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Ch. 4: Evacuation - Nuclear War Survival Skills In 1986 the sizes of Soviet warheads are much smaller, their numbers are much larger, and their total megatonage and cap ability to produce fallout remain about the same as 10 years ago. So, if you believe that a nuclear attack on the United States is possible and want to improve your chances of surviving, then well before a desperate crisis arises you had better either make preparations to improve your and your family's survival chances at or near where you live, or plan and prepare toevacuate. SLBM warheads are not as accurate as ICBM warheads, and air bursts can destroy bombers and submarines in port over about twice as large areas as if these same weapons are exploded at or near the surface. www.oism.org /nwss/s73p915.htm   (0 words)

U.S. Nuclear Weapon Enduring Stockpile At the beginning of 2006 the U.S. nuclear arsenal was composed of eight types of nuclear warheads (in thirteen variant mods) on active duty. There are also 589 warheads of two types that are inactive, these are not kept in operational condition and one of these warheads (the W84) is slated to be completely dismantled. The Moscow Treaty sets lower warhead limits than the effective limits of START I and requires both sides to reduce their deployed strategic nuclear warheads to between 1,700 and 2,200 warheads by midnight 31 December 2012. nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Weapons/Wpngall.html   (1576 words)

End the nuclear age | Greenpeace International Despite what the nuclear industry tells us, building enough nuclear power stations to make a meaningful reduction in greenhouse gas emissions would cost trillions of dollars, create tens of thousands of tons of lethal high-level radioactive waste, contribute to further proliferation of nuclear weapons materials, and result in a Chernobyl-scale accident once every decade. Nuclear power was dealt a further blow when a UN Sustainable Development Conference refused to label nuclear a sustainable technology in April 2001. Also nuclear programs based on reprocessing plutonium from spent fuel have dramatically increased the risk of proliferation as the creation of more plutonium, means more nuclear waste which in turn means more materials available for the creation of dirty bombs. www.greenpeace.org /international/campaigns/nuclear   (0 words)

Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: The Basics: Nuclear Stockpiles There are currently about 31,000 nuclear warheads deployed or in reserve in the stockpiles of eight countries: China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Warheads: China's strategic weapons have high yields - mostly in the megaton range - but are not as accurate as those of the US or Russia. However, the US maintains a robust stockpile of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe and on its territory and is not expected to reduce these while Russia maintains a large stockpile. www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/nuclear-stockpiles.htm   (1288 words)

Verifiable Elimination of Nuclear Warheads: Problems and Prospects The warhead dismantlement process consists of several stages: disassembly of non-nuclear components, removal of tritium containers, removal of the nuclear explosive physics package, removal and disassembly of the secondary. It is followed by disassembling the nuclear explosive physics package, which begins with removal of climate control system, separation of the high explosive from the nuclear components, and disassembly of the pit. In accordance with US Nuclear Posture Review in force at that time, most of the warheads removed from delivery systems had to be kept ready for deployment (hedge). www.armscontrol.ru /start/w-control.htm   (2060 words)

NATO Topics - NATO's nuclear forces   (Site not responding. Last check: ) Its nuclear forces are no longer targeted against any country, and the circumstances in which their use might have to be contemplated are considered to be extremely remote. All of the nuclear warheads that had been assigned to nuclear artillery and surface-to-surface missile forces have been removed from the NATO inventory and have all been dismantled. NATO Allies have maintained a long-standing commitment to nuclear arms control, disarmament, and non-proliferation as an integral part of their security policy, firmly embedded in the broader political context in which Allies seek to enhance stability and security by lowering arms levels and increasing military transparency and mutual confidence. www.nato.int /issues/nuclear/sec-environment.htm   (2452 words)

Complex 2030: DOE's Misguided Plan to Rebuild the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex The DOE argues that Complex 2030 is needed to ensure that U.S. warheads remain reliable into the future, to create a responsive weapons complex that could rapidly produce additional warheads, to save money, and to allow the United States to reduce the size of its nuclear arsenal. Concerns about the longer term reliability of these warheads centered on the plutonium "pits" at their core, and the DOE argued that new RRW designs were needed to compensate for the potential effects of plutonium aging. Rebuilding the U.S. nuclear stockpile would send a clear message to the rest of the world that the United States places great value on its nuclear arsenal and intends to maintain both large numbers of nuclear weapons well into the next century and the capability to quickly produce more. www.ucsusa.org /global_security/nuclear_weapons/complex-2030-does-misguided.html   (0 words)

Armageddon Online - Thousands of nuclear warheads could be fired in the next global conflict A device that releases nuclear energy in an explosive manner as the result of nuclear chain reactions involving the fission or fusion or both, of atomic nuclei. Israel is not a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and refuses to officially admit or deny having a nuclear arsenal, or to having developed nuclear weapons, or even to having a nuclear weapons program. It means our only defence to a nuclear attack is one of our own, which does not save the lives of any of the hundreds of millions of people that would die in the strike. www.armageddononline.net /nuke.php   (1674 words)

[No title] A nuclear isomer of hafnium, Hf 178 m-2, when exposed to x-rays of a particular frequency, will rearrange its nucleus and yield a more stable nuclear isomer and a tremendous amount of energy, in the form of gamma rays. Military types have re-imagined all the old applications for nuclear weapons substituting the hafnium for the uranium or plutonium, the favorites being artillery shells, hand grenades, infantry-mobile rockets, and, perhaps, as a non-atomic initiator for fusion weapons. Personally, I think future developments of nuclear warheads will concentrate on durability, reliability and robustness in order to ensure effectiveness of nuclear arsenals and to make sure they do not need to be replaced so frequently. www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/23-946.asp   (2037 words)

Armageddon Online - 30,000 nuclear warheads would be fired at America in World War III Imagine the size of this much TNT (a cube 300m by 300m by 300m) and compare it to one small nuclear warhead, and you realise the awesome power of nuclear weapons. It means our only defence to a nuclear attack is one of our own, which does not save the lives of any of the hundreds of millions of people that would die in the strike. Nuclear bombs are based on the forces that hold atoms together. armageddononline.tripod.com /nuclear.htm   (1517 words)

U.S. Prepares to Overhaul Arsenal of Nuclear Warheads   (Site not responding. Last check: ) By the end of the year, the government plans to select the design of a new generation of nuclear warheads that would be more dependable and possibly able to be disarmed in the event they fell into terrorist hands, according to the head of the National Nuclear Security Administration. The warhead redesign is part of a larger, multibillion-dollar program to refurbish the nation's nuclear-weapons stockpile and to consolidate nuclear plants and facilities in nearly a dozen states, including California, Florida, Texas, Tennessee and New Mexico. Instead of just extending the life of older warheads with new but similar parts, the aim now is to make totally new components that are more robust, easier to manufacture, safer and more secure, while at the same time not requiring new underground testing. www.nuclearpolicy.org /index.cfm/Page/Article/ID/2648   (851 words)

La France nucleaire/Nuclear France: NUCLEAR WARHEADS (ENGLISH) The early nuclear missile-launching submarines are gradually being replaced by submarines of the new generation (SNLE-NG). As for the pre-strategic (or tactical) weapons, 60 Mirage 2000N of the air force and 24 Super-Etendard of the air-naval service are equipped with a total of 60 warheads carried by ASMP missiles. The TN75 is characterized by its "lightness, its furtiveness, its speed of reentry" according to the CEA. www.francenuc.org /en_chn/nucwarheads_e.htm   (656 words)

Nuclear Facts at a Glance - Center for Defense Information The total number of intact nuclear warheads retained by the United States and Russia. All but 2 percent of these nuclear warheads have been built by the United States (55 percent or 70,000+) and Russia (43 percent or 55,000+). The number of warheads the United States will retain in 2012 (essentially the same number as today) if the reductions laid out in the Treaty of Moscow are completed by transferring warheads from active delivery vehicles to either a "responsive force" or to "inactive reserve." The active force will consist of approximately 3,500 warheads. www.cdi.org /nuclear/facts-at-a-glance.cfm   (0 words)

Summary of classified plutonium study released / Feinstein, others see less urgency for new nuclear warheads The National Nuclear Security Administration, the agency that oversees the nuclear weapons complex, had previously estimated that the radioactive plutonium used in "pits," the primary component of nuclear warheads, had a useable lifespan of 45 to 60 years. Many warheads in the U.S. stockpile -- which has more than 5,000 nuclear weapons -- are 20 years old and more, which means, according to the study, that with proper maintenance, they could be usable for more than a half-century. David Hobson, R-Ohio, chairman of the appropriations subcommittee that oversees nuclear weapons spending, has long supported the need to at least study the need for new types of warheads, but he said the new study is likely to slow down the Reliable Replacement Warhead program. www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/11/30/MNGFVMMFEK1.DTL&type=printable   (0 words)

U.S. experts warn on North Korea nuclear warheads - Boston.com North Korea can make a nuclear warhead that can be mounted on missiles capable of hitting all of South Korea and most of Japan, U.S. nuclear experts said in a report obtained on Wednesday. SEOUL (Reuters) - North Korea can make a nuclear warhead that can be mounted on missiles capable of hitting all of South Korea and most of Japan, U.S. nuclear experts said in a report obtained on Wednesday. Two U.S. nuclear experts who recently visited North Korea's atomic facilities north of Pyongyang said the secretive and impoverished state had separated enough plutonium for five to 12 nuclear weapons. www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2007/02/21/us_experts_warn_on_north_korea_nuclear_warheads   (368 words)

CEA - English portal - Defense - Nuclear warheads and nuclear propulsion There are currently two types of nuclear warheads in service, the TN81 (airborne component) and the TN75 (seaborne component). As weapons have a limited lifespan, the TN81 model will be replaced by the TNA (airborne nuclear warhead) from 2008 and the TN75 model by the TNO (seaborne nuclear warhead) from 2015. Lastly, CEA is also responsible for managing nuclear wastes and decommissioning nuclear steam supply systems in submarines at the end of their life. www.cea.fr /english_portal/defense/nuclear_warheads_and_nuclear_propulsion   (0 words)

Chapter 2: Building Nuclear Warheads: The Process Although plutonium and uranium are both essential parts of modern nuclear weapons, it is possible to make nuclear weapons by using one or the other material alone. The plant now disassembles warheads that have been retired from the nation’s arsenal, and it is now storing most of their plutonium components. These tests were done to explore the potential use of nuclear explosions to extract natural gas or to dig harbors. legacystory.apps.em.doe.gov /text/close/close2.htm   (2498 words)

Nuclear Weapons Program - Japan Although possession of nuclear weapons is not forbidden in the constitution, Japan, as the only nation to experience the devastation of atomic attack, early expressed its abhorrence of nuclear arms and determined never to acquire them. The Basic Atomic Energy Law of 1956 limits research, development, and utilization of nuclear power to peaceful uses, and beginning in 1956, national policy has embodied "three non-nuclear principles"--forbidding the nation to possess or manufacture nuclear weapons or to allow them to be introduced into the nation. On the strength of its nuclear industry, and its stockpile of weapons-useable plutonium, Japan in some respects considers itself, and is treated by others as, as a virtual nuclear weapons state. www.fas.org /nuke/guide/japan/nuke   (0 words)

Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Replacement Nuclear Warheads? Buyer Beware As Brooks correctly notes, existing warhead designs are sophisticated and were designed to minimize size and weight and maximize yield, making them sensitive to significant changes and upgrades, especially to the nuclear components. In addition, the reliability of existing warheads can be improved without new designs or testing by adding more boost gas to increase the explosive energy of the primary stage of the weapon well above the minimum needed to ignite the secondary, or main, stage of the warhead. Otherwise, the "reliable replacement warheads" may introduce, not reduce, stockpile reliability concerns and open the way to the counterproductive new nuclear weapons program voided by Congress last year. www.armscontrol.org /act/2005_05/focus.asp   (0 words)

Al Jazeera English - News - Us Develops New Nuclear Warheads The decision comes as the administration of George Bush, the US president, is seeking to curb attempts by Iran and North Korea to develop their nuclear programmes. The programme, named Reliable Replacement Warhead, will enter a new phase of development and after congressional approval the new warheads will be produced under the direction of the US navy, officials said. The NNSA said the new nuclear warheads would not increase the US army's stockpile, but will replace existing warheads which on average are more than 20 years old and at risk of becoming dangerous. english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/285D8C24-12AF-4CFB-A769-731D8DAA2D3A.htm   (376 words)

USATODAY.com - White House ponders NG nuclear warheads   (Site not responding. Last check: ) Many of the warheads were designed and built 40 years ago, and their plutonium and other components are slowly breaking down in ways that researchers do not fully understand. As envisioned, the next-generation nuclear weapon would have the same destructive power as existing ones, but be durable enough to last for decades. Critics, including some former nuclear weapons scientists, question the need to resume nuclear weapons production, at a cost of billions of dollars, when they believe the current stockpile is safe and reliable and can remain so for years. www.usatoday.com /news/washington/2006-06-30-new-nukes_x.htm?csp=15   (949 words)

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Israel is thought to possess enough nuclear material for between 130-170 nuclear weapons. Almost 15 years after the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia maintain several thousand nuclear weapons on hair-trigger alert, or "launch-on-warning" status, for immediate launch in the case of a nuclear attack. The other nuclear powers either have dealerted their forces (China) or maintain far lower levels of alert (Britain and France.) See Sam Nunn's presentation at the 2004 Carnegie International Non-Proliferation Conference for a more detailed analysis of the problem of high alert status. www.carnegieendowment.org /npp/numbers/default.cfm   (475 words)

News Update 3/19/98 According to the report, the warheads are being held in a storage complex near Kirtland Air Force Base. The $43 million dollar complex stores warheads for the Air Force, and also functions as a transfer point between the Pentagon and the Department of Energy's Pantex plant near Amarillo, where nuclear warheads are dismantled. The weapon is designed to burrow into the ground before its nuclear warhead explodes, in order to destroy underground bunkers. www.nuclearactive.org /news/031998.html   (845 words)

Push to redesign nuclear warheads ignites arms race fears - World - www.smh.com.au Worried that the ageing US nuclear arsenal is increasingly fragile, scientists have begun designing a new generation of nuclear arms meant to be sturdier and more reliable and to have longer lives. The resulting warheads were lightweight, powerful and in some cases so small that a dozen could fit on a slender missile. Their nuclear arms tended to be ponderous if dependable, more like Fords than Ferraris. www.smh.com.au /news/World/Push-to-redesign-nuclear-warheads-ignites-arms-race-fears/2005/02/08/1107625213305.html   (653 words)

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