Nuclear triad - Factbites

Nuclear triad - Factbites
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Topic: Nuclear triad

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In the News (Wed 19 Jun 13)

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	Smarter bombs, fewer nukes
		To guard against the potentially perverse effects of developing a non-nuclear strategic strike capability, and to ensure that instead the positive features of such a transition are maximized, it is important that U.S. officials think through carefully the implications of the ongoing transformation to a new strategic triad.
		The principal--indeed, the overarching--danger the United States faced from nuclear weapons during the Cold War--a large-scale homeland attack executed by the Soviet strategic rocket forces--has receded dramatically with the collapse of the communist regime, the elimination of nuclear forces in the former non-Russian Soviet Republics, and the gradual reduction (and erosion) of Russia's nuclear forces.
		But the strategic and fiscal logic of deep cuts in nuclear forces is strong enough, and the potential cost of not doing so severe enough, that the United States should consider making those reductions unilaterally.
	www.tfd.chalmers.se /~valeri/Mars/nd98kosiak.html

	Single Integrated Operational Plan: The Movement From Triad To Dyad
		This shift in policy relied less upon the introduction of strategic nuclear assets from the triad, and, therefore, increased the growth and development of tactical nuclear weapons.
		In light of the developing events and their subsequent effects on global nuclear policy, the United States must move from the concept of a strategic triad to a more responsive and flexible sea and air dyad.
		Secretary Cheney, while toning down prevailing strategy rhetoric, has pointed to other alternatives that would accomplish nuclear strategy objectives while moving the nation's strategic forces into the year 2000.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/1990/HCW.htm

	Text: Feith Says U.S. Is Developing New Defense Triad
		Strategic Nuclear Forces in the New Triad The positive shift in the U.S. relationship with Russia is of great significance in considering today's nuclear force requirements.
		In addition to the difference in its overall composition, the strategic nuclear forces of the New Triad are divided into two new categories: the operationally deployed force and the responsive force.
		The NPR's call for a New Triad begins the transformation of our strategic capabilities to suit a world that is very different from that of the Cold War.
	japan.usembassy.gov /e/p/tp-se1072.html

	ADR 2002 Chapter 7
		As elements of the New Triad are deployed and the number of operationally deployed nuclear warheads is reduced, adjustments may be needed to match the capabilities of the remaining nuclear forces to new missions.
		The objective is an operationally deployed strategic nuclear force with 1700 to 2200 operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads by 2012.
		To meet the demands of the New Triad, an overhaul of existing capabilities is needed.
	www.defenselink.mil /execsec/adr2002/html_files/chap7.htm

	Russia
		From 13-16 February 2001 the Russian General Staff held large-scale command and staff exercises with the participation of all three components of Russia's strategic nuclear "triad." In contrast to earlier strategic command and staff exercises, the Russian Ministry of Defense released few details on the exercise's scenario and course of events.
		The air-based component of the strategic forces will stress modernization of the Tu-160 heavy bomber [NATO designation 'Blackjack'], which should be able to carry high-precision cruise missiles with both nuclear and conventional warheads, as well as gravity bombs.
		The bill On funding the state defense order for the strategic nuclear forces of the Russian Federation was signed into law by Russian President Boris Yeltsin on 17 July 1999, having been adopted by the State Duma on 23 June 1999 and approved by the Federation Council on 2 July 1999.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/weapons/gendevs.htm

	No. 94-D 41
		Ten administrations agreed that we would deter the nuclear threat with nuclear threat, that we would enforce a policy of deterrence with a surely survivable Triad of nuclear forces, that no potential enemy could have any hope of survival if he unleashed a nuclear attack on us.
		He is going to recommend that we give up the Triad!
		They recommended a force roughly like what we have now -- a strong Triad.
	www.security-policy.org /papers/1994/94-D41.html

	triaddh.html
		The Triad as a Whole The strategic triad, with its three legs of land-, sea- and air-based nuclear weapons, was both the capstone of the possible conflict and the deterrent that separated the two dance-partners.
		Senate Hearings on the GAO report on the nuclear triad and on the START treaty showed that vulnerabilities of the U.S. triad were vastly over-stated, that the performance of new projected strategic systems were over-estimated, and that the performance of existing U.S. strategic systems was under-estimated.
		The size and scope of the U.S. strategic nuclear triad was largely determined by these worst-case exaggerations and by psychological theories [10] about effects of arms race policies on U.S. morale and Soviet perceptions.
	www.calpoly.edu /~dhafemei/triaddh.html

	Congressional Testimony - ADM Mies
		Further reductions in strategic delivery systems beyond START II should be complemented by more comprehensive considerations of increased stockpile transparency, greater accountability and transparency of non-strategic/tactical nuclear warheads, limitations on production infrastructures, third-party nuclear weapons stockpiles, the impact on our allies, and the implications of deploying strategic defensive systems.
		Our strategic forces are executing a series of five operational evaluations designed to validate Y2K compliance of the various phases of our nuclear mission from day-to-day operations through warning, alerting, response, and regeneration of forces.
		To deter a broad range of threats, our national security strategy requires a robust triad of strategic forces.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/ships/submarines/centennial/mies.html

	"Planning to be Surprised"
		This shift in strategic planning is justified on the grounds that the current triad is geared towards the Cold War deterrence relationship with Russia, and ill-suited to the kind of threats the United States now faces, and may face in the future.
		In the new triad outlined by the NPR, the third leg is made up by missile defences.
		Its findings indicated that the United States is determined to keep nuclear weapons at the heart of its military planning indefinitely.
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Papers/BP39.htm

	d05540.txt
		Specifically, these strategic capability assessments are to review the (1) progress to date in reducing the number of operationally deployed strategic nuclear weapons, (2) state of the security environment, and (3) progress made in the development of the New Triad.
		In addition to its responsibilities for strategic nuclear deterrence and military space operations missions, the command was assigned several new missions related to the New Triad in January 2003.
		We met with officials of the U.S. Strategic Command in Omaha, Nebraska, to discuss the command's missions that are relevant to the New Triad.
	www.gao.gov /atext/d05540.txt

	article.php3?artid=1203
		The level of the remaining strategic forces is, as noted above, the 'allowable minimum' from the Pentagon's viewpoint; the missile defense program is the core component of the second, defensive element of the U.S. new strategic triad and the warehoused stock of nuclear warheads is the key component of its third element, the response forces.
		The two other pinnacles of the new strategic triad would be the defense system (including strategic missile defense) and so-called responsive force that would allow for a rapid reaction to a changing strategic situation and rapid build-up of military power in the areas that would be considered most sensitive in each particular case.
		One of the most important of the planned changes is the lowering of the status of the strategic triad (ICBM, SLBM and heavy bombers) from the central element of deterrent to one of pinnacles of the new structure of strategic forces.
	www.pircenter.org /board/article.php3?artid=1203

	Oyos: Carter & SALT II (2)
		The United States relied on a triad of forces to maintain a second-strike capability and allow the President various options in case deterrence failed.
		To cement the relationship with Western Europe, the United States strove to maintain a strategic nuclear arsenal that would not only deter Soviet aggression but convince Western European countries of the American political and military commitment to their defense.
		From the Soviet perspective, a similar potential would help insure that the United States would not resort to nuclear arms, especially in a political or military crisis when such a temptation would be at its greatest.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/Amdipl_2/Oyos_2.html

	The Transformation of Strategic-Strike Operations
		Establishing a “New Triad” comprising nuclear and non-nuclear strategic strike capabilities, active and passive missile defenses, and a responsive defense infrastructure for developing, building, and maintaining offensive forces and defensive systems.
		This new triad was composed of long-range precision-strike forces, electronic-strike capabilities, and a smaller, but modernized nuclear force comprising between 1,500-3,000 highly survivable warheads.
		A briefing on the “Findings of the Nuclear Posture Review” and a transcript from the DoD/DoE special briefing on the NPR held on January 9, 2002 is available at [http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jan2002/t01092002_t0109npr.html].
	www.csbaonline.org /4Publications/Archive/P.20020111.The_Transformation/P.20020111.The_Transformation.htm

	NPP Weekly FLASH Update, August 13, 2001
		In contrast, the editorial states, the three branches of the Russian nuclear triad are fraught with command and control shortcomings, and modernizing its nuclear forces is largely beyond the government's financial reach.
		While this has created an environment for both countries conducive to nuclear arms cuts, cutting the US arsenal below 1,000 nuclear weapons would be dangerous because it would force an abandonment of dependence upon the triad of delivery systems.
		Critics argues that the US nuclear posture has been adjusted only minimally with the end of the Cold War because of the reactionary StratCom, and that forces could be reduced, as StratCom states it is doing.
	nautilus.org /archives/nukepolicy

	Nuclear Issues - CDI
		China hopes to mimic the United States and Russia in deploying its nuclear weapons in a sea-, air-, and land-based triad.
		This document calls for the use of nuclear weapons only in response to a nuclear attack - in other words a no first use policy - and says that ultimately, India's nuclear forces will be based in a triad of aircraft, mobile land-based missiles and sea-based forces.
		In addition to the strategic weapons covered by the Treaty of Moscow, the United States has a sizable tactical nuclear weapons arsenal, which is not covered by it.
	www.cdi.org /issues/nukef&f/database/nukearsenals.cfm (2939 words)

	U.S. nuclear forces, 2002 thebulletin.org
		The plans call for revitalizing the U.S. nuclear force, along with all its supporting elements, within a so-called "New Triad" of capabilities that would combine nuclear and conventional offensive forces, missile defenses, and a revamped nuclear weapons infrastructure.
		Of the 21 aircraft, all of which are assigned nuclear missions, 16 are maintained at a higher degree of readiness.
		Nuclear Notebook is prepared by Robert S. Norris of the Natural Resources Defense Council, William M. Arkin, Hans M. Kristensen of the Nautilus Institute, and Joshua Handler.
	www.thebulletin.org /article_nn.php?art_ofn=mj02norris (4127 words)

	The Strategic Nuclear Triad
		The triad consists of Sea-Launched Ballistic Missiles, Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, and Manned Bombers.
	www.angelfire.com /ok5/cflight/snt.htm (4127 words)

	Nuclear Deterrence, Then and Now by Daniel GourÃ© - Policy Review, No. 116
		Strategic bombers, although no longer maintained as an active element of the triad, should be retained primarily as a hedge both against the failure of one of the other two legs and in the event that potential adversaries are able to deploy highly effective missile defenses.
		A final role, in combination with strategic defenses and nonnuclear strike capabilities, is to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing wmd options or, in the cases of Russia and China, from using their strategic forces as a means of escalation control.
		American strategic nuclear forces serve in a number of other roles.
	www.policyreview.org /dec02/goure.html (4127 words)

	Nuclear Issues - CDI
		This document calls for the use of nuclear weapons only in response to a nuclear attack - in other words a no first use policy - and says that ultimately, India's nuclear forces will be based in a triad of aircraft, mobile land-based missiles and sea-based forces.
		There are two interesting loopholes in Israel's oft-repeated pledge never to be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the region: The United States "introduced" weapons in the region in the 1950's when nuclear bombs were stored at Dharan, Saudi Arabia, and at sea in the Mediterranean Sixth Fleet.
		China is believed to have 12 Julang I submarine-launched ballistic missiles stored at Jianggezhuang Submarine Base where its one nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, the Xia, is housed.
	www.cdi.org /issues/nukef&f/database/nukearsenals.cfm (4127 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Dissuasion and China
		Such deployment seems to promise splendid conventional strike capabilities that would make certain forms of threatened PRC nuclear retaliation less credible.
		It is difficult to find even a hint of Chinese interest in nuclear counterforce warfighting strategies of the kind that drove such large force deployments by the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War.
		It next considers how to structure U.S. strategic forces—defined as all elements of the New Triad—with the aim of achieving dissuasion.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2004/oct/robertsOct04.asp (4127 words)

	Russia
		Despite the decline in active vessels, the Russian nuclear navy is slated to assume a more prominent role in Russia's strategic nuclear triad.
		In the case of the nuclear icebreaker fleet, the shipyards producing these vessels are joint stock companies, with most of the stock state-owned.
		Unlike diesel submarines, which require large amounts of heavy liquid fuel and have severe range limitations due to the need to resurface and refuel every few weeks, nuclear submarines can stay submerged for several months at a time.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/naval/overview.htm (1651 words)

	What Is the Nuclear Triad? By Chris Suellentrop
		Each leg of the triad is supposed to be large enough to have a deterrent effect.
		The theory is that a first strike against the United States could not hope to destroy all three legs of the triad at once, and even if two of the three legs of the triad are destroyed, the third can still inflict a retaliatory strike.
		U.S. nuclear strategy has relied on it to fulfill the pledge of mutually assured destruction: that the country could survive a surprise first strike by the Soviet Union (or other nuclear power) and then respond with a devastating strike of its own.
	slate.msn.com /?id=2058737 (1651 words)

	The Maritime Component of the Nuclear Triad: It Embodies the Best Achievements of the Domestic Military- Industrial Complex
		They are the pride of our people, the most effective component of the strategic nuclear triad of the Russian Federation, and require much attention not only for their content today, but also for the development and construction of a new generation of these ships.
		If things continue to go this way, by the year 2000 the state will be deprived of one of the main components of the strategic triad--maritime strategic nuclear forces.
		Its main merit is that it contributes to a strengthening of strategic stability and a significant decrease in the danger of nuclear war.
	www.fas.org /news/russia/1996/druma080_s96007.htm (1651 words)

	Russia: Nuclear Weapons: New National Security Concept
		In just two months, decades-old traditions of the supremacy of the Strategic Rocket Force (SRF), which controls land-based strategic missiles (ICBMs), was shattered and the severely weakened SRF had to share its place in the strategic triad with the Navy and eventually move to the second, if not the third place.
		After two turbulent years, strategic forces remain an important, but nevertheless subsidiary element of the Armed Forces and, moreover, reliance on nuclear weapons is still regarded as a temporary "fix" until conventional forces are modernized (the probability of genuine military reform and modernization of conventional forces is outside the scope of this paper).
		Only two years later the situation was partially reversed with land-based strategic systems restored to their dominant place within the triad, even though the SRF did not fully recover the administrative status it once had.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/weapons/debate.htm (1651 words)

	World Affairs Board - Indias Nuclear Navy
		The credible minimum nuclear deterrence theory is based on triad of nuclear attack — bombers/aircraft; mobile, ready to be deployed or deployed missiles; and sea-based carriers and assets.
		The doctrine explains that the fundamental purpose of the Indian nuclear weapons is to deter the use and threat of use of nuclear weapons by any state or entity against India and its forces.
		Now, on India's plans for a nuclear navy, I was under the impression the Admiral Gorshkov ADS (the new aircraft carrier being built with help from an Italian company....i suspect Signora Gandhi's hand in this) were conventional, not nuke.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /showthread.php?t=4301 (2792 words)

	Nuclear Posture Review [Excerpts]
		Nuclear capabilities also assure the U.S. public that the United States will not be subject to coercion based on a false perception of U.S. weakness among potential adversaries.
		This capability is key to the role of nuclear forces in supporting an effective deterrence strategy relative to a broad spectrum of potential opponents under a variety of contingencies.
		The United States and allied interests may not require nuclear strikes.” A “new mix” of nuclear, non-nuclear, and defensive capabilities “is required for the diverse set of potential adversaries and unexpected threats the United States may confront in the coming decades.” (p.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/policy/dod/npr.htm (9582 words)

	Navy Fact File: Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines
		Description: Nuclear-powered submarines armed with long-range strategic missiles.
		Ohio-class/Trident ballistic missile submarines provide the sea-based "leg" of the triad of U.S. strategic deterrent forces.
		Although the missiles have no pre-set targets when the submarine goes on patrol, the SSBNs are capable of rapidly targeting their missiles should the need arise, using secure and constant at-sea communications links.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/factfile/ships/ship-ssbn.html (416 words)

	Strategic Weapons of the U.S. Military
		America's land, sea, and air based offensive strategic weapons comprise the Strategic Triad.
		In a nuclear war scenario this is the only arm of the
		strategic defense needs for the future, a new sub that was faster, quieter, and carried more missiles
	www.pennswoods.net /~mcgarvey/mil.html (416 words)

	ZNet Nuclear The United States, nuclear weapons, and Iran
		Three are known as "legs" of a strategic triad of nuclear weapons based on land (intercontinental ballistic missiles such as the 500 Minuteman III missiles now deployed), sea (like the Trident submarine-launched missile) and air (long-range aircraft such as the B-2 stealth bomber).
		The United States itself maintains a large arsenal of nuclear weapons, which it has supplemented in recent years with the deployment of a new type of weapon: the earth-penetrating or "bunker-buster" bomb that burrows underground before detonating, destroying facilities such as deeply-buried chemical or biological weapon stores (see "America's nuclear stealth war," 10 February 2005).
		This may be the first example of an entirely new nuclear weapon produced under what is termed the Reliable Replacement Warhead programme (RRW) and started only seven months ago.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=201&ItemID=9437 (1238 words)

	NTI: Glossary
		In the United States and Russia, nuclear forces are structured in a triad, as nuclear warheads are deployed on bombers, land-based, and sea-based missiles.
		Nuclear weapon: A device that releases nuclear energy in an explosive manner as the result of nuclear chain reactions involving the fission or fusion or both, of atomic nuclei.
		Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): Nuclear, biological or chemical weapons.
	www.nti.org /e_research/e6_glossary.html (9770 words)

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In the News (Wed 19 Jun 13)