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Topic: Nuclear weapon yield

	Nuclear weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The detonation of a nuclear weapon is accompanied by a blast of neutron radiation.
		Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages.
		Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and international political disputes, and have played a major part in popular culture since their dramatic public debut in the 1940s, and have usually symbolized the ultimate ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon (2862 words)

	Nuclear weapon yield - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy discharged when the weapon is detonated, expressed usually in the equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), either in kilotons (thousands of tons of TNT) or megatons (million of tons of TNT), but sometimes also in terajoules (1 kiloton of TNT = 4.184 TJ).
		Yields of nuclear explosions can be very hard to calculate, even using numbers as rough as in the kiloton or megaton range (much less down to the resolution of individual terajoules).
		Other disputed yields have included the massive Tsar Bomba, whose yield was claimed between being "only" 50 Mt or at a maximum of 57 Mt by differing political figures, either as a way for hyping the power of the bomb or as an attempt to undercut it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield (1369 words)

	NRDC: The Bush Administration's Misguided Quest for Low-Yield Nuclear Bunker Busters
		Opponents of Bush's "revitalized" nuclear weapons program are expected to offer amendments in the Senate to reinstate the ban, and in both houses to cut funding for the robust nuclear earth penetrator.
		The robust nuclear earth penetrator proposal is symptomatic of an increasingly disconnected nuclear weapons establishment in search of a mission.
		On the one hand, the weapon is strategically, legally and morally unsuitable for preemptive or retaliatory counterproliferation warfare, and should not be developed with that mission in mind.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/bush/fbb.asp (1416 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nuclear weapon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A nuclear weapon is a weapon that derives its energy from the nuclear reactions of fission and/or fusion.
		Hypothetical antimatter weapons, which would use matter-antimatter reactions, would not technically be nuclear weapons (as they would not be using energy derived from either nuclear fission or fusion), but bear noting due to a potentially higher potential energy by weight than conventional or nuclear explosives.
		In practice, nuclear weapon yields can be highly variable, from the sub-kiloton power of the man-portable Davy Crockett warheads developed by the United States, to the impractical 54 megaton Tsar Bomba created by the Soviet Union as a display of political power.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Atomic_weapon (2252 words)

	ipedia.com: Nuclear weapon Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A nuclear weapon is a weapon that derives its energy from nuclear reactions and has enormous destructive power - a single nuclear weapon is capable of destroying a city.
		Weapons which have a fusion stage are also referred to as hydrogen bombs or H-bombs because of their primary fuel, or thermonuclear weapons because fusion reactions require extremely high temperatures for a chain reaction to occur.
		A final variant of the thermonuclear weapons is the enhanced radiation weapon, or neutron bomb which are small thermonuclear weapons in which the burst of neutrons generated by the fusion reaction is intentionally not absorbed inside the weapon, but allowed to escape.
	www.ipedia.com /nuclear_weapon.html (3542 words)

	CNS - New Nuclear Weapons? - May 28, 2003 - Research Story of the Week
		That is, these weapons could likely ensure the prevention of further damage from other nuclear weapons used by a nascent nuclear state and could attempt to lessen the damage the United States would inflict on the nascent nuclear state.
		Although proponents of nuclear bunker busters claim that such weapons are needed to neutralize chemical and biological agents in bunkers, independent studies have questioned whether nuclear weapons would be effective at chemical and biological agent neutralization and whether they would lead to dispersal of these agents.
		He would know that a nuclear weapon was used and would likely request authority to respond with a nuclear weapon and would probably not weigh out an exact proportionate response with a nuclear weapon of an equivalent yield.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/030528.htm (5164 words)

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		Statements like these promote the illusion that nuclear weapons could be used in ways which minimize their "collateral damage," making them acceptable tools to be used like conventional weapons.
		Since the natural energy scale for a fission nuclear weapon is of order 10 KT, much lower yield weapons must be sensitive to exacting design tolerances; the final yield is determined by an exponentially growing number of fission-produced neutrons, so the total number of neutron generations must be finely-tuned.
		The danger of moving from a conventional to a nuclear war is so enormous, that the US refrained from using nuclear weapons in Korea even when US troops were in danger of being overwhelmed.
	www.fas.org /faspir/2001/v54n1/weapons.htm (2753 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Nuclear weapon [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Finally, a fusion weapon may include a fission core (in addition to being externally compressed by fission explosion) in order to achieve more complete fusion (see nuclear weapon design for some description of all these variants).
		Though it would not be a nuclear weapon in the traditional sense of using fission or fusion reactions, there has been some speculation as to the use of antimatter as the source for a weapon of some sort.
		The "yield per ton", the amount of weapons yield compared to the mass of the weapon, is for current US weapons 600 kt/t (2.5 TJ/kg) to 2.2 Mt/t (9.2 TJ/kg).
	encyclozine.com /Atom_bombs (4686 words)

	The B-41 Bomb
		The predicted yield for Zuni was 2-3 Mt, it achieved 3.5 Mt. This device used a lead fusion tamper and was quite clean, with 85% of the energy coming from fusion, and only 15% from fission.
		The predicted yield for Tewa was was 6-8 Mt, the actual yield was 5 Mt. In contrast to Zuni, Tewa used an uranium fusion tamper and was quite dirty, with only 13% of the energy coming from fusion, and 87% from fission.
		The device yielded 44 Kt (predicted yield was 48 Kt, range 45-50 Kt); it measured 50" in diameter and 126.2" in length and weighed 9,408 lbs.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Weapons/B41.html (1229 words)

	Pentagon Considering New Nuclear Bomb The smaller weapon would knock out underground bunkers Walter Pincus / Washington ...
		Such a weapon has long been sought by nuclear weapons scientists and some military strategists, including key members of the Bush administration, as a way of reaching targets that are hidden deep underground without incurring huge collateral damage.
		One senior adviser to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the Iraqi leader would not be deterred by current U.S. nuclear weapons, "because he knows a U.S. president would not drop a 100-kiloton bomb on Baghdad" and destroy the entire city and its population to reach his weapons of mass destruction.
		Stephen Younger, chief of nuclear weapons research at Los Alamos National Laboratory, suggested in a paper last summer that accurate, low-yield nuclear weapons could be better suited to attacking buried, concrete bunkers and mobile missiles than today's U.S. arsenal of silo-busting weapons that each have the explosive power of 30 Hiroshima bombs.
	www.mindfully.org /Nucs/Nuclear-Bomb-Pentagon-New.htm (519 words)

	A New U.S. Nuclear Weapon? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The new weapon is to be a low-yield device with earth penetration capability, intended to destroy deeply buried bunkers.
		It is the conflict between the true believers in U.S. nuclear supremacy and America's obligation to work for nuclear disarmament that should stimulate resistance to producing a new, "more usable" nuclear weapon.
		A new weapon design would also strengthen the voices of those in our nuclear laboratories who continue to agitate for resumption of explosive nuclear testing.
	www.cdi.org /dm/2000/issue7/new-nuclear.html (552 words)

	U.S. Tries to Harden Nukes for 'Bunker Busting' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		WASHINGTON — The Energy Department's director of nuclear security confirmed Tuesday that weapons scientists were trying to create a nuclear missile casing strong enough to penetrate deeply buried enemy facilities, but said the government was not working on a new, low-yield nuclear weapon for use against terrorist targets.
		Congress worried that making a weapon with less than 5 kilotons of explosive power could be tempting enough to leaders to lower the distinction between conventional and nuclear war.
		Self-deterrence refers to the belief that the United States would not use a traditional nuclear weapon because of the magnitude of the destruction it would cause, unless the United States were itself under nuclear attack.
	www.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2002/4/2/160902.shtml (699 words)

	Bush to Face Opposition on Low-Yield Nuclear Weapon
		A group of Senate Democrats is renewing an effort to cut funding from Bush administration plans to study a new type of low-yield nuclear weapon.
		The Democratic Senators argue that the administration's plan to study and develop a new class of small nuclear weapons would spur an arms race and increase the chances of nuclear war.
		They have introduced an amendment to an energy spending bill that would cut the $6 million President Bush is seeking for research on nuclear weapons with a yield of less than five kilotons, about one-third the size of the bomb that the United States dropped on Hiroshima.
	www.iwar.org.uk /news-archive/2003/09-16.htm (404 words)

	Nuclear Bunker Busters (Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Bush administration and some Members of Congress want to develop a nuclear bunker buster to destroy hardened and deeply buried targets that may contain command and control centers, key leadership personnel and stockpiles of chemical and/or biological weapons.
		The design is based on modified, rather than new, nuclear warheads which have the ability to be given large yields in the hundreds of kilotons or small yields less than 5 kilotons, thereby avoiding the Spratt-Furse prohibition (click here for more information on Spratt-Furse).
		This would overturn the 10 year moratorium on nuclear testing and could lead other nuclear powers to also resume testing which would have a chilling effect on future arms control and non-proliferation efforts.
	www.ananuclear.org /rnep.html (1441 words)

	Prohibition on Low-Yield Nuclear Weapons (Spratt-Furse) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The debate centered on the argument that the United States is not planning to build a new nuclear weapon in FY04 rendering the point moot.
		Also in the SASC markup, a motion to allow research of low-yield nuclear weapons, but prohibit development and testing.
		The Administration appreciates the support for research of low yield nuclear weapons in section 3111.
	www.ananuclear.org /sprattfurse.html (1317 words)

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