U.S. Intervention Blocks Nuclear Transfer to Iran
		Iran was on the verge earlier this year of obtaining equipment from China and Argentina that would have allowed it to begin its own nuclear manufacturing, but quiet intervention by the United States has blocked the transfers at least for now, according to officials involved in the negotiations.
		Iranian officials say that in the Argentine and Chinese deals, as well as in others, they have gone out of their way to submit to full international nuclear safeguards and to invite extra inspections in order to prove that their nuclear program is peaceful and mainly for civilian electricity generation.
		Stapleton Roy, the U.S. ambassador to Beijing, visited a Chinese nuclear facility outside the capital in March and inspected a model of the reactor bound for Iran, according to a Western diplomat in Beijing.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V112/N58/iran.58w.html (761 words)

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