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Topic: Nuclear weapon design

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	Nuclear Weapon Design
		However, after the introduction of the principal families of weapons in the modern stockpile (approximately the mid 1970’s), the rate of design innovations and truly new concepts slowed as nuclear weapon technology became a mature science.
		The design of the nuclear device for a specific nuclear weapon is constrained by several factors.
		Nuclear weapons are particularly destructive, with immediate effects including blast and thermal radiation and delayed effects produced by ionizing radiation, neutrons, and radioactive fallout.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm (3646 words)

	Nuclear weapon
		Weapons which have a fusion stage are also referred to as hydrogen bombs or H-bombs because of their primary fuel, or thermonuclear weapons because fusion reactions require extremely high temperatures for a chain reaction to occur.
		Nuclear weapons are often described as either fission or fusion devices based on the dominant source of the weapon's energy.
		Nuclear weapons are relatively inefficient in their use of fissionable material, and much of the uranium and plutonium is dispersed by the explosion without undergoing fission.
	www.black-science.org /wikipedia/n/nu/nuclear_weapon.html (2940 words)

	Nuclear weapon at AllExperts
		The detonation of a nuclear weapon is accompanied by a blast of neutron radiation.
		Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages.
		Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and international political disputes and have played a major part in popular culture since their dramatic public debut in the 1940s and have usually symbolized the ultimate ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction.
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/nu/nuclear_weapon.htm (2729 words)

	Nuclear Weapons Surety
		Nuclear Weapons Surety is the materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, reliability, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, unauthorized use, or degradation in performance.
		Nuclear Weapons Safety is the application of engineering and management principles, criteria, and techniques to protect nuclear weapons against the risks and threats inherent in their environments within the constraints of operational effectiveness, time, and cost throughout all phases of their life cycle.
		Nuclear Weapons Security is the total spectrum of procedures, facilities, equipment, and personnel employed to provide the protection against loss of custody, theft, or diversion of a nuclear weapon system, the protection against unauthorized access, and the protection against unauthorized actions, vandalism, sabotage, and malevolent damage.
	www.acq.osd.mil /ncbdp/nm/nuclearweaponssurety.html (1462 words)

	Nuclear weapon design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fusion bombs are based on nuclear fusion where light nuclei such as deuterium and tritium (isotopes of hydrogen) combine together into heavier elements and release large amounts of energy.
		Other specific types of nuclear weapon design which are commonly referred to by name include: neutron bomb (enhanced radiation weapon), cobalt bomb, and salted bomb.
		Fortunately for the weapon designer, materials of high density tend to be good reflectors of neutrons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design (7524 words)

	Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons
		It was prepared without my ever having had access to any material on nuclear weapons not in the public domain.
		Preparing an actual weapon design (without extensive experimentation with real explosive and nuclear materials) requires significant amounts of numeric modelling of hydrodynamic and neutron transport effects.
		Admittedly, the situation with respect to terrorist acquisition of weapons is a bit different.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Nwfaq/Nfaq4.html (792 words)

	Nuclear Weapon Physics and Design
		Section 4 deals with the design and engineering of nuclear weapons in more detail, and the physics discussions there can be considered a continuation of Section 2.
		Nuclear fission occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes of very heavy elements, isotopes of uranium and plutonium for example, capture neutrons.
		Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, with the evolution of approximately 100 million to several hundred million volts of energy.
	www.avhub.net /nuclearweaponphysicsdesign.htm (9240 words)

	frontline: loose nukes: Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy \| PBS
		Nuclear reactors cause sustained chain reactions by assembling a mass of fissile material whose criticality is dependent on the presence of a moderator like graphite or water that slows neutrons down, thereby exploiting the high fission cross-sections of fissile materials in the presence of low energy, or thermal, neutrons.
		Weapons based on these designs would bear little resemblance to the more advanced weapons deployed by today's nuclear powers, but that is beside the point, since even simple weapons could reliably produce an explosion equal to hundreds or thousands of tons of TNT.
		Tests provide experimental data used to design weapons, they confirm the design of new weapons, and they confirm the reliability of old weapons, or weapons that have had to be redesigned because of some flaw discovered after their initial deployment.
	www2.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/nukes/readings/appendixb.html (10364 words)

	NRDC: End Run - Part 3
		In the argot of nuclear weapon designers, a "high-margin design" is one with an increased design margin for achieving its intended nuclear explosive performance.
		An increased primary performance design margin is usually achieved by increasing both the amount of plutonium in the pit and the energy delivered by the chemical high explosive.
		A high-margin design for a secondary would presumably be one that generates its nominal (or higher) design yield over the widest possible range of primary yields.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/endrun/er3.asp (2100 words)

	A New U.S. Nuclear Weapon?
		The new weapon is to be a low-yield device with earth penetration capability, intended to destroy deeply buried bunkers.
		It is the conflict between the true believers in U.S. nuclear supremacy and America's obligation to work for nuclear disarmament that should stimulate resistance to producing a new, "more usable" nuclear weapon.
		A new weapon design would also strengthen the voices of those in our nuclear laboratories who continue to agitate for resumption of explosive nuclear testing.
	www.cdi.org /dm/2000/issue7/new-nuclear.html (552 words)

	Israel's Nuclear Weapon Capability: An Overview
		Today, Israel is the world's sixth most powerful nuclear state, with a stockpile of more than 100 nuclear weapons and with the components and ability to build atomic, neutron and hydrogen bombs.
		France launched Israel on the nuclear path in the late 1950s by building the Dimona reactor, which is still the source of Israel's plutonium--its main nuclear weapon fuel.
		Supercomputers can simulate the implosive shock waves that detonate nuclear warheads, calculate the multiplication of neutrons in an explosive chain reaction, and solve the equations of state that describe the behavior of nuclear explosives (plutonium and high-enriched uranium) under high temperature and pressure--all essential problems for nuclear weapon design.
	www.wisconsinproject.org /countries/israel/nuke.html (1577 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Libya: Nuclear Overview
		The weapon blueprint sets forth the design parameters and engineering specifications for constructing an implosion weapon weighing over 1,000 pounds that could be delivered using aircraft or a large ballistic missile; Pakistan has most likely graduated to building more advanced nuclear weapons.
		The nuclear portion of this shipment "included several containers of uranium hexafluoride (used as feedstock for enrichment); 2 P-2 [L-2] centrifuges from Pakistan's Khan Research Laboratories and additional centrifuge parts, equipment, and documentation."[64] In March, over 1,000 additional centrifuge parts as well as missile parts were shipped from Libya.
		The report states that these failures and Libya's acquisition of nuclear weapon design and fabrication documents are "matters of utmost concern." However, the report also notes Libya's cooperation with the ongoing investigation and its policy of full transparency.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Libya/3939.html (5415 words)

	Introduction to Nuclear Weapon Physics and Design
		Section 4 deals with the design and engineering of nuclear weapons in more detail, and the physics discussions there can be considered a continuation of Section 2.
		Nuclear fission occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes of very heavy elements, isotopes of uranium and plutonium for example, capture neutrons.
		The fusion reactions that occur in stars are not the same as the ones that occur in thermonuclear weapons or (laboratory fusion reactors).
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Nwfaq/Nfaq2.html (6726 words)

	North Korea's first nuclear test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As a demonstration of North Korea's ability and intent to produce nuclear weapons, the test should not be a surprise.
		Cochran and Paine of the NRDC have estimated that the 61-year-old U.S. Fat Man implosion design could have yielded 0.5 to 1 kt using 2.5 to 3 kg of plutonium, as opposed to the 6 kg it actually used (The Amount of Plutonium and Highly-Enriched Uranium Needed for Pure Fission Nuclear Weapons, 1995).
		Basic nuclear weapons design is not sufficiently challenging to dismiss the North Korean nuclear threat, however, and the world community must consider seriously this event given North Korea's record on WMD production and on arms exports.
	www.johnstonsarchive.net /nuclear/dprk-ntest.html (2373 words)

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